It has been suggested that List of languages in Europe, Alphabetic list of living languages in Europe be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Most of the many languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. Another major family is the Finno-Ugric. The Turkic family also has several European members. The North and South Caucasian families are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. Basque is a language isolate. Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... Map showing approximate current distribution of languages in Europe, but with emphasis on locations of minority languages Most of the many languages of Europe (in its geographical sense[1]) belong to the Indo-European language family. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... North Caucasian languages is a blanket term for two language phyla spoken chiefly in the north Caucasus and Turkey: the Northwest Caucasian (Pontic, Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian) family and the Northeast Caucasian (East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakh-Dagestanian) family; the latter including the former North-central Caucasian (Nakh) family. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ...

As yet this list does not include languages spoken by relatively recently-arrived migrant communities.

Linguistic map of Europe (simplified).

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 440 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1248 × 1701 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/png) see also Image:Languages of Europe no legend. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 440 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1248 × 1701 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/png) see also Image:Languages of Europe no legend. ...

Altaic languages

Mongolic languages

• Kalmyk

Kalmyk (Kalmuck, Calmouk, Oirat) is the language of the Kalmyks, spoken in Kalmykia (Russian Federation), Western China and Western Mongolia. ...

Turkic languages

Northwestern Turkic (Kypchak) languages

• Western
  • Karachay-Balkar
  • Karaim
  • Krymchak
  • Kumyk

• Northern
  • Bashkir
  • Tatar

• Southern
  • Kazakh
  • Nogay

• Crimean Tatar
• Urum

The Karachay-Balkar language (Къарачай-Малкъар /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language of the Karachays and Balkars. ... The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Ladino. ... Krymchak is the Crimean Tatar language dialect spoken by the Krymchaks - Rabbanite Jews of the Crimea. ... Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar, and Kumyki) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation. ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, Tatarça, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars. ... Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[2], natively , , ‎; pronounced ) is a Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar), is a Turkic language spoken in southwestern Russia. ... Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili, Qırımtatarca), also known as Crimean (Qırım tili, Qırımca) and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ...

Southwestern Turkic (Oghuz) languages

• Western
  • Azeri
  • Gagauz
  • Turkish

The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, or Azerbaijani Turkish, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. ... The Gagauz language (Gagauz dili) is a Turkic language, used by Gagauz people, official language of Gagauzia, Republic of Moldova. ...

Bolgar languages

• Chuvash

Chuvash (Chuvash: Чăвашла, Čăvašla, IPA: ; also known as Căvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash or Çuaş) is a Turkic language spoken to the west of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. ...

Basque

The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not related to any other language. This language may date back 7,000 years, before waves of Indo-European speaking peoples settled in Europe, but didn't penetrate the area of northern Spain and southwest France until the first millennia AD. The language is also spoken by immigrants in Australia, Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, and the USA [1]. Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ...

Finno-Ugric languages

The Finno-Ugric languages are a subfamily of the Uralic language family. Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages  Yukaghir  Samoyedic  Ugric  Finnic The Uralic languages (pronounced: ) form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ...

• Ugric (Ugrian)
  • Hungarian
    • Hungarian
  • Ob Ugric
    • Khanty
    • Mansi
• Finno-Permic
  • Permic
    • Komi
    • Komi-Permyak
    • Udmurt
  • Finno-Volgaic
    • Mari
      • Mari
    • Mordvinic
      • Erzya
      • Moksha
    • Extinct Finno-Volgaic languages of uncertain position
      • Merya
      • Muromian
      • Meshcherian
    • Finno-Lappic
      • Sami
        • Western Sami
          • Southern Sami
          • Ume Sami
          • Lule Sami
          • Pite Sami
          • Northern Sami
        • Eastern Sami
          • Kemi Sami (extinct)
          • Inari Sami
          • Akkala Sami (extinct)
          • Kildin Sami
          • Skolt Sami
          • Ter Sami
      • Baltic-Finnic
        • Estonian
          • South Estonian
          • Võro (including Seto)
        • Finnish (including Meänkieli or Tornedalian Finnish, Kven Finnish, and Ingrian Finnish)
        • Ingrian
        • Karelian
          • Karelian proper
          • Lude
          • Olonets Karelian
        • Livonian
        • Veps
        • Votic

