NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Le Corbusier

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a Swiss-born architect, designer, urbanist, writer and also painter, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called Modern Architecture. In his 30s he became a French citizen. Image File history File links CHF10_8_front. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Location within Switzerland La Chaux-de-Fonds is a city located in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Roquebrune-Cap-Martin is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes département in southeastern France. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation). ... Designer is a broad term for a person who designs any of a variety of things. ... Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Painting by Rembrandt self-portrait Detail from Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez, in which the painter portrayed himself at work For the computer graphics program, see Corel Painter. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ...

He was a pioneer in theoretical studies of modern high design and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout central Europe, India, Russia, and one each in North and South America. He was also an urban planner, painter, sculptor, writer, and modern furniture designer. Modern furniture refers to furniture produced from the late 19th century through the present that is influenced by modernism. ... All Saints Chapel in the Cathedral Basilica of St. ...

Life

Early life and education, 1887-1913

He was born as Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small town of Neuchâtel canton in north-western Switzerland, in the Jura mountains, which is just five kilometres across the border from France. He attended a kindergarten that used Froebelian methods. Location within Switzerland La Chaux-de-Fonds is a city located in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. ... NeuchÃ¢tel is a canton of Switzerland. ... Looking towards Lelex from near to CrÃªt de la Neige The Jura folds are located north of the main Alpine orogenic front and are being continually deformed, accommodating the northwards compression from Alpine folding. ... Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel (1782-1852) was a German educationalist. ...

Le Corbusier was attracted to the visual arts and studied at the La-Chaux-de-Fonds Art School under Charles L'Eplattenier, who had studied in Budapest and Paris. His architecture teacher in the Art School was the architect René Chapallaz, who had a large influence on Le Corbusier's earliest houses. For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of France. ...

In his early years he frequently would escape the somewhat provincial atmosphere of his hometown by travelling around Europe. About 1907 he travelled to Paris, where he found work in the office of Auguste Perret, the French pioneer of reinforced concrete. Between October 1910 and March 1911 he worked near Berlin for the renowned architect Peter Behrens, where he might have met Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius. He became fluent in German. Both of these experiences proved influential in his later career. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... St. ... Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926â€“1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Peter Behrens (April 14, 1868â€“February 27, 1940) was a German architect and designer. ... Ludwig Mies van der Rohe born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies (March 27, 1886 â€“ August 17, 1969) was a German architect. ... Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 â€“ July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ...

Later in 1911 he would journey to the Balkans and visit Greece and Turkey, filling sketchbooks with renderings of what he saw, including many famous sketches of the Parthenon, whose forms he would later praise in his work Vers une architecture (1923). Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Balkan redirects here. ... The Parthenon west faÃ§ade For other uses, see Parthenon (disambiguation). ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Early career: the villas, 1914-1930

Le Corbusier taught at his old school in La-Chaux-de-Fonds during World War I, not returning to Paris until the war was over. During these four years in Switzerland, he worked on theoretical architectural studies using modern techniques.^[1] Among these was his project for the "Dom-ino" House (1914-1915). This model proposed an open floor plan consisting of concrete slabs supported by a minimal number of thin, reinforced concrete columns around the edges, with a stairway providing access to each level on one side of the floor plan. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

This design became the foundation for most of his architecture for the next ten years. Soon he would begin his own architectural practice with his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret (1896-1967), a partnership that would last until 1940. Pierre Jeanneret (1896-1967) was a Swiss architect who collaborated with his more famous cousin Charles Edouard Jeanneret (who assumed the pseudonym Le Corbusier) for about twenty years. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1918 Le Corbusier met the disillusioned Cubist painter, Amédée Ozenfant, in whom he recognised a kindred spirit. Ozenfant encouraged him to paint, and the two began a period of collaboration. Rejecting Cubism as irrational and "romantic," the pair jointly published their manifesto, Après le Cubisme and established a new artistic movement, Purism. Ozenfant and Jeanneret established the Purist journal L'Esprit Nouveau. Georges Braque, Woman with a guitar, 1913 Cubism was a 20th century art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. ... Guitar and Bottles (Guitare et bouteilles), 1920. ... Purism was a form of Cubism advocated by the French painter AmÃ©dÃ©e Ozenfant and the architect Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier). ...

Pseudonym adopted, 1920

In the first issue of the journal, in 1920, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret adopted Le Corbusier, an altered form of his maternal grandfather's name, "Lecorbésier", as a pseudonym, reflecting his belief that anyone could reinvent oneself. Some architectural historians claim that this pseudonym translates as "the crow-like one." ^[2] Adopting a single name to identify oneself was in vogue by artists in many fields during that era, especially among those in Paris. For other uses, see Alias. ...

