|
Latin (lingua Latīna, pronounced [laˈtiːna]) is an ancient Indo-European language that was spoken in the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. It was also the de facto international language of science and scholarship in mid and western Europe until the 17th century. Through Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. It later evolved into the languages spoken in France, Italy, Romania and the Iberian peninsula, and through them to North, Central, South America and Africa. There are two distinctions of Latin: Classical Latin, the form used in poetry and formal prose, and Vulgar Latin, the name given to a common set of Latin based dialects, until they diverged into the various Romance languages. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Catholic Church Latin became the ecclesiastical language of the Catholic Church and the lingua franca of educated classes in the West. The Latins were an ancient Italic people who migrated to central Italy, (Latium Vetus - Old Latium), in the 2nd millennium B.C., maybe from the Adriatic East Coast and Balkanic Area, perhaps from pressures by Illyrian peoples. ...
Look up Latin, latin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Vatican_City. ...
An extinct language is a language which no longer has any native speakers, in contrast to a dead language, which is is a language which has stopped changing in grammar, vocabulary, and the complete meaning of a sentence. ...
Not to be confused with Latin profanity. ...
The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
Not to be confused with Latin profanity. ...
Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ...
A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ...
For other uses, see Indo-European. ...
Hypothetical distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the sixth century BC. The Italic subfamily is a member of the Centum branch of the Indo-European language family. ...
The Latino-Faliscan languages are a group of languages that belong to the Italic language family of the Indo-European languages. ...
Catholic Church redirects here. ...
ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ...
ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ...
ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ...
The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ...
For other uses, see Indo-European. ...
The ancient quarters of Rome. ...
This article is about the state which existed from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC. For the state which existed in the 18th century, see Roman Republic (18th century). ...
For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ...
North American redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...
South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Classical Latin is the language used by the principal exponents of that language in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. ...
Not to be confused with Latin profanity. ...
The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
This article is about the historiography of the decline of the Roman Empire. ...
The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ...
The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ...
Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ...
After 2,300 years, Latin began a slow decline around the 1600s. Vulgar Latin however was preserved in several regional dialects, which by the 800s had become the ancestors of today's Romance languages. Latin lives on in the form of Ecclesiastical Latin spoken in the Catholic Church. Some Latin vocabulary is still used in science, academia, and law. Classical Latin, the literary language of the late Republic and early Empire, is still taught in many primary, grammar, and secondary schools, often combined with Greek in the study of Classics, though its role has diminished since the early 20th century. The Latin alphabet, together with its modern variants such as the English, Spanish and French alphabets, is the most widely used alphabet in the world. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...
As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ...
The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
The term Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) refers to the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. ...
A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ...
Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. ...
For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ...
Classical Latin is the language used by the principal exponents of that language in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. ...
A literary language is a register of a language that is used in writing, and which often differs in lexicon and syntax from the language used in speech. ...
For other uses, see Classics (disambiguation). ...
Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ...
The modern English alphabet consists of 26 letters[1] derived from the Latin alphabet: The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface. ...
The Spanish alphabet traditionally consists of the following 29 letters: A, B, C, Ch, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ll, M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z This includes the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet plus the letter...
[edit] History -
 The Duenos inscription, from the 6th century BC, is one of the earliest known Old Latin texts, and probably comes from the tribe of Latins. Latin is a member of the Italic languages and its alphabet is based on the Old Italic alphabet, derived from the Greek alphabet. In the 9th or 8th century BC Latin was brought to the Italian peninsula by the migrating Latins who settled in Latium, around the River Tiber, where Roman civilization would develop. During those early years Latin came under the influence of the non-Indo-European Etruscan language of northern Italy. The Duenos inscription, from the 6th century BC, is the second-earliest known Latin text. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
The Duenos inscription, as recorded by Heinrich Dressel. ...
For the Old Latin Bible used before the Vulgate, see Vetus Latina. ...
Hypothetical distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the sixth century BC. The Italic subfamily is a member of the Centum branch of the Indo-European language family. ...
Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
This page contains special characters. ...