Ugric languages or Ugrian languages are generally held to be a branch of Finno-Ugric languages. ... Khanty or Xanty language, also known as the Ostyak language, is a language of the Khant peoples. ... The Mansi language (also known as Vogul, though this name is now old-fashioned and largely disused), is a language of the Mansi people. ... The Finno-Permic languages are a large branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Komi-Zyrian, (Коми Кыв - Komi Kyv) or simply Zyrian or Zyryan, is a Finno-Ugric language of the Permic branch spoken by the Komi-Zyrians ethnic group in Komi Republic and some other parts of Russia. ... Коми-Пермяцкӧй (Komi-Permjacköj) Komi-Permyak is spoken in the Autonomous district of the Komi-Permyaks, Russia, in the basin of the Kama River. ... Udmurt (удмурт кыл, udmurt kyl) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Udmurts, natives of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is co-official with the Russian language. ... The Mari language (Mari: марий йылме, Russian марийский язык), spoken by more than 600,000 people, belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group and is part of the Volgaic subgroup of the Finnic languages together with Mordvin (though this relationship is contested; see Klima 2004 for discussion). ... The Mordvinic languages are a subgroup of the Finno-Volgaic languages. ... Erzyan (Эрзянь Кель (Erzjanj Kelj)) is spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the republic of Mordovia and adjacent Nizhniy Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia. ... The Mokshan language (Moksha), мокшень кяль (mokshanj kälj) is spoken in the western part of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Saratov, Samara, Orenburg oblasts, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan republics, Siberia, Far East of Russia and also in Armenia and USA. The number of speakers is around 500,000. ... The Merya language was the Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Merya tribe, which lived in what is today the Moscow region. ... Muromian was the Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Muromian tribe, in what is today the Murom region in Russia. ... Meshcherian was the Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Meshchera tribe, in what is today the Oka River basin in Russia. ... Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ... Southern Saami is divided into two main dialects: Southern Saami sensu stricto and Ume Saami. ... Ume Sami is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Pite Sami, also known as Arjeplog Sami, is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. ... Northern or North Sami (also written Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. ... Kemi Sami is a Sami language that was originally spoken in the southernmost district of Finnish Lapland as far south as the Sami siidas around Kuusamo. ... Inari Sami (anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people, the majority of which are middle-aged or older and live in the town of Inari. ... Akkala Sami is a Sami language that was spoken in the Sami villages of A´kkel and ÄŒu´kksuâl, in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. ... Kildin Sami (also spelled Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish) is a Sami language spoken by approximately 500 people in the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. ... Skolt Sami (Sää´mÇ©iõll) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami language spoken in Finland and nearby parts of Russia. ... Ter Sami is a Sami language spoken in the eastern region of the Kola peninsula. ... Baltic-Finnic languages, also known as Finnic languages, are a subgroup of the Finno-Ugric languages, and are spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people. ... South Estonian is a language or a language group which belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... The Vyronian language (võro kiil) is a language belonging to the Baltic-Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Seto or Setu language is a dialect of the Finnic South Estonian or Võro language (or a separate language, which is a disputed claim) and also the name denoting its speakers, Seto people, who mostly inhabit the area near Estonias southeastern border with Russia, in the county of... Meänkieli (lit. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Ingrian Finns (inkeriläinen or inkerin suomalainen) is a Lutheran Finnic people traditionally inhabiting the Saint Petersburg area and Northern Estonia (Ingria). ... The Ingrian language (also called Izhorian) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken by the (mainly orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria. ... The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily mutually intelligible. ... The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily mutually intelligible. ... Ludic or Ludian is a Baltic Finnic language in the Uralic language family. ... Olonets-Karelian (East Karelian, Livvi) is the variety of Karelian language spoken by Olonets-Karelians, traditionally inhabiting the area of the Olonka River. ... Livonian (LÄ«võ kēļ) belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Veps language, spoken by the Vepses, belongs to the Baltic-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Votic or Votian is the language spoken by the Votes of Ingria. ...

North Caucasian languages

Northwest Caucasian languages

• Abaza
• Abhkaz
• Adyghe
• Kabardian

The Abaza language (Абаза Бызшва/Abaza Byzšwa) is a language of the Caucasus mountains in the Russian autonomous republic of Turkey, where the Roman alphabet is used. ... Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mainly in Abkhazia[1] and Turkey. ... Adyghe (адыгэбзэ adygebze, adÉ™găbză) is one of the two official languages of the Federal Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation, the other being Russian. ... The Kabardian language is closely related to the Adyghe language (see Adyghe), both members of the Northwest Caucasian language family, mainly spoken in Kabardino-Balkar Republic and Karachay-Cherkess Republic of Russia (the native territories) and in Turkey and the Middle East (the residence of the extensive post-war diaspora). ...

