Lanthanides are elements in which the forbitals are partly or completely filled, while the outermost p and d orbitals are empty. Since the f orbitals do not have as much effect on chemistry as the s, p, and d orbitals, lanthanide series elements are chemically similar to each other.
The lanthanides are typically placed below the main body of the periodic table in the manner of a footnote. The full-width version of the periodic table shows the position of the lanthanides more clearly.
External links
USGS Rare Earths Statistics and Information (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/)
1) Excitation of chemiluminescence of weakly luminescent lanthanide ions, e.g.
The chemiluminescence of lanthanide ions was almost exclusively studied by using europium and terbium compounds that posess highly efficient visible luminescence (red and green respectively).
Coordination-unsaturated lanthanide beta-diketonates efficiently catalyze the decomposition of 1,2-dioxetanes through the formation of complex in which the peroxide coordinates to lanthanide ion by the oxygen atoms.
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