Latin American literature rose to particular prominence during the second half of the 20th century, largely thanks to the international success of the style known as magical realism. As such, the region's literature is often associated solely with this style (and its most famous exponent, Gabriel García Márquez). This largely obscures a rich and complex tradition of literary production that dates back many centuries. Magic Realism (or Magical Realism) is an illustrative or literary technique in which the laws of cause and effect seem not quite to apply in otherwise real world situations. ... Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez, also known as Gabo (born March 6, 1927 in Aracataca, Magdalena) is a Colombian novelist, journalist, editor, publisher, political activist, and recipient of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. ...

History

Pre-Columbian Literature

Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, for instance, produced elaborate codices. Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the Popol Vuh. Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the Quechua-speaking population of Peru and the Quiché of Guatemala. Aztec codices (singular codex) are books written by pre-Columbian and Spanish colonial era Aztecs. ... The Popol Vuh (Quiché for Council Book or Book of the Community; Popol Wuj in modern spelling) is the book of scripture of the Quiché, a kingdom of the post classic Maya civilization in highland Guatemala. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Quechuan languages. ... The Kiche (or Quiché in Spanish spelling), are a Native American people, part of the Maya ethnic group. ...

Colonial Literature

From the very moment of Europe's "discovery" of the continent, early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience--such as Columbus's letters or Bernal Díaz del Castillo's description of the conquest of Mexico. At times, colonial practices stirred a lively debate about the ethics of colonization and the status of the indigenous peoples, as reflected for instance in Bartolomé de las Casas's Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias. Conquistador (meaning Conqueror in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish rule between the 15th and 17th centuries. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator and colonialist who is one of the first Europeans to discover the Americas, after the Vikings. ... Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492 or 1493 - 1581) was a conquistador, who wrote an eyewitness account of the conquest of Mexico under Hernán Cortés. ... Bartolomé de las Casas This article is about a Spanish priest in the 16th century. ...

During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, within which context Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays. Towards the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive criollo literary tradition emerged, including the first novels such as José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi's El Periquillo Sarniento (1816). The "libertadores" themselves were also often distinguished writers, such as Simón Bolívar and Andrés Bello. Sor Juana (12 November 1651 (or 1648, according to some biographers) – 17 April 1695), also known as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz or, in full, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz de Asbaje y Ramírez, was a self taught Mexican scholar, nun, and writer of the... Criollo, in the Spanish colonial Casta system (caste system) of Latin America, was a person born in the Spanish colonies deemed to have purity of blood in respect to the individuals European ancestry. ... José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi (1776 - 1827) was a Mexican journalist and novelist and the author of the first Latin American novel (El Periquillo Sarniento, The Mangy Parrot). ... El Periquillo Sarniento (The Mangy Parrot) by Mexican author José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, is generally considered the first novel written and published in Latin America. ... This article is about the South American independence leader. ... Andrés Bello (Caracas, Venezuela, November 11, 1781 - Santiago, Chile, October 15, 1865), Venezuelan humanist, poet, lawmaker, philosopher, educator and philologist, whose work constitutes an important part of Spanish American culture. ...

Nineteenth-Century Literature

The 19th Century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in critic Doris Sommer's words), novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focussed on the indigenous question or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism," for which see, say, the Argentine Domingo Sarmiento's Facundo (1845), the Colombian Jorge Isaacs's María, Ecuadorian Juan León Mera's Cumandá (1879), or the Brazilian Euclides da Cunha's Os Sertões (1902). Such works are still the bedrocks of national canons, and usually mandatory elements of high school curricula. Romantics redirects here. ... Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. ... Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Albarracín (February 15, 1811 – September 11, 1888) was an Argentine statesman, educator, and author. ... Facundo (subtitiled civilization and Barbarism) A book written by Argentinian Domingo Sarmiento in 1845, it was written partly in protest to the regime of Juan Manuel de Rosas who ruled Argentina from 1835-1852. ... A portrait of Jorge Isaacs. ... María is a novel written by Colombian writer Jorge Isaacs between 1864 and 1867. ... Juan León Mera Juan León Mera Martínez (June 28, 1832, Ambato—December 13, 1894) was an Ecuadorian poet, novelist, journalist, critic, politician and satirist. ... Caricature of Euclides da Cunha by Raul Pederneiras. ... Os Sertões is a book written by the Brazilian writer Euclides da Cunha. ...