Northeast Caucasian languages

• Avar
• Bats
• Chechen
• Dargin
• Ingush
• Lak
• Lezgian
• Tabasaran
• Tsez
• Udi

The word Avars can mean: The nomadic people that conquered the Hungarian Steppe in the early Middle Ages, the Eurasian Avars. ... Bats (also Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb, Batsaw, Tsova-Tush) is the language of the Bats people, a Caucasian minority group, and is part of the Nakh family of Caucasian languages. ... The Chechen language has about 1,200,000 speakers, most of whom live in Russia. ... The Dargin or Dargwa language is spoken by the Dargin people of western Dagestan. ... Ingush language is a language spoken by approximately 230,315 people (1989) across a region covering Ingushetia, Chechnya, Uzbekistan and Russia. ... Lak language (лакку маз, lakku maz) is the language of the [[Lak people () or Каси-Кумук (Kasi-Kumuk). ... Lezgi, also called Lezgian, is a language spoken by the Lezgins who live in southern Dagestan (a republic of Russia) and northern Azerbaijan. ... Tabasaran (or Tabassaran) is a member of the Lezgi subfamily of the Northeast Caucasian languages. ... Tsez (also known as Dido; cez in Avar and Tsez; დიდო in Georgian) is a North Caucasian language with about 7000 speakers spoken in the mountaneous Tsunta district of southern and western Dagestan, Russia. ... The Udi language, spoken by the Udi people, is a member of the Northeast Caucasian language family. ...

Maltese

Maltese is a Semitic language spoken in Malta and related to Arabic but written with the Latin script. It is the smallest official language of the EU in terms of speakers. The Semitic languages are the northeastern subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic languages, and the only family of this group spoken in Asia. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ...

South Caucasian languages

• Georgian
• Laz
• Mingrelian
• Svan

The Laz language (lazuri, ლაზური or lazuri nena, ლაზური ნენა in Laz; ლაზური, lazuri, or ჭანური, chanuri, in Georgian) is spoken by the Laz people on the Southeast shore of the Black Sea. ... The Megrelian language (Megruli ena in Georgian, Margaluri nina in Megrelian), sometimes called Mingrelian, is a language spoken in northwest Georgia. ... The Svan language (ლუშნუ ნინ/შკა̈ნ lušnu nin/šḳän in Svan; სვანური ენა, svanuri ena in Georgian) is a language spoken in Northwest Georgia. ...

Indo-European languages

Most European languages are Indo-European languages. This large language-family is descended from a common language that was spoken thousands of years ago, which is referred to as Proto-Indo-European. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ...

Albanian

Albanian language (also known as Shqip) is made up of two major dialects, Geg and Tosk spoken in the country of Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, in Kosovo, Serbia, and Albanian speakers living in parts of Montenegro, also southern parts of Italy, northern part of Greece and many other European countries. Albanian ( IPA ) is a language spoken by 8 million people, primarily in Albania and Serbia (province of Kosovo-Metohija), but also in other parts of the Balkans with an Albanian population (parts of the Republic of Macedonia, and some parts in Montenegro and Serbia), along the eastern coast of Italy... geg is the online moniker for one Gregory Michael Thomas. ... Tosk is the southern dialect of the Albanian language. ... For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... This article is about the country in Europe. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Armenian

The Armenian language is widely spoken as the majority language in Armenia which was under the Soviet Union until 1991. There are Armenian speakers in globally scattered communities of the Armenian diaspora in Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas (in North and South America). The Armenian language (, IPA: — , conventional short form ) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people. ... Map of the Armenian diaspora. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

Baltic languages

• Curonian
• Galindian (extinct)
• Latgalian
• Latvian
• Lithuanian
• Old Prussian (extinct)
• Samogitian
• Selonian (extinct)
• Semigallian (extinct)
• Sudovian (extinct)

The term Curonian language (Latvian: kuršu valoda; Lithuanian: kuršių kalba) may refer to two different, but genetically related Baltic languages. ... Galindian is a poorly attested extinct language, considered to be a part of the Baltic languages group. ... Latgalian language can mean one of the following: It was a language spoken by Latgalians in a great part of the area which is now Latvia. ... Old Prussian is an extinct Baltic language spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now in north-eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia) prior to German colonization of the area beginning in the 13th century. ... Samogitian (Samogitian: Žemaitiu ruoda, Lithuanian: , or Lithuanian: ) is a dialect (or independent Baltic language) of the Lithuanian language spoken mostly in Samogitia (in the west part of Lithuania). ... Selonian was a language appertaining to the Baltic languages group of the Indo-European languages family. ... Semigallian is an extinct language appertaining to the Baltic languages sub-family of Indo-European languages. ... Sudovian (otherwise known as Jatvingian or Yotvingian) is an extinct western Baltic language of north-eastern Europe. ...

