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The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb the remaining water from indigestible food matter, as well as store the useless nutrients and wastes and flush them from the body.[1] Diagram of the Human Intestine. ...
Image File history File links Gray1223. ...
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In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ...
The inferior mesenteric glands consist of: (a) small glands on the branches of the left colic and sigmoid arteries (b) a group in the sigmoid mesocolon, around the superior hemorrhoidal artery (c) a pararectal group in contact with the muscular coat of the rectum They drain the descending iliac and...
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For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...
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The large intestine starts in the right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the right waist. Joined to the bottom end of the small intestine, it consists of the cecum and colon. The large intestine is about 1.5 meters long, which is about one-fifth of the whole length of the intestinal canal. In anatomy of the digestive system, the ileum (not to be confused with the ilium, a pelvic bone), is the final section of the small intestine. ...
The pelvis (pl. ...
In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and comprises the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...
The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ...
In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...
Function and relation to other organs The large intestine takes 12-25 hours to finish up the remaining processes of the digestive system. Food is not broken down any further in this stage of digestion. The large intestine simply absorbs vitamins that are created by the bacteria inhabiting the colon. It is also very important in absorbing water and compacting the feces, it also stores fecal matter in the rectum until eliminated through the anus. It is also responsible for passing along solid waste.
The large intestine differs most obviously from the small intestine in being wider and in showing the longitudinal layer of the muscularis have been reduced to 3 strap-like structures known as the taeniae coli. The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium. Instead of having the evaginations of the small intestine (villi) the large intestine has invaginations (the intestinal glands). While both the small intestine and the large intestine have goblet cells, they are abundant in the large intestine. In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and comprises the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...
The taeniae coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. ...
The vermiform appendix is attached to its posteromedial surface of the large intestine. It contains masses of lymphoid tissue. It is a part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which gives the appendix an important role in immunity. Appendicitis is the result of a blockage that traps infectious material in the lumen. The appendix can be removed with no damage or consequence to the patient. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is the diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. ...
The large intestine extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus and is about 1.5m long. On the surface, bands of longitudinal muscle fibers called taeniae coli, each about 5mm wide, can be identified. There are three bands and they start at the base of the appendix and extend from the cecum to the rectum. Along the sides of the taeniae, tags of peritoneum filled with fat, called epiploic appendages (or appendices epiploicae) are found. The sacculations, called haustra, are characteristic features of the large intestine, and distinguish it from the rest of the intestinal.
Bacterial flora  Intestine for sausage making The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions.
The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region. Undigested polysaccharides (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion. The bicarbonate the large intestine secretes helps to neutralise the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids. Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ...
These bacteria also produce small amounts of vitamins, especially vitamin K and Biotin (a B vitamin), for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins generally provides only a small part of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin deficient if treated with antibiotics that inhibit other species of bacteria as well as the disease-causing bacteria. Retinol (Vitamin A) Vitamins are nutrients required in very small amounts for essential metabolic reactions in the body [1]. The term vitamin does not encompass other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids. ...
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). ...
Vitamin B is a complex of several vitamins. ...
An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ...
Other bacterial products include gas (flatus), which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of the gases hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulphide. Bacterial fermentation of undigested polysaccharides produces these. Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ...
The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues, including the cecum and lymphatics. Lymph originates as blood plasma lost from the circulatory system, which leaks out into the surrounding tissues. ...
They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora, that are also effective against related pathogens, thereby preventing infection or invasion.
The most prevalent bacteria are the bacteroides, which have been implicated in the initiation of colitis and colon cancer. Bifidobacteria are also abundant, and are often described as 'friendly bacteria'. Species etc. ...
Colitis is a digestive disease characterized by inflammation of the colon. ...
Diagram of the stomach, colon, and rectum Colorectal cancer includes cancerous growths in the colon, rectum and appendix. ...
A bacterial group (and probiotic) that is perceived to exert health-promoting properties within humans, specifically the colon. ...
A mucus layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria.[2] This mucus layer is called the mucosal barrier. Mucus cells. ...
Parts and location Parts of the large intestine are: Locations along the colon are: The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
The taeniae coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. ...
The haustra of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance. ...