Another instance of 19th Century Latin American literature is José Hernández's epic poem Martín Fierro (1872). The story of a poor gaucho drafted to fight a frontier war against Indians, Martín Fierro is an example of the "gauchesque", an Argentine genre of poetry centered around the lives of gauchos. For the baseball player, see José Hernández. ... Martín Fierro is an epic poem by the Argentinean writer José Hernández. ... For other uses, see Gaucho (disambiguation). ... Martín Fierro is an epic poem by the Argentinean writer José Hernández. ...

Modernismo and Boom precursors

In the late 19th Century, modernismo emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was the Nicaraguan Rubén Darío's Azul (1888). This was the first Latin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of the region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer so much at issue. José Martí, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the USA and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere. And in 1900 the Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó wrote what became read as a manifesto for the region's cultural awakening, Ariel. Modernismo is Spanish for modernism, however the term Modernismo indicates a more specific art movement: Modernismo, also known by its Catalan name Modernisme, as term in architecture generally refers to the pre-Art Nouveau style existing; e. ... A framed picture of Rubén Darío hanging in the National Theater. ... Look up azul in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... José Julián Martí y Pérez was a leader of the Cuban independence movement from Spain and as well a renowned poet and writer. ... José Enrique Rodo (1872–1917) was a Latin American essayist from Uruguay. ...

Though modernismo itself is often seen as aestheticist and anti-political, some poets and essayists, Martí among them but also the Peruvians Manuel González Prada and José Carlos Mariátegui, introduced compelling critiques of the contemporary social order and particularly the plight of Latin America's indigenous peoples. So the early twentieth century also saw the rise of indigenismo, a movement dedicated to representing indigenous culture and the injustices that such communities were undergoing, as for instance with the Peruvian José María Arguedas and the Mexican Rosario Castellanos. Manuel González Prada (1844-1918) was a freethinker and social critic who brought Peruvian thought into the twentieth century. ... José Carlos Mariátegui José Carlos Mariátegui (14 June 1894 – 16 April 1930) was a Peruvian journalist, political philosopher, and activist. ... List of Mexican American, Indigenismo and Americanismo writers. ... José María Arguedas (18 January 1911 – 28 November 1969) was a Peruvian novelist (writing in Spanish) although he also wrote poetry in Quechua. ... Rosario Castellanos (25 May 1925 – 7 August 1974) was a Mexican poet and author. ...

The Argentine Jorge Luis Borges invented what was almost a new genre, the philosophical short story, and would go on to become one of the most influential of all Latin American writers. At the same time, Roberto Arlt offered a very different style, closer to mass culture and popular literature, reflecting the urbanization and European immigration that was shaping the Southern Cone. Jorge Luis Borges (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer. ... Roberto Arlt (1900-1942) was an Argentinian short-story writer, novelist and playwright. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Notable figures in Brazil at this time include the modernist novelist and satirist Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis and the poets Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade (whose "Manifesto Antropófago" praised Brazilian powers of transculturation), and Carlos Drummond de Andrade. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, pron. ... Painting of Mário de Andrade (1927) by Lasar Segall, a Lithuanian painter in Brazil whom Andrade befriended; Andrade wrote a book about him in 1935. ... Portrait of Oswald de Andrade by Tarsila do Amaral José Oswald de Andrade Souza (January 11, 1890–October 22, 1954) was a Brazilian poet and polemicist. ... The Manifesto Antropófago (Cannibal Manifesto in English) was published in 1928 by the Brazilian poet and polemicist Oswald de Andrade. ... Transculturation is a term coined by Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures. ... Carlos Drummond de Andrade (October 31, 1902 - August 17, 1987) was perhaps the most influential Brazilian poet of the 20th century. ...

The Mexican revolution inspired novels such as Mariano Azuela's Los de abajo, a committed work of social realism (and the revolution and its aftermath would continue to be a point of reference for Mexican literature for many decades. In the 1940s, the Cuban novelist and musicologist Alejo Carpentier coined the term "lo real maravilloso" and, along with the Mexican Juan Rulfo and the Guatemalan Miguel Ángel Asturias, would prove a precursor of the Boom and its signature style of "magic realism." Mariano Azuela For other uses, see Mariano Azuela (disambiguation). ... Mexican literature plays an important role in Mexican culture. ... Alejo Carpentier y Valmont (December 26, 1904 – April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist, essay writer, and musicologist who greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous boom period. ... Juan Rulfo (16 May 1917 [not 1918 as he often told people after 1936, see note below] – 7 January 1986) was a Mexican novelist, short story writer, and photographer. ... Miguel Ángel Asturias (October 19, 1899 – June 9, 1974) was a Guatemalan writer and diplomat. ...