Celtic languages

Brythonic

• Cornish - revived
• Cumbric - extinct
• Breton
• Welsh

For the Cornish-English dialect, see West Country dialects. ... Evolution and Extinction Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in much of Cumbria, Northern Northumbria, and parts of lowland Scotland until about the 11th century. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

Goidelic (Gaelic)

• Irish
• Manx
• Scottish Gaelic

// Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ...

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages in Europe      Dutch (West Germanic)      High German (West Germanic)      Insular Anglo-Frisian (West Germanic)      Continental Anglo-Frisian (West Germanic)      East North Germanic      West North Germanic      Line dividing the North and West Germanic languages.

Image File history File links Europe_germanic_languages. ... Image File history File links Europe_germanic_languages. ...

North Germanic

(descending from Old Norse) Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...

• Insular Scandinavian
  • Icelandic
  • Faroese
  • Norn (extinct)
• Continental Scandinavian
  • Danish
  • Norwegian
  • Swedish
  • Elfdalian

Norn is an extinct North Germanic language that was spoken on the Shetland Islands and Orkney Islands, off the coast of Scotland. ... Älvdalen Municipality in Dalarna Elfdalian (Övdalsk in Elfdalian, Älvdalska or Älvdalsmål in Swedish) is a linguistic variety of the Scandinavian language branch spoken in the old parish of Övdaln, which is located in the southern part of Älvdalen Municipality in Northern Dalarna, Sweden. ...

West Germanic

• High German languages
  • Standard German (High German)
  • Central German
    • East Central German
    • West Central German
      • Luxembourgish
  • Lower Silesian
  • Upper German
    • Alemannic German
      • Alsatian
    • Austro-Bavarian
    • Yiddish
• Low Franconian
  • Dutch
• Low German
  • West Low German
  • East Low German
• Anglo-Frisian
  • Frisian
    • West Frisian
    • Saterland Frisian
    • North Frisian
  • Anglic (descending from Anglo-Saxon)
    • Modern English
      • Hiberno-English
    • Modern Scots in Scotland and Ulster
    • Yola (extinct 19th century)
    • Shelta (mixed with Irish)

Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... Subdivisions Central German Upper German High German (in German, Hochdeutsch) is any of several German dialects spoken in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Luxembourg (as well as in neighbouring portions of Belgium, France (Alsace), Italy, Poland, and Romania (Transylvania) and in some areas of former colonial settlement, for example in... Central German (in German: Mitteldeutsch) is a group of German dialects spread from the Rhineland to Thuringia, south of Low German and north of Upper German. ... East Central German is a group of Germanic dialects: Upper Saxon German is a dialect spoken in the majority of the modern German Free States of Saxony. ... West Central German (Westmitteldeutsch) is a High German dialect family in the German language. ... Luxembourgish (Luxembourgish: , French: , German: , Walloon: ), also spelled Luxemburgish, is a West Germanic language spoken in Luxembourg. ... Lower Silesian (also called Niederschlesisch) is a Germanic dialect spoken in Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland as well as in the northeast of the Czech Republic and a part of eastern Germany. ... Some basics of Germanic linguistics : in linguistics, German and Germanic do not have the same meaning: see Germanic. ... Alemannic German (Alemannisch) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. ... This inscription in Alsatian on a window in Eguisheim, Alsace, reads: Dis Hausz sted in Godes Hand - God bewar es vor Feyru (This house stands in Gods hand - God beware it for fire) Alsatian (French Alsacien, German Elsässisch) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in Alsace, a... Austro-Bavarian or Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in The Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa. ... Low German (also called Niederdeutsch, Plattdeutsch or Plattdüütsch) is a name for the regional language varieties of the West Germanic languages spoken mainly in Northern Germany where it is officially called Niederdeutsch (Low German), and in Eastern Netherlands where it is officially called Nedersaksisch (Low Saxon). Low refers to... West Low German (also known as Low Saxon, especially in the Netherlands) is a group of Low German dialects spoken in Northwest Germany and East Netherlands. ... East Low German is a group of Low German dialects spoken in Northeast Germany as well as by minorities in northern Poland. ... The Anglo-Frisian languages (also known as Ingvaeonic languages or North Sea Germanic languages) are a group of West Germanic languages consisting of Old English, Old Frisian, and their descendants. ... This article is about the Frisian languages, as spoken in the north of the Netherlands and Germany. ... The West Frisian language (Frysk) is a language spoken mostly in the province of Fryslân in the north of the Netherlands. ... Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian or Saterlandic (Seeltersk), is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language. ... North Frisian is a minority language of Germany, spoken by about 10,000 people in North Frisia. ... The Anglic languages (also called Anglian languages) are one of the two branches of Anglo-Frisian languages, itself a branch of West Germanic. ... Old English redirects here. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Scots refers to the Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... This article is about the nine-county Irish province. ... Introduction The Yola language is a branch of Middle English that evolved separately among the English who followed the Norman barons Strongbow and Robert Fitzstephens to eastern Ireland in 1169. ... Shelta is a language spoken by parts of the Irish Traveller people. ...