(10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC - other centuries) (900s BC - 890s BC - 880s BC - 870s BC - 860s BC - 850s BC - 840s BC - 830s BC - 820s BC - 810s BC - 800s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Kingdom of Kush (900 BC...
Satellite view of the Peninsula in spring The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Italian: Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the greatest peninsulas of Europe, spanning 1,000 km from the Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. ...
The Latins were an ancient Italic people who migrated to central Italy, (Latium Vetus - Old Latium), in the 2nd millennium B.C., maybe from the Adriatic East Coast and Balkanic Area, perhaps from pressures by Illyrian peoples. ...
Latium (Lazio in Italian) is a region of central Italy, bordered by Tuscany, Umbria, Abruzzo, Marche, Molise, Campania and the Tyrrhenian Sea. ...
Tiber River in Rome. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
For other uses, see Indo-European. ...
Languages in Iron Age Italy, 6th century BC Etruscan was a language spoken and written in the ancient region of Etruria (current Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of what are now Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls), in Italy. ...
Northern Italy comprises of two areas belonging to NUTS level 1: North-West (Nord-Ovest): Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria North-East (Nord-Est): Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Aosta Valley are regions with a...
Although surviving Roman literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, the actual spoken language of the Western Roman Empire was Vulgar Latin, which differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and (eventually) pronunciation. The literature of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire written in the Latin language. ...
Classical Latin is the language used by the principal exponents of that language in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. ...
Not to be confused with Latin profanity. ...
Although Latin long remained the legal and governmental language of the Roman Empire, Greek became the dominant language of the well-educated elite, as much of the literature and philosophy studied by upper-class Romans had been produced by Greek (usually Athenian) authors. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which would become the Byzantine Empire after the final split of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires in 395, Greek eventually supplanted Latin as the legal and governmental language; and it had long been the lingua franca of most Eastern citizens (of all classes). Byzantine redirects here. ...
Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ...
[edit] Orthography -
Main article: Latin alphabet
 The language of Rome has had a profound impact on later cultures, as demonstrated by this Latin Bible from 1407 To write Latin, the Romans invented the Latin alphabet, basing it on the Etruscan Alphabet, which itself was based on the Greek alphabet. The Latin alphabet lives today in modified form as the writing system for Romance, Celtic, Slavic, Germanic (inter alia English) and many other languages. Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
The Vindolanda tablets are fragments of half-burnt wooden leaf-tablets with writing in ink containing messages to and from members of the garrison of Vindolanda Roman fort, their families, and their slaves. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x1011, 310 KB) MARLENE JEANNINE Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x1011, 310 KB) MARLENE JEANNINE Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
The term Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) refers to the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. ...
For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ...
Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ...
Old Italic refers to a number of related historical alphabets used on the Italian peninsula which were used for some non-Indo-European languages (Etruscan and probably North Picene), various Indo-European languages belonging to the Italic branch (Faliscan and members of the Sabellian group, including Oscan, Umbrian, and South...
This page contains special characters. ...
Minuscule, or lower case, is the smaller form (case) of letters (in the Roman alphabet: a, b, c, ...). Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule (capital) letters which were spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. ...
The ancient Romans did not use punctuation, macrons (although they did use apices to distinguish between long and short vowels), the letters j and u, lowercase letters (although they did have a cursive script), or interword spacing (though dots were occasionally placed between words that would otherwise be difficult to distinguish). So, a sentence originally written as: Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
The term punctuation has two different linguistic meanings: in general, the act and the effect of punctuating, i. ...
A macron (from Gr. ...
The apex[1] (plural apices) is a mark with the shape of an acute accent ( ´ ) which is placed over vowels to indicate that they are long by nature. ...
Minuscule, or lower case, is the smaller form (case) of letters (in the Roman alphabet: a, b, c, ...). Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule (capital) letters which were spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. ...
Interword separation is the act and the effect of mutually separating the written representations of words. ...