Poetry after Modernismo

Twentieth-century poetry in Latin America has often expressed political commitment, particularly given the model provided by Chilean Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda, and followed by such poets as the Nicaraguan Ernesto Cardenal and Salvadoran Roque Dalton. Look up Nobel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the penname and, later, legal name of the Chilean writer and communist politician Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto. ... Ernesto Cardenal Martínez (born January 20, 1925) is a Catholic priest and was one of the most famous liberation theologians of the Nicaraguan Revolution. ... Roque Dalton Roque Dalton García (San Salvador, El Salvador, 14 May 1935 – Quezaltepeque, El Salvador, 10 May 1975) was a leftist Salvadoran poet and journalist. ...

Other significant poets include the Cuban Nicolás Guillén and the Uruguayan Mario Benedetti, not to mention the Nobel laureates Gabriela Mistral and Octavio Paz, the latter also a distinguished critic and essayist, famous particularly for his book on Mexican culture, The Labyrinth of Solitude. Nicolás Guillén (10 July 1902 – 16 July 1989) was an Afro-Cuban poet. ... Mario Benedetti (born September 14, 1920) is an Uruguayan journalist, novelist, and poet. ... Gabriela Mistral (April 7, 1889 – January 10, 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila de María del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet, educator, diplomat and feminist who was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1945. ... Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet, diplomat, and 1990 Nobel Prize winner for literature Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. ... The Labyrinth of Solitude (Spanish: El Laberinto de la soledad) is an essay, published in 1950, written by the Mexican author and poet, Octavio Paz. ...

The Boom

Main article: Latin American Boom

After World War II, Latin America enjoyed increasing economic prosperity, and a new-found confidence also gave rise to a literary boom. From 1960 to 1967, the major works of the boom were published. Many of these novels were somewhat rebellious from the general point of view of Latin America culture. Authors crossed traditional boundaries, experimented with language, and often mixed different styles of writing in their works. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Structures of literary works were also changing. Inspired by North American and European authors such as William Faulkner, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, Boom novels were often non-linear, disregarding conventional rules, and introducing techniques such as internal monologues. Latin American authors were also inspired by each others' works; many of the authors knew one another and influenced each other's styles. William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American novelist and poet whose works feature his native state of Mississippi. ... This article is about the writer and poet. ... For the American writer, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. ...

The Boom really put Latin American literature on the global map. It was distinguished by daring and experimental novels such as Julio Cortázar's Rayuela (1963), that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. From 1966 to 1968, Emir Rodríguez Monegal published his influential Latin American literature monthly Mundo Nuevo, with excerpts of unreleased novels from then-new writers such as Guillermo Cabrera Infante or Severo Sarduy, including two chapters of Gabriel García Márquez's Cien años de soledad in 1966. In 1967, the published book was the Boom's defining novel, which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism, though other important writers of the period such as Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework. Arguably, the Boom's culmination was Augusto Roa Bastos's monumental Yo, el supremo (1974). Other important novelists of the period include the Chilean José Donoso and the Cuban Guillermo Cabrera Infante. Julio Cortázar. ... For other uses, see Hopscotch (disambiguation). ... Emir (28 July 1921 – 14 November 1985) was a Uruguayan scholar, literary critic, and editor of Latin American literature. ... For other uses, see Mundo Nuevo (disambiguation). ... Guillermo Cabrera Infante (April 22, 1929 – February 21, 2005) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, translator, and critic; in the 1950s he used the pseudonym G. Caín. ... Severo Sarduy (Camagüey, Cuba; February 25, 1937 - Paris; June 8, 1993) was a Cuban poet, author, playwright, and critic of Cuban literature and art. ... Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez, also known as Gabo (born March 6, 1927 in Aracataca, Magdalena) is a Colombian novelist, journalist, editor, publisher, political activist, and recipient of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. ... One Hundred Years of Solitude (Spanish: Cien años de soledad) is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first published in Spanish in 1967 (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana), with an English translation by Gregory Rabassa released in 1970 (New York: Harper and... Magic realism (or magical realism) is an artistic genre in which magical elements appear in an otherwise realistic setting. ... Mario Vargas Llosa in his youth. ... Carlos Fuentes Carlos Fuentes Macías (born November 11, 1928) is a Mexican writer and one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish-speaking world. ... Augusto Roa Bastos, (June 13, 1917 – April 26, 2005), was a Paraguayan novelist, widely acclaimed as one of the greatest that nation has produced. ... José Donoso was a Chilean writer. ... Guillermo Cabrera Infante (April 22, 1929 – February 21, 2005) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, translator, and critic; in the 1950s he used the pseudonym G. Caín. ...