East Germanic

• Gothic (extinct)
• Burgundian (extinct)
• Crimean Gothic (extinct in the 1800s)
• Lombardic (extinct)
• Vandalic (extinct)

Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... Burgundian is either of the following; An extinct language of the Germanic language group spoken by the Burgundians. ... The Crimean Gothic language is dialect of the Gothic language that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea (now Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 18th century. ... // Invention of the Jacquard loom in 1801. ... Lombardic or Langobardic is the extinct language of the Lombards (Langobardi), the Germanic speaking settlers in Italy in the 6th century. ... Vandalic was a Germanic language probably closely related to the Gothic language. ...

Greek

• Greek: official language of Greece and Cyprus; and small Greek-speaking enclaves in Albania, Bulgaria, Italy, FYROM, Romania, and Turkey, and in Greek communities around the world.

For an explanation of terms related to Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology). ... ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ!! ΣΤΟ ΤΕΛΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΘΕ ΑΡΘΡΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ ΝΗΣΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΙΓΑΙΟΥ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΒΑΛΕΙ ΤΟΥΡΚΙΚΗ ΣΗΜΑΙΑ !!  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ!! ΣΤΟ ΤΕΛΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΘΕ ΑΡΘΡΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ ΝΗΣΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΙΓΑΙΟΥ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΒΑΛΕΙ ΤΟΥΡΚΙΚΗ ΣΗΜΑΙΑ !!  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ!! ΣΤΟ ΤΕΛΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΘΕ ΑΡΘΡΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ ΝΗΣΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΙΓΑΙΟΥ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΒΑΛΕΙ ΤΟΥΡΚΙΚΗ ΣΗΜΑΙΑ !!  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ!! ΣΤΟ ΤΕΛΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΘΕ ΑΡΘΡΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ ΝΗΣΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΙΓΑΙΟΥ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΒΑΛΕΙ ΤΟΥΡΚΙΚΗ ΣΗΜΑΙΑ !!  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece  Greece...

Romance languages

Main article: Romance languages

The Romance languages descended from the Vulgar Latin spoken across most of the lands of the Roman Empire. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito at Pompeii, was the speech of ordinary people of the Roman Empire — different from the classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

Latin is usually classified as an Italic language of which the Romance languages are a subgroup. It is extinct as a spoken language, but it is widely used as a liturgical language by the Roman Catholic Church and studied in many educational institutions. It is also the official language of Vatican City. Latin was the main language of literature, sciences and arts for many centuries and greatly influenced all European languages. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Catholic Church redirects here. ...

The French language is official in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Switzerland and the Channel Islands. It is also official in Canada, many African countries and overseas departments and territories of France. French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... French overseas departments and territories The French Overseas Departments and Territories (French: départements doutre-mer and territoires doutre-mer or DOM-TOM) consist broadly of French-administered territories outside of Europe. ...

The Italian language is official in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican and several regions of Croatia and Slovenia. Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[2] primarily in Italy. ...

The Romanian language is official in Romania, Moldova (as Moldovan), Mount Athos (Greece) and Vojvodina (Serbia). Romanian (limba română, IPA: ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people[1], primarily in Romania and Moldova. ... Capital Karyes Official languages Koine Greek, Church Slavonic, Modern Greek, Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Bulgarian, Romanian (both liturgical and civil use), Modern Greek (civil use) Government  -  Head of State2 Dora Bakoyannis  -  Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I Area  -  Total 390 km²  150 sq mi  Population  -   estimate 2,250  Demonyms: Athonite, Hagiorite (English); Αθωνίτης, Αγιορίτης (Greek). ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups  2. ...