- LVGETEOVENERESCVPIDINESQVE
would be rendered in a modern edition as - Lūgēte, Ō Venerēs Cupīdinēsque
and translated as - Mourn, O Venuses and Cupids
The Roman cursive script is commonly found on the many wax tablets excavated at sites such as forts, an especially extensive set having been discovered at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall in Britain. A replica of the Old Roman Cursive inspired by the Vindolanda tablets:[1] Hoc gracili currenteque / vix hodie patefactas / Romani tabulas ornarunt calamo (With this slender and running pen the Romans decorated writing tablets, which today scarcely have been brought to light. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...
Vindolanda was a Roman auxiliary fort located at Chesterholm, just south of Hadrians Wall in northern England, near the border with Scotland, guarding the Roman road from the River Tyne, to the Solway Firth, now known as the Stanegate. ...
Hadrians Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of modern-day England. ...
[edit] Legacy The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and, eventually, Vulgar Latin began to dialectize, based on the location of its various speakers. Vulgar Latin gradually evolved into a number of distinct Romance languages, a process well under way by the 9th century. These were for many centuries only oral languages, Latin still being used for writing. The history of ancient Rome—originally a city-state of Italy, and later an empire covering much of Eurasia and North Africa from the ninth century BC to the fifth century AD—was often closely entwined with its military history. ...
For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ...
The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
For example, Latin was still the official language of Portugal in 1296, after which it was replaced by Portuguese. Many of these "daughter" languages, including Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and Romansh, flourished, the differences between them growing greater and more formal over time. March 30 - Edward I stormed Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking the then Scottish border town with much bloodshed. ...
Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia, and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of Sardinia. ...
Not to be confused with Romand which is one of the names for the Franco-Provençal language. ...
Out of the Romance languages, Italian is the purest descendant of Latin in terms of vocabulary,[1] though Sardinian is the most conservative in terms of phonology.[2] This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ...
Some of the differences between Classical Latin and the Romance languages have been used in attempts to reconstruct Vulgar Latin. For example, the Romance languages have distinctive stress on certain syllables, whereas Latin had this feature in addition to distinctive length of vowels. In Italian and Sardo logudorese, there is distinctive length of consonants as well as stress; in Spanish and Portuguese, only distinctive stress; while in French length (for most speakers) and stress are no longer distinctive. Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that all Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case endings in most words, except for some pronouns. Romanian exhibits a direct case (nominative/accusative), an indirect case (dative/genitive), a vocative and is the only language which has retained the neuter gender and at least a partial declension from Latin.[3] In linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word. ...
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
There has also been a major Latin influence in English. English is Germanic in grammar, largely Romance in vocabulary, with Greek influence. Sixty percent of the English vocabulary has its roots in Latin (although a large amount of this is indirect, mostly via French). In the medieval period, much of this borrowing occurred through ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century, or indirectly after the Norman Conquest—through the Anglo-Norman language. English has been called a Germanic language with a Romance vocabulary. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Augustine of Canterbury (birth unknown, died May 26, 604) was the first Archbishop of Canterbury, sent to Ethelbert of Kent, Bretwalda (ruler) of England by Pope Gregory the Great in 597. ...
Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings The Norman Conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots. These words were dubbed "inkhorn" or "inkpot" words, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some were so useful that they survived. Imbibe, extrapolate, dormant and employer are all inkhorn terms created from Latin words. Many of the most common polysyllabic "English" words are simply adapted Latin forms, in a large number of cases adapted by way of Old French. An inkhorn is an inkwell made out of horn. ...
An inkhorn is an inkwell made out of horn. ...
A syllable (Ancient Greek: ) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. ...
Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. ...
Latin mottos are used as guidelines by many organizations.
[edit] Grammar -
Main article: Latin grammar Latin is a synthetic, fusional language: affixes (often suffixes, which usually encode more than one grammatical category) are attached to fixed stems to express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns—a process called declension. Affixes are attached to fixed stems of verbs, as well, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect—a process called conjugation. Latin, like all other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflectional, and so has a very flexible word order. ...
A synthetic language, in linguistic typology, is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio. ...