Though the literary boom occurred while Latin America was having commercial success, the works of this period tended to move away from the positives of the modernization that was underway. Instead literary works focused on the problems and injustices that people were suffering across Latin America.

Political turmoil in Latin American countries such as Cuba at this time influenced the literary boom as well. Some works anticipated an end to the prosperity that was occurring, and even predicted old problems would resurface in the near future. Their works foreshadowed the events to come in the future of Latin America, with the 1970s and 1980s dictatorships, economic turmoil, and Dirty Wars. Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ...

Post-Boom and Contemporary Literature

Post-Boom literature is sometimes characterized by a tendency towards irony and towards the use of popular genres, as in the case of the work of Manuel Puig. Some writers felt the success of the Boom to be a burden, and spiritedly denounced the caricature that reduces Latin American literature to magical realism. Hence the Chilean Alberto Fuguet came up with McOndo as an antidote to the Macondo-ism that demanded of all aspiring writers that they set their tales in steamy tropical jungles in which the fantastic and the real happily coexisted. Other writers, however, have traded on the Boom's success: see for instance Laura Esquivel's pastiche of magical realism in Como agua para chocolate. Manuel Puig Manuel Puig (General Villegas, December 28, 1932 - Cuernavaca, July 22, 1990) was an Argentinian author. ... Alberto Fuguet (1964-present) is a Chilean writer. ... A recent Latin American literary movement that seeks to distance itself from Latin Americas long-dominant magic realist literary tradition and to pull itself out from the shadow of literary giant Gabriel Garcia Marquez. ... Laura Esquivel (born September 30, 1950) is a Mexican author. ...

Overall, contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit, Giannina Braschi, Luisa Valenzuela, Jorge H. Queirolo, Ricardo Piglia, or Roberto Bolaño. Other important figures include the Argentine César Aira or the Colombian Fernando Vallejo, whose La virgen de los sicarios depicted the violence in a Medellín under the influence of the drug trade. Paulo Coelho (IPA: ) (born August 24, 1947) is a Brazilian lyricist and novelist. ... For the Chilean politician and daughter of Salvador Allende, see Isabel Allende Bussi. ... Diamela Eltit (Santiago de Chile, 1949) is a writer and a Spanish teacher from Chile. ... Cutting-edge poet and novelist Giannina Braschi (b. ... Luisa Valenzuela (b. ... Ricardo Piglia (born on November 24, 1941 in Adrogué) is an Argentine writer best known for his 1992 novel The Absent City. Heavely influenced by countryman Jorge Luis Borges, Piglias stories contain elements of the occult, while still heavily grounded in the reality of their metafictional narratives. ... Roberto Bolaño (April 28, 1953 — July 15, 2003) was a Chilean novelist and poet, winner of the prestigious Rómulo Gallegos Prize for his novel Los detectives salvajes (The Savage Detectives) in 1999. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Fernando Vallejo (born 1942 in Medellín, Colombia) is a biologist, filmmaker and writer, born in Colombia, but nationalized in Mexico in 2007. ...

There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio, texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú. In law and in religion, testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter. ... The term subaltern is used in postcolonial theory to refer to marginalized groups and the lower classes; this sense of the word was coined by Antonio Gramsci. ... Rigoberta Menchú Tum (b. ...

Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel, who draw also on the long-standing tradition of essayistic production as well as the precedents of engaged and creative non-fiction represented by, say, the Uruguayan Eduardo Galeano and the Mexican Elena Poniatowska. Carlos Monsiváis (born May 4, 1938, in Mexico City) is a Mexican writer and journalist on the El Universal newspaper. ... Pedro Lemebel is a Chilean essayist, chronicler, and novelist. ... Eduardo Hughes Galeano (born September 3, 1940) is an Uruguayan journalist whose books have been translated into many languages. ... Elena Poniatowska Elena Poniatowska (born May 19, 1932 in Paris, France as Princess Hélène Elizabeth Louise Amelie Paula Dolores Poniatowska Amor) is a Polish-Mexican journalist and author. ...