The Spanish language is official in Spain. It is also spoken in the Philippines and official in most Latin American countries. This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

The Portuguese language is official in Portugal. It is also official in Brazil and several former Portuguese colonies in Africa and Eastern Asia. Portuguese (  or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain) and northern Portugal from the Latin spoken by romanized Celtiberians about 1000 years ago. ...

The Galician language is co-official in Galicia, Spain. It is also spoken by Galician diaspora (more than local population). Galician (Galician: galego, IPA: ) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community with the constitutional status of historic nationality, located in northwestern Spain and small bordering zones in neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla y León. ... There are two well-known places called Galicia: Galicia, one of Spains autonomous communities. ...

The Catalan language is official in Andorra, and co-official in Catalonia, Valencian Community (as Valencian), Balearic Islands and several other regions. Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ... This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ... Capital Valencia Official language(s) Valencian and Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 8th  23,255 km²  4. ... Valencian (valencià) is the historical, traditional, and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain) to refer to the language spoken therein, also known as Catalan (català) in the Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Aragon and the Balearic Islands; in the country of Andorra; in the southern French region of... Capital Palma de Mallorca Official language(s) Spanish and Catalan Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 17th  4,992 km²  1. ...

All of the above languages are official in the European Union and the Latin Union and they are studied in many educational institutions worldwide. Headquarters Paris, France Official languages Catalan, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian Membership 37 (plus 3 observers) Leaders  -  General Secretariat Bernardino Osio Establishment 15 May 1954 Website http://www. ...

Many other Romance languages and their local varieties are spoken throughout Europe. Some of them are recognized as regional languages.

Romance languages are divided into many subgroups and dialects. For an exhaustive list, see List of Romance languages. The Romance languages include 47 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken in Europe; this language group is a part of the Italic language family. ...

Indo-Iranian languages

Indo-Aryan Languages

• Romany

Romany (or Romani) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as Gypsies. The Indo-Aryan Romany language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. ...

Iranian languages

• Kurdish
• Ossetian language

The Kurdish language (Kurdish: Kurdî or کوردی) is the language spoken by Kurds. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map Ossetic or Ossetian (Ossetic: or , Persian: اوسِتی) is an Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus mountains on the borders of Russia and Georgia. ...

Slavic languages

West Slavic languages

• Czech
• Kashubian
• Polish
• Polabian (extinct)
• Pomeranian (extinct)
• Silesian
• Slovak
• Sorbian
  • Lower Sorbian
  • Upper Sorbian

Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian: kaszëbsczi jãzëk, pòmòrsczi jãzëk, kaszëbskò-słowińskô mòwa) is one of the Lechitic languages, which are a group of Slavic languages. ... The Polabian language, which became extinct in the 18th century, was a group of Slavic dialects spoken in present-day northern Germany: Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, eastern parts of Lower Saxony, and Schleswig-Holstein. ... Stefan Ramułts Dictionary of the Pomeranian (Kashubian) language, published in Kraków, 1893 Pomeranian language edition of Wikipedia Pomeranian is a group of Lechitic dialects which were spoken in the Middle Ages on the territory of Pomerania, between the Oder and Vistula rivers. ... Silesian language can refer to the Silesian - a dialect of Polish, sometimes considered a separate Western Slavonic language related to Czech and Polish), or the Lower Silesian (a dialect of German). ... This article or section should be merged with List of Sorbian languages The Sorbian languages are members of the West Slavic branch of languages spoken in eastern Germany. ... Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbšćina) is a Slavic minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia, today part of Brandenburg. ... Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce) is a minority language of Germany spoken in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, today part of Saxony. ...

East Slavic languages

• Belarusian
• Russian
• Rusyn
  • Carpatho-Rusyn (Ruthenian)
  • Pannonian-Rusyn (Rusnak)
• Ukrainian

Rusyn is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian to which it shares a common linguistic ancestry) that is spoken by the Rusyns. ... The Rusyn language of the Carpathian Mountains is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian) close to Ukrainian. ... The Rusyn language spoken in the Pannonian plain, or more conretely in north-western Serbia and eastern Croatia (therefore also called Yugoslavo-Rusyn, Vojvodina-Rusyn or Bačka-Rusyn) is closer to West Slavic languages, to Slovak in particular. ...