A fusional language (also called inflecting language) is a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by its tendency to squish together many morphemes in a way which can be difficult to segment. ...
Look up affix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ...
For other uses of number, see number (disambiguation). ...
In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject, of direct object, or of possessor. ...
In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ...
In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ...
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. ...
In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives to indicate such features as number (typically singular vs. ...
For other uses, see Point of view (literature). ...
Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc. ...
In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood (or mode), which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ...
In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. ...
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ...
-
There are six main Latin noun cases. These play a major part in determining a noun's syntactic role in the sentence, so word order is not as important in Latin as it is in other languages, such as English. Because of noun cases, words can often be moved around in a sentence without significantly altering its meaning, though the emphasis will have altered. The cases, with their most important uses, are these: Latin is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. ...
In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ...
- Nominative: used when the noun is the subject of the sentence or phrase, or when functioning as a predicative of the subject.
example: Puer currit. The boy runs. The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ...
The predicative is an element of the predicate of a sentence which supplements the subject or object by means of the verb. ...
- Vocative: used when the noun is used in a direct address (The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative except for the second declension nouns ending in -us. The -us becomes an -e).
Example:"Master!" shouted the slave. "Domine!" servus clamavit. The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person being addressed, found in Latin among other languages. ...
- Accusative: used when the noun is the direct object of the sentence/phrase, with certain prepositions, or as the subject of an infinitive.
Example: Ancilla vinum portat. The slave girl carries the wine. The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. ...
Quintus fabulam mirabilem narravit. Quintus told a marvelous story. - Genitive: used when the noun is the possessor of an object (example: "the horse of the man", or "the man's horse" - in both of these cases, the word man would be in the genitive case when translated into Latin). Also indicates material of which something greater is made of (example: "a group of people"; "a number of gifts"—people and gifts would be in the genitive case). Some nouns are genitive with special verbs and adjectives too.
Example: The cup is full of wine. Poculum plenum vini est. The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ...
The master of the slave beats him. Dominus servi eum verberat.
- Dative: used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, with special verbs, with certain prepositions, and if used as agent, reference, or even possessor.
Example: The merchant hands over the toga to the woman. Mercator feminae togam tradit. The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. ...
- Ablative: used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent, or instrument, or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions; adverbial.
Example of Case Endings Singular: nominative: ancilla accusative. ancillam dative: ancillae genitive: ancillae ablative: ancilla In linguistics, the ablative case is a noun case found in several languages, including Latin, Sanskrit and in the Finno_Ugric languages. ...
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is an entity that carries out an action. ...
In linguistics, the instrumental case (also called the eighth case) indicates that a noun is the instrument or means by which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. ...
Plural: nominative: ancillae accusative: ancillas dative: ancillis genitive: ancillarum abblative: ancillis (long -i)
There is also a seventh case, called the Locative case, used to indicate a location (corresponding to the English "in" or "at"). This is far less common than the other six cases of Latin nouns and usually applies to place names, especially of cities. Its form coincides with the genitive in the singular (domus becomes domi, "at home") and with the dative or ablative in the plural (Athenae becomes Athenis, "at Athens"). Locative is a case which indicates a location. ...
-
Verbs in Latin are usually identified by four main conjugations, groups of verbs with similarly inflected forms. The first conjugation is typified by active infinitive forms ending in -āre, the second by active infinitives ending in -ēre, the third by infinitives ending in -ere, and the fourth by active infinitives ending in -īre. However, there are exceptions to these rules. Further, there is a subset of the 3rd conjugation, the -iō verbs, which behave somewhat like the 4th conjugation. There are six general tenses in Latin (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), four grammatical moods (indicative, infinitive, imperative and subjunctive), six persons (first, second, and third, each in singular and plural), two voices (active and passive), and a few aspects. Verbs are described by four principal parts: Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. ...
Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. ...
Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood (or mode), which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ...
For other uses, see Point of view (literature). ...
In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc. ...
In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. ...
- The first principal part is the first person, singular, present tense, and it is the indicative mood form of the verb.