The epiploic appendices (or epiploic appendages) are small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon or large intestine or large bowel is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
A colic flexure is a flexure (a bend) in the colon. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
The transverse mesocolon is a broad, meso-fold of peritoneum, which connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen. ...
A colic flexure is a flexure (a bend) in the colon. ...
The Descending Colon passes downward through the left hypochondriac and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left kidney. ...
The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum. ...
Additional images Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses. Image File history File links Gray538. ...
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References - ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
- ^ Stremmel, W (2005). "Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis". Gut 54: 966-971.
External links Look up Large intestine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant. Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ...
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (often referred to simply as The Merck Manual) is one of the worlds most widely used medical textbooks. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
An illustration from the 1918 edition Henry Grays Anatomy of the Human Body (or Grays Anatomy as it has more commonly become known) is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. ...
| Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract | | | Upper GI: to stomach | | | | Upper GI: stomach | | | | Lower GI: intestines | Small intestine: Duodenum ( Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • continuous ( intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds) Junction: Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ...
The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ...
Gut redirects here. ...
Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. ...
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. ...
The nasopharynx (nasal part of the pharynx) lies behind the nose and above the level of the soft palate: it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open). ...
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system of many animals immediately behind the mouth and in front of the esophagus. ...
In human anatomy, the hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. ...
The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences), sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ...
A crop is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion that is found in many animals, including gastropods, earthworms[1], leeches[2], insects, birds and clowns. ...
In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...
Stomach. ...
Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the glands. ...
This article is about the cardia in the human body. ...
The cardiac glands of the stomach are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach. ...
The left portion of the body of the stomach is known as the fundus, and is marked off from the remainder of the body by a plane passing horizontally through the cardiac orifice. ...
The fundus glands (or fundic glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach; they are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. ...
From Greek pylorus; pyl- = gate, -orus = guard. ...
The pyloric glands are found in the pyloric portion of the stomach. ...
Pyloric antrum is initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach, which may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the...
The pyloric canal, also known as the canalis pyloricus, is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine [1]. Pylorus University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago Health Library Category: ...
The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. ...
The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. ...
In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...
In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and comprises the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ...
The suspensory muscle of the duodenum is the proper name of what is commonly known as the ligament of Treitz, and it refers to tissue that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. ...
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct together perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum obliquely, some 7 to 10 cm. ...
The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum. ...
The ascending portion of the duodenum ascends on the left side of the aorta, as far as the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra, where it turns abruptly forward to become the jejunum, forming the duodenojejunal flexure. ...
Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ...
Not to be confused with ilium (bone). ...
Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine and have additional extensions called microvilli (singular: microvillus) which protrude from epithelial cells lining villi. ...
The crypts of Lieberkühn are glands found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine. ...
The circular folds (valves of Kerkring) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel. ...
In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix (or appendix, pl. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: lack of content If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ...
Large intestine: Cecum • Colon ( ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • continuous ( taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix) | | | Lower GI: termination | Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon or large intestine or large bowel is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
A colic flexure is a flexure (a bend) in the colon. ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ...
Grays Fig. ...
The Descending Colon passes downward through the left hypochondriac and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left kidney. ...
The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum. ...
The Taenia Coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. ...
The haustra of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance. ...
The epiploic appendices (or epiploic appendages) are small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum. ...
The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ...
Although the term rectum means straight, the human rectum is not. ...
The rectum is about 12 cm. ...
The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anal verge, anorectal junction) is a line which marks the end of the rectum and the beginning of the anal canal. ...
The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine. ...
The rectal sinuses, end in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves, which join together the lower ends of the rectal columns. ...
The rectal columns are separated from one another by furrows, or rectal sinuses, which end below in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves. ...
The lumen of the anal canal presents, in its upper half, a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue. ...
Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle | | | Lower GI: lymph | | | This article is about the bodily orifice. ...
The Sphincter ani internus muscle is a muscle of the human body. ...
The Sphincter ani externus muscle is a muscle of the human body. ...
Overview About 70% of the bodys immune system is found in the digestive tract. ...
Peyers patches are secondary lymphoid organs, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. ...
M cells (or Microfold cells) are cells found in the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyers patch that have the unique ability to sample antigen from the lumen of the small intestine and deliver it via transcytosis to antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes located in a unique pocket-like...
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