South Slavic languages

• Bulgarian
• Croatian
• Old Church Slavonic
• Macedonian
• Bosnian
• Serbian
• Slovene
• Romano-Serbian (a mixed language)
• Serbo-Croatian language

Old Church Slavonic (pol. ... Serbian (; ) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ... The Romano-Serbian language is a language in the Western group of South Slavic languages. ... A mixed language is a language that arises when speakers of different languages are in contact and show a high degree of bilingualism. ... Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian (sometimes just Croatian or Serbian) (srpskohrvatski, cрпскохрватски, hrvatskosrpski, hrvatski ili srpski or srpski ili hrvatski), earlier also Serbo-Croat, is a South Slavic language. ...

General issues

Linguas Francas—past and present

Europe’s history is characterized by four linguas francas: Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ...

• Classical Greek then Koine Greek in the Mediterranean Basin and later the Roman Empire
• Koine Greek and Modern Greek, in the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire and other parts of the Balkans^[1]
• (Medieval and Neo-)Latin (from the Roman Empire until 1867, with Hungary as the last country to give up Latin as an official language apart from the Vatican City), with a gradual decline as lingua franca since the late Middle Ages, when the vernacular languages gained more and more importance (first language academy in Italy in 1582/83), in the 17th c. even at universities).
• French (from the times of Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV, ca. 1648 (i.e. after the Thirty Years' War, which had hardly affected France, thus free to prosper), till the end of World War I, ca. 1918)
• English (mostly in its American form^{[citation needed]}, since World War I and especially after World War II).

Linguas francas that were characteristic of parts of Europe at some periods: The History of Greece extends back to the arrival of the Greeks in Europe some time before 1500 BC, even though there has only been an independent state called Greece since Turkey, Italy and Libya. ... Koine redirects here. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Koine redirects here. ... Main article: Greek language Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική, lit. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Look up Vernacular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Richelieu (disambiguation). ... Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway (Until 1643) Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic League) Spain Austria Bavaria Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

• Latin during and after the collapse of the Roman Empire until supplanted by French and then English.
• Old French in all the western European countries (England, Italy), and in the Crusader states
• Provençal (= Occitan) (12th--14th century, due to Troubadour poetry)
• Middle Low German (14th – 16th century, during the heyday of the Hanseatic League)
• Sabir, a Romance-based lingua franca used around the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages and early Modern Age.
• German in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe^[2]
• Russian in Eastern Europe from the Second World War to the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact

For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... The Crusader states, c. ... Provençal (Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in southern France and other areas of France and Italy. ... Occitan, or langue doc is a Romance language characterized by its richness, variability, and by the intelligibility of its dialects. ... For other uses, see Troubadour (disambiguation). ... The Middle Low German language is an ancestor of the modern Low German language, and was spoken from about 1100 to 1500. ... Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539). ... The Lingua franca of the Mediterranean or Sabir (know) was a pidgin language used as a Lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Not to be confused with the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about airlines financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ...

First dictionaries and grammars

The first type of dictionaries are glossaries, i.e. more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) Abrogans is among the first. A new wave of lexicography can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest for standardizing languages).

Language and identity, standardization processes

In the Middle Ages the two most important definitory elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas. Thus language—at least the supranational language—played an elementary role. This changed with the spread of the national languages in official contexts and the rise of a national feeling. Among other things, this led to projects of standardizing national language and gave birth to a number of language academies (e.g. 1582 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, 1617 Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft, 1635 Académie française, 1713 Real Academia de la Lengua in Madrid). “Language” was then (and still ist today) more connected with “nation” than with “civilization” (particularly in France). “Language” was also used to create a feeling of “religious/ethnic identity” (e.g. different Bible translations by Catholics and Protestants of the same language).

Among the first standardization discussions and processes are the ones for Italian (“questione della lingua”: Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (standard is based on Parisian), English (standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on: chancellery of Meißen/Saxony + Middle German + chancellery of Prague/Bohemia [“Common German”]). But also a number of other nations have begun to look for and develop a standard variety in the 16th century.