- The second principal part is the active, present tense, infinitive form of the verb.
- The third principal part is the first person, singular, perfect tense, active indicative mood form of the verb.
- The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the participial form, nominative case, singular, perfect tense, passive voice participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show either one gender of the participle, or all three genders (-us for masculine, -a for feminine, and -um for neuter). It can also be the future participle when that verb cannot be made passive.
[edit] Instruction in Latin -
The linguistic element of Latin courses offered in secondary schools and in universities is primarily geared toward an ability to translate Latin texts into modern languages, rather than using it for the purpose of oral communication. As such, the skills of reading and writing are heavily emphasized, and speaking and listening skills are left inchoate. A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the University Library of Graz // Latin is not offered by the mainstream curriculum; however it is offered in many high schools throughout Australia. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1408x1120, 805 KB) A multi-volume Latin dictionary (Egidio Forcellini: Totius Latinitatis Lexicon, 1858-87) in a table in the main reading room of the University Library of Graz. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1408x1120, 805 KB) A multi-volume Latin dictionary (Egidio Forcellini: Totius Latinitatis Lexicon, 1858-87) in a table in the main reading room of the University Library of Graz. ...
a part of the new front built 1994-96 The University Library of Graz is the biggest scientific and public library in Styria and the third biggest in Austria. ...
However, there is a growing movement, sometimes known as the Living Latin movement, whose supporters believe that Latin can be taught in the same way that modern "living" languages are taught, i.e., as a means of both spoken and written communication. This approach to learning the language assists speculative insight into how ancient authors spoke and incorporated sounds of the language stylistically; patterns in Latin poetry and literature can be difficult to identify without an understanding of the sounds of words. The expression Living Latin refers to the living use of Latin, a classical language that has often being classified as dead. There are two main proponents of Living Latin. ...
Latin poetry was a major part of Latin literature during the height of the Latin language. ...
Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome. ...
Living Latin instruction is provided in states like the Vatican, and some Institutions in the U.S. like the University of Kentucky. In Great Britain, the Classical Association encourages this approach, and Latin language books describing the adventures of a mouse called Minimus have been published. In the United States, the National Junior Classical League (with more than 50,000 members) encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin, and the National Senior Classical League encourages college students to continue their studies of the language. The University of Kentucky, also referred to as UK, is a public, co-educational university located in Lexington, Kentucky. ...
The official seal of the National Junior Classical League The National Junior Classical League, or NJCL, is an organization of fifth grade students through high school seniors sponsored by the American Classical League. ...
The National Senior Classical League or NSCL is an organization of mostly college students which promotes the study of the Classics. ...
Many international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin. Interlingua, which lays claim to a sizeable following, is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the language. Latino sine Flexione, popular in the early 20th century, is a language created from Latin with its inflections dropped. An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. ...
This article is about the auxiliary language created by the International Auxiliary Language Association. ...
Latino sine flexione (Latin without inflections) is an auxiliary language invented by the mathematician Giuseppe Peano in 1903. ...
Latin translations of modern literature such as Paddington Bear, Winnie the Pooh, Tintin, Asterix, Harry Potter, Le Petit Prince, Max und Moritz, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, and The Cat in the Hat are intended to bolster interest in the language. Paddington Station-Bronze of Paddington Bear Paddington Bear is a fictional character in childrens literature. ...
Pooh redirects here. ...
The Adventures of Tintin (French: ) is a series of Belgian comic books created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi (1907–1983). ...
This article is about the comic book series. ...
This article is about the Harry Potter series of novels. ...
The Little Prince (French: Le Petit Prince), published in 1943, is French aviator Antoine de Saint Exupérys most famous novella, which he wrote in the United States while renting The Bevin House in Asharoken, New York, on Long Island. ...
Max and Moritz Max and Moritz (A Story of Seven Boyish Pranks) was a German language illustrated story in verse. ...
How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is one of the best-known childrens books by Dr. Seuss. ...
The Cat in the Hat is a childrens book by Dr. Seuss, featuring a tall, anthropomorphic, mischievous cat, wearing a tall, red and white striped hat. ...