Prominent writers

Main article: List of Latin American writers

Arguably the most eminent Latin American author of any century is the Argentine Jorge Luis Borges.^{[citation needed]} According to literary critic Harold Bloom, "Of all Latin American authors in this century, he is the most universal... If you read Borges frequently and closely, you become something of a Borgesian, because to read him is to activate an awareness of literature in which he has gone farther than anybody else."^{[citation needed]} Perhaps the most important novel to emerge out of Latin America in the 20th century is Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Cien Anos de Soledad;^{[citation needed]} Borges opined that it was "the Don Quixote of Latin America." The greatest poet of Latin America is widely considered to be Pablo Neruda;^{[citation needed]} according to Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Neruda "is the greatest poet of the 20th century, in any language." Mexico's Octavio Paz, while being primarily a poet, is perhaps the most outstanding prose stylist of the Spanish language of the century.^{[citation needed]} . ...

Prominent Latin American writers:

• Octavio Paz (Mexico) Awards: Nobel Prize, Cervantes Prize, National Prize (Mexico), Neustadt Prize, Doctor Honoris Causa (Harvard)
• Carlos Fuentes (Mexico) Awards: Cervantes Prize, Alfonso Reyes Prize, Doctor Honoris Causa (Cambridge, Harvard)
• Alejo Carpentier (Cuba) Awards: Cervantes Prize, Alfonso Reyes Prize, Doctor Honoris Causa (La Habana, Cordoba)
• Guillermo Cabrera Infante (Cuba) Awards: Cervantes Prize
• Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina) Awards: Cervantes Prize, Alfonso Reyes Prize, Jerusalem Prize, Doctor Honoris Causa (Oxford, Columbia)
• Julio Cortázar (Argentina) Awards: Medicis Prize, Premio Konex
• Pablo Neruda (Chile) Awards: Nobel Prize, National Prize (Chile), Doctor Honoris Causa (Oxford)
• Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia) Awards: Nobel Prize, Romulo Gallegos Prize, Neustadt Prize, Doctor Honoris Causa (Columbia)
• Miguel Ángel Asturias (Guatemala) Awards: Nobel Prize
• Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru) Awards: Cervantes Prize, Romulo Gallegos Prize, Jerusalem Prize, Doctor Honoris Causa (Sorbonne, Oxford, Harvard, Genova, Yale)
• Carlos Drummond de Andrade (Brasil) Awards: Neustadt Prize (Candidate)

Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet, diplomat, and 1990 Nobel Prize winner for literature Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. ... Carlos Fuentes Carlos Fuentes Macías (born November 11, 1928) is a Mexican writer and one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish-speaking world. ... Alejo Carpentier y Valmont (December 26, 1904 – April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist, essay writer, and musicologist who greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous boom period. ... Guillermo Cabrera Infante (April 22, 1929 – February 21, 2005) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, translator, and critic; in the 1950s he used the pseudonym G. Caín. ... Jorge Luis Borges (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer. ... Julio Cortázar. ... Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the penname and, later, legal name of the Chilean writer and communist politician Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto. ... Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez, also known as Gabo (born March 6, 1927 in Aracataca, Magdalena) is a Colombian novelist, journalist, editor, publisher, political activist, and recipient of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. ... Miguel Ángel Asturias (October 19, 1899 – June 9, 1974) was a Guatemalan writer and diplomat. ... Mario Vargas Llosa in his youth. ... Carlos Drummond de Andrade (October 31, 1902 - August 17, 1987) was perhaps the most influential Brazilian poet of the 20th century. ...

See also

• List of Latin American writers
• Latin American poetry
• Chicano poetry
• Latin American Boom
• McOndo
• Latin American culture
• The Dictator Novel

. ... The poetry of Latin America is encompassing of, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Venezuela, República Dominicana (Dominican Republic), Cuba, The United States (Puerto Rico), Colombia, Panamá, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mexico, the spanish speaking portion of Belize, and some may argue Brazil, España... Chicano poetry is a branch of American literature written by and primarily about Mexican-Americans and the Mexican-American experience. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A recent Latin American literary movement that seeks to distance itself from Latin Americas long-dominant magic realist literary tradition and to pull itself out from the shadow of literary giant Gabriel Garcia Marquez. ... Latin American culture is the formal or informal expression of the peoples of Latin America, and includes both high culture (literature, high art) and popular culture (music, folk art and dance) as well as religion and other customary practices. ... The Dictator Novel (Spanish: novela del dictador) is a genre of Latin American literature which developed the theme of caudillos (as dictators are known in this continent) especially starting with Ramón del Valle-Incláns Tirano Banderas (1926). ...