Treatment of linguistic minorities

Despite the tremendous importance of English, Europe is always associated with its linguistic diversity, which also includes the special protection of minority languages, e.g. by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This underlines that the popular view of “one nation = one language” is mostly false, despite attempts at national linguistic homogenization in France during the Revolution or in Franco's Spain or Metaxas's Greece. A minority language can be defined as a language used by a group that defines itself as an ethnic minority group, whereby the language of this group is typologically different and not a dialect of the standard language. In Europe some languages are in quite a strong position, in the sense that they are given special status, (e.g. Basque, Irish, Welsh, Catalan, Rhaeto-Romance/Romansh), whereas others are in a rather weak position (e.g. Frisian, Scottish Gaelic, Turkish)^{[dubious – discuss]}—especially allochthonous minority languages are not given official status in the EU (in part because they are not part of the cultural heritage of a civilization). Some minor languages don’t even have a standard yet, i.e. they have not even reached the level of an ausbausprache yet, which could be changed, e.g., if these languages were given official status. (cf. also next section). // The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ... An Ausbausprache (also called an ausbau language) is a language which has a standard spelling, a standard grammar and a relatively wide and clear vocabulary (and is thus almost identical with a standard language). ...

Issues in language politics

France is the origin of two laws, or decrees, concerning language: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539), which says that every document in France should be written in French (i.e. not in Latin nor Occitan) and the Loi Toubon (1994), which aims to eliminate Anglicisms from official documents. But Europe’s essentially characteristic feature is linguistic diversity and tolerance. An illustrative proof of the promotion of linguistic diversity is the translation school in Toledo, founded in the 12th century (in medieval Toledo the Christian, the Jewish and the Arab civilizations lived together remarkably peacefully). The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts expanded the central control of the French state The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts is an extensive piece of reform legislation signed into law by François I of France on August 10, 1539 in the city of Villers-Cotterêts. ... The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language), is a law of the French government mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, advertisements, and some other contexts. ...

This tolerant linguistic attitude is also the reason why the EU’s general rule is that every official national language is also an official EU language. However, Flemish (Southern Dutch, one official language of Belgium) and Letzebuergish/Luxemburgish are not official EU languages, because there are also other (stronger) official languages with “EU status” in the respective nations.^{[dubious – discuss]} Several concepts for a EU language policy are being debated:

• one official language (e.g. English, French, German)
• several official languages (e.g. English, French, German, Italian, Spanish + another topic-dependent language)
• all national languages as official languages, but with a number of relais languages for translations (e.g. English, French, German as relais languages).

New immigrants in European countries are expected to learn the host nation's language, but are still speaking and reading their native languages (i.e. Arabic, Hindustani/Urdu, Mandarin Chinese, Swahili and Tahitian) in Europe's increasingly multiethnic/multicultural profile. But, those languages aren't native or indigenous to Europe, therefore aren't considered important in the issue of allowing them printed in European countries' official documents.

Proficiency of English, French, German and Spanish in EU

English Spread in EU Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1218x1245, 83 KB) Knowledge of English in the European Union, according to: Special Eurobarometer 243 of the European Commission with the title Europeans and their Languages Made by myself File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this...

French Spread in EU Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1218x1245, 83 KB) Knowledge French in the European Union, according to: Special Eurobarometer 243 of the European Commission with the title Europeans and their Languages Made by myself File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file...

German Spread in EU Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1218x1245, 84 KB) Knowledge of German in the European Union, according to: Special Eurobarometer 243 of the European Commission with the title Europeans and their Languages Made by myself File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this...

Spanish Spread in EU Image File history File links Size of this preview: 586 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,218 × 1,245 pixels, file size: 84 KB, MIME type: image/png)Image:Knowledge_Español_EU_map. ...

Notes

1. ^ cf. Jireček Line; "...Greek, the lingua franca of commerce and religion, provided a cultural unity to the Balkans... Greek penetrated Moldavian and Wallachian territories as early as the fourteenth century.... The heavy influence of Greek culture upon the intellectual and academic life of Bucharest and Jassy was longer termed than historians once believed." James Steve Counelis, review of Ariadna Camariano-Cioran, Les Academies Princieres de Bucarest et de Jassy et leur Professeurs in Church History 45:1:115-116 (March 1976) at JSTOR
2. ^ Jeroen Darquennes and Peter Nelde, "German as a Lingua Franca", Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 26:61-77 (2006)

The Jireček Line The Jireček Line is an imaginary line that divided in the ancient Balkans, until the 4th century, the influences of the Latin (in North) and Greek (in South) languages. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

See also

• Alphabetic list of living languages in Europe
• Eurolinguistics
• Languages of the European Union
• List of European languages by country

This does not cite its references or sources. ... Eurolinguistics is a comparatively young branch of linguistics which deals with questions on the languages of Europe. ... Chameleon, a symbol of the multilingualism of the European Union. ... [[[Link title]]]==List== This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ...

External links

• »Languages of Europe« : A map and tabulated overview over the European languages spoken in Europe made by Urion Argador