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Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or interference) is the effect of a speaker or writer's first language (L1) on the production or perception of his or her second language (L2). The result affects various aspects of language: grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, meaning (semantics), and so on. Language transfer is most commonly discussed in the context of ESL teaching, but it can occur in any situation where someone does not have a L1 command of a language such as when translating into a L2. First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ...
A second language is any language other than the first, or native, language learned; it is typically used because of geographical or social reasons. ...
Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. ...
A vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part of a specific language. ...
Look up pronunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Proper spelling is the writing of a word or words with all necessary letters and diacritics present in an accepted, conventional order. ...
Semantics (Greek semantikos, giving signs, significant, symptomatic, from sema, sign) refers to the aspects of meaning that are expressed in a language, code, or other form of representation. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language—the source text—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language—the target text, also called the translation. ...
Positive and negative transfer
When the relevant unit or structure of both languages is the same, it most often results in correct language production called positive transfer, "correct" meaning in line with most L1 speakers' notions of acceptability. Note however that language interference is often discussed as a source of errors known as negative transfer. Negative transfer occurs when speakers and writers transfer items and structures that are not the same in both languages. Within the theory of contrastive analysis, the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities, the greater the differences between the two languages, the more negative transfer there should be. A contrastive analysis describes the structural differences and similarities of two or more languages. ...
Conscious and unconscious transfer Transfer may be conscious or unconscious. Consciously, learners or unskilled translators may guess when producing L2 speech or text because they have not learned or have forgotten L2 usage. On the other hand, they may not consider that the structures and internal rules of the languages in question are different. Such users could also be aware of both the structures and internal rules yet be insufficiently skilled to put them into practice, and, consequently, often fall back on their first language. Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Multiple acquired languages Transfer can also occur between acquired languages. In a situation where French is an L2 and Spanish an L3, an anglophone learner, for example, may assume that a structure or internal rule from French also applies to Spanish. Look up Anglophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Examples Language transfer produces distinctive forms of learner English depending on the speaker’s first language. Some well-known examples, usually labelled with a blend of the names of both languages in question, are: This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Note that these names are also informally used to describe code-switching, code-mixing, borrowing (using loan words). An example of written Chinglish on a signpost. ...
Denglisch is a portmanteau of the words Deutsch and English. ...
Engrish refers to grammatically incorrect variations of English often found in East Asian countries. ...
Franglais, a portmanteau made by mixing the words français (French) and anglais (English), is a slang term for types of speech, although the word has different overtones in the English and French languages. ...
Poglish, a portmanteau word combining the words Polish and English, designates the product of mixing Polish and English language elements (words, grammatical structures, syntactic elements, etc. ...
Spanglish — also called espanglish, inglañol, or espanglés, a blend of the Spanish-language words for Spanish and English — is a name used to refer to a range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic population of the United States, which is exposed to...
Taglish, a portmanteau of the words Tagalog and English, is an informal dialect of Tagalog in the Philippines that infuses English terms. ...
Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ...
Tinglish (also Thenglish or Thailish) is the imperfect form of English produced by native Thai speakers due to language interference from the first language. ...
Hinglish, a portmanteau of the words Hindi and English, is the arbitrary usage of Hindi and English, combining both, in one sentence. ...
Hindi (हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ...
Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation between one or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people who have more than one language in common. ...
A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken in by one language from another. ...
Results of positive transfer The results of positive transfer go largely unnoticed and, thus, are less often discussed. Nonetheless, such results can have a large impact: the result will generally be more positive transfer the closer the two languages are and the more the learner is aware of the relationship between the two languages. For example, an anglophone learner of German may correctly guess an item of German vocabulary from its English counterpart, though word order and collocation are more likely to differ, as will connotations. Such an approach has the disadvantage of making the learner more subject to the influence of false friends. Look up Anglophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Word order, in linguistic typology, refers to the order in which words appear in sentences across different languages. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
In logic and in some branches of semantics, connotation is more or less synonymous with intension. ...
False friends are pairs of words in two languages (or letters in two alphabets) that look and/or sound similar, but differ in meaning. ...
Broader effects With sustained or intense contact between L2 and L1 speakers, the results of language transfer in an L2 can extend to and affect the L1 production of the L1-speaking community. For example, in North America, L2 speakers of English whose first language is Spanish or French may have a certain influence on L1 English-speakers' use of language when these L1-speakers are in the minority. Locations where this might occur include Québec, Canada and predominantly Spanish-speaking regions and neighborhoods in the U.S.. For details on the latter, locate the U.S. on the map of the hispanophone world under Spanish language and consult the list of U.S. communities with Hispanic majority populations. During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ...
For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...
The following is a partial list of United States cities, towns, and census-designated places in which a majority (over 50%) of the population is Hispanic or Latino, according to data from the 2000 Census. ...
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