[edit] Modern use of Latin
 The signs at Wallsend Metro station are in English and Latin as a tribute to Wallsend's role as one of the outposts of the Roman empire. Today, Latin terminology is widely used, amongst other things, in philosophy, medicine, biology, and law, in terms and abbreviations such as subpoena duces tecum, q.i.d. (quater in die: "four times a day"), and inter alia (among other things). The Latin terms are used in isolation, as technical terms. The largest organisation which still uses Latin in official contexts is the Roman Catholic Church. Although the Mass of Paul VI is usually said in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, particularly in the Vatican. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 826 KB) One of the bilingual English and Latin signs at Wallsend Tyne and Wear Metro station. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 826 KB) One of the bilingual English and Latin signs at Wallsend Tyne and Wear Metro station. ...
Wallsend station is probably the only station in Britain with signs in Latin. ...
For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...
For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ...
For the song by Girls Aloud see Biology (song) Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: Βιολογία - βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, speech lit. ...
For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ...
Subpoena Duces Tecum (Latin for: bring with under penalty of punishment). ...
Catholic Church redirects here. ...
The Mass of Pope Paul VI is the liturgy of the Catholic Mass of the Roman Rite as revised after the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). ...
In situations when lingual neutrality is preferred, such as in scientific names for organisms, Latin is typically the language of choice. In biology, binomial nomenclature is a standard convention used for naming species. ...
Films such as Sebastiane and The Passion of the Christ have been made with dialogue in Latin. Sebastiane is a controversial 1976 film written and directed by Derek Jarman and Paul Humfress. ...
This article is about the film. ...
Many organizations today also have Latin mottos, such as "Semper fidelis" (always faithful), the motto of the United States Marine Corps. Semper Fidelis is Latin for Always faithful. ...
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for providing force projection from the sea,[1] using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces and is one of seven uniformed services. ...
Some universities still hold graduation ceremonies in Latin. Academic procession during the University of Canterbury graduation ceremony. ...
The Warhammer 40,000 tabletop wargaming setting uses Latin to represent High Gothic, one of the languages of the Imperium of Mankind. Warhammer 40,000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K, WH40K, W40K or just 40K) is a science fantasy game produced by Games Workshop. ...
The Imperium of Man is a fictional galactic empire that contains the majority of humanity, set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe created by Games Workshop. ...
In the science fiction novel Manifold: Space by Stephen Baxter, in the far future, isolated human colonies have endured linguistic drift to the point their independent languages are unknown to each other. As a result, they have defaulted to using Latin for inter-colony communication and trade. The possibility of Latin being a fall-back universal language for all time, has also been discussed in more serious academic circles. The idea of a universal language is at least as old as the Biblical story of Babel. ...
The video game for the Wii, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, has its main theme in Latin. The Wii (pronounced as the pronoun we, IPA: ) is the fifth home video game console released by Nintendo. ...
Super Smash Bros. ...
[edit] See also
[edit] Latin language Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ...
List of Latin letters. ...
Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the writing systems of many languages throughout the world. ...
Unicode as of version 5. ...
ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 or less formally as Latin-1, is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding of the Latin alphabet. ...
Several binary representations of the character sets used for Indo-European languages in computers are compared in this article. ...
Pages in category Latin encyclopedias There are 4 pages in this section of this category. ...
The Latin Wikipedia is the Latin language version of Wikipedia. ...
Latin, like all other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflectional, and so has a very flexible word order. ...
Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. ...
Latin is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. ...
To remember the present active indicative verb tense endings: Actual: Singular 1st person: -m/o 2nd person: -s 3rd person: -t Plural 1st person: -mus 2nd person: -tis 3rd person: -nt mnemonic phrase: Most Must Isnt (-M/O-S-T-MUS-TIS-NT) To remember the conjugating vowels of...
The Latin school was the grammar school of earlier times in Europe. ...
The golden line is a type of Latin dactylic hexameter frequently mentioned in Latin classrooms in English speaking countries and in contemporary scholarship written in English. ...
Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome. ...
Latin poetry was a major part of Latin literature during the height of the Latin language. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Panegyrici Latini or Latin Panegyrics is a collection of twelve ancient Roman panegyric orations. ...
Latin profanity is the profane, indecent, or impolite vocabulary of Latin, and its uses. ...
The Roman alphabet or Latin alphabet was adapted from an Etruscan alphabet, to represent the phonemes of the Latin language. ...
Latin pronunciation, both in the classical and post-classical age, has varied across different regions and different eras. ...
A Latinism is a word borrowed from Latin into another language, such as English. ...
The following is an alphabetical list of Greek and Latin roots commonly used in English. ...
English has been called a Germanic language with a Romance vocabulary. ...
This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages). ...
This list contains Germanic elements of the English language which have a close corresponding Latinate form. ...
A number of Latin terms are used in legal terminology and legal maxims. ...
This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. ...
Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an academic degree was earned. ...
This page lists direct English translations of common Latin phrases, such as veni vidi vici and et cetera. ...
Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe. ...
This is a list of modern songs having lyrics in Classical Latin. ...
In literature, latinisation is the practice of writing a name in a Latin style when writing in Latin so as to more closely emulate Latin authors, or to present a more impressive image. ...
This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
This list includes continental European countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire, or that were given Latin place names in historical references. ...
This course prepares students for the AP Latin Literature test. ...
[edit] Latin culture A Latin liturgy is a ceremony or ritual conducted in the Latin language. ...
The term Latin Mass has several meanings: The traditional Latin Rite Mass of the Roman Catholic Church, generally known as the Tridentine Mass, promulgated by the Council of Trent and subsequently revised on various occasions, culminating in the Roman Missal of 1962. ...
The Latin Rite is one of the 23 sui iuris particular Churches within the Catholic Church. ...
Hiberno-Latin, also called Hisperic Latin, was a playful and learned sort of Latin literature created and spread by Irish monks during the period from the sixth century to the tenth century. ...
Judeo-Latin, or La‘az is the Jewish language of the many scattered Jewish communities of the former Roman Empire, but especially by the Jewish communities of the Italian Peninsula and Transalpine Gaul. ...
The phrase Dog Latin refers to the creation of a phrase or jargon in imitation of Latin, often by directly translating English words (or those of other European languages) into Latin without conjugation or declension. ...
Pig Latin (Igpay Atinlay in Pig Latin) is a language primarily used in English, where the syllables of English words are spoken in inverse order and an ay is affixed, to both obfuscate the encoding and to indicate for the intended recipient the encoding as Pig Latin. ...
Macaronic Latin (or macaroni Latin) is an old term used for various sorts of adulturated Latin. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Julius Caesar, from the bust in the British Museum, in Cassells History of England (1902). ...
Romanization was a gradual process of cultural assimilation, in which the conquered barbarians (non-Greco-Romans) gradually adopted and largely replaced their own native culture (which in many cases were quite developed, like the culture of the Gauls or Carthage) with the culture of their conquerors - the Romans. ...
A Brocard is a juridical principle usually expressed in Latin (and often derived from juridical works of the past), traditionally used to concisely express a wider legal concept or rule. ...
Carmen Possum is a popular 40-line comical poem written in a mix of Latin and English. ...
In linguistics (especially in German linguistics), an internationalism is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. ...
This article is about the auxiliary language created by the International Auxiliary Language Association. ...
Latino sine flexione (Latin without inflections) is an auxiliary language invented by the mathematician Giuseppe Peano in 1903. ...
The Loeb Classical Library is a series of books, today published by the Harvard University Press, which present important works of ancient Greek and Latin Literature in a way designed to make the text accessible to the broadest possible audience, by presenting the original Greek or Latin text on each...
The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family that comprises all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
The Latin peoples, also known as Romance peoples, are those European linguistic-cultural groups and their descendants all over the world that speak Romance languages. ...
[edit] Historical periods
|