References

This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.

• Jean Franco, An Introduction to Latin American Literature (1969)
• Jorge Larraín, Identity and Modernity in Latin America (Blackwell, 2000)
• Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction in the Twentieth Century (London: Verso, 1989)
• Philip Swanson, Latin American Fiction: A Short Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004)

Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

Further reading

Literature Collections:

• The Oxford book of Latin American short stories / ed. Roberto González Echevarría., 1997
• Short stories by Latin American women : the magic and the real / ed. Celia Correas de Zapata., 1990
• Masterworks of Latin American short fiction: eight novellas / ed. Cass Canfield., 1996
• A Hammock beneath the mangoes: stories from Latin America / ed. Thomas Colchie., 1991
• The Vintage book of Latin American stories / ed. Carlos Fuentes., 2000
• Contemporary short stories from Central America / ed. Enrique Jaramillo Levi., 1994
• Cruel fictions, cruel realities: short stories by Latin American women writers / ed. Kathy S Leonard., 1997
• Prospero's mirror : a translators' portfolio of Latin American short fiction / ed. Ilan Stavans., 1998
• A whistler in the nightworld : short fiction from the Latin Americas / ed. Thomas Colchie., 2002
• Out of the mirrored garden : new fiction by Latin American women / ed. Delia Poey., 1996
• Urban voices : contemporary short stories from Brazil / ed. Cristina Ferreira Pinto., 1999
• Contemporary Latin American short stories / ed. Pat McNees., 1996
• Latin American writers : thirty stories / Gabriella Ibieta., 1993
• The Penguin book of Latin American short stories / ed. Thomas Colchie., 1992
• Twentieth-century Latin American poetry : a bilingual anthology / ed. Stephen Tapscott., 1996
• El Coro : a chorus of Latino and Latina poetry / ed. Martín Espada., 1997
• Messengers of rain and other poems from Latin America / ed. Claudia M Lee., 2002
• The Oxford book of Latin American essays / ed. Ilan Stavans., 1997

Secondary Literature:

• Verity Smith, Encyclopedia of Latin American literature (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997)
• William Luis, Modern Latin-American fiction writers (Detroit: Gale Research, 1992, 1994)
• Roberto González Echevarría, Cambridge history of Latin American literature (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
• David William Foster, Handbook of Latin American literature (New York: Garland Pub, 1992)
• Terry Peavler, Structures of power: essays on twentieth-century Spanish-American fiction (Albany: SUNY Press, 1996)
• Harold Bloom, Hispanic-American writers (Modern Critical Views) (Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1998)
• Harold Bloom, Modern Latin American fiction (Modern Critical Views) (Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990)
• Philip Swanson, Landmarks in modern Latin American fiction (New York: Routledge, 1990)
• Efraín Kristal, Cambridge companion to the Latin American novel (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
• David William Foster, Theoretical debates in Spanish American literature (New York: Garland Pub, 1997)
• David William Foster, Twentieth-century Spanish American literature to 1960 (New York: Garland Pub, 1997)
• David William Foster, Twentieth-century Spanish American literature since 1960 (New York: Garland Pub, 1997)
• Daniel Balderston, Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean literature, 1900-2003 (New York: Routledge, 2004)
• Lisa P Condé, Feminist readings on Spanish and Latin-American literature (Lewiston, N.Y: Mellen Press, 1991)
• Roy Boland, War and revolution in Hispanic literature (Melbourne: Voz Hispánica, 1990)
• Alun Kenwood Love, sex & eroticism in contemporary Latin American literature (Melbourne: Voz Hispánica, 1992)
• Susan P Castillo A companion to the literatures of colonial America (Oxford: Blackwell Pub, 2005)
• Mario J Valdés Literary cultures of Latin America : a comparative history (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2004)
• Willis Barnstone Literatures of Latin America: from antiquity to the present (N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2003)
• Leslie Bethell A cultural history of Latin America (N.Y: Cambridge University Press, 1999)

External links

• Literature from Latin America, from LANIC

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