Between 1918 and 1922 Le Corbusier built nothing, concentrating his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922 Le Corbusier and Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres.^[1]

His theoretical studies soon advanced into several different single-family house models. Among these was the Maison "Citrohan", a pun on the name of the French Citroën automaker, for the modern industrial methods and materials Le Corbusier advocated using for the house. Here, Le Corbusier proposed a three-floor structure, with a double-height living room, bedrooms on the second floor, and a kitchen on the third floor. The roof would be occupied by a sun terrace. On the exterior Le Corbusier installed a stairway to provide second-floor access from ground level. Here, as in other projects from this period, he also designed the façades to include large expanses of uninterrupted banks of windows. The house used a rectangular plan, with exterior walls that were not filled by windows, left as white, stuccoed spaces. Le Corbusier and Jeanneret left the interior aesthetically spare, with any movable furniture made of tubular metal frames. Light fixtures usually comprised single, bare bulbs. Interior walls also were left white. Between 1922 and 1927, Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret designed many of these private houses for clients around Paris. In Boulogne-sur-Seine and the 16th arrondissement of Paris, Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret designed and built the Villa Lipschitz, Maison Cook (see William Edwards Cook), Maison Planeix, and the Maison La Roche/Albert Jeanneret, which now houses the Fondation Le Corbusier. CitroÃ«n is a French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by AndrÃ© CitroÃ«n. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Boulogne-Billancourt is a city in France, the sous-préfecture of the Hauts_de_Seine département in the Ile-de-France région. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Birth of the Muses, bronze, 1944-1950. ... William Edwards Cook (August 31, 1881 - November 10, 1959) was an American-born expatriate artist, architectural patron, and long-time friend of Gertrude Stein, the American writer. ...

Forays into urbanism

For a number of years French officials had been unsuccessful in dealing with the squalor of the growing Parisian slums, and Le Corbusier sought efficient ways to house large numbers of people in response to the urban housing crisis. He believed that his new, modern architectural forms would provide a new organisational solution that would raise the quality of life of the lower classes. His Immeubles Villas (1922) was such a project that called for large blocks of cell-like individual apartments stacked one on top of the other, with plans that included a living room, bedrooms, and kitchen, as well as a garden terrace. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

Not merely content with designs for a few housing blocks, soon Le Corbusier moved into studies for entire cities. In 1922, he also presented his scheme for a "Contemporary City" for three million inhabitants (Ville Contemporaine). The centrepiece of this plan was the group of sixty-story, cruciform skyscrapers built on steel frames and encased in huge curtain walls of glass. They housed both offices and the apartments of the most wealthy inhabitants. These skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces. At the very middle was a huge transportation centre, that on different levels included depots for buses and trains, as well as highway intersections, and at the top, an airport. He had the fanciful notion that commercial airliners would land between the huge skyscrapers. Le Corbusier segregated the pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways, and glorified the use of the automobile as a means of transportation. As one moved out from the central skyscrapers, smaller multi-storey, zigzag blocks set in green space and set far back from the street, housed the proletarian workers. Le Corbusier hoped that politically-minded industrialists in France would lead the way with their efficient Taylorist and Fordist strategies adopted from American models to reorganise society. City for three million inhabitants (1922) The Ville Contemporaine or Contemporary City was an unrealised project to house three million inhabitants designed by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1922. ... Taylorism redirects here. ... Fordism, named after Henry Ford, has different meanings in the United States and Europe. ...

In this new industrialist spirit, Le Corbusier began a new journal called L'Esprit Nouveau that advocated the use of modern industrial techniques and strategies to transform society into a more efficient environment with a higher standard of living on all socioeconomic levels. He forcefully argued that this transformation was necessary to avoid the spectre of revolution, that would otherwise shake society. His dictum "Architecture or Revolution", developed in his articles in this journal, became his rallying cry for the book Vers une architecture (Toward an Architecture, previously mistranslated into English as Towards a New Architecture), which comprised selected articles from L'Esprit Nouveau between 1920 and 1923.

Theoretical urban schemes continued to occupy Le Corbusier. He exhibited his Plan Voisin, sponsored by another famous automobile manufacturer, in 1925. In it, he proposed to bulldoze most of central Paris, north of the Seine, and replace it with his sixty-story cruciform towers from the Contemporary City, placed in an orthogonal street grid and park-like green space. His scheme was met with only criticism and scorn from French politicians and industrialists, although they were favourable to the ideas of Taylorism and Fordism underlying Le Corbusier designs. Nonetheless, it did provoke discussion concerning how to deal with the cramped, dirty conditions that enveloped much of the city.

In the 1930s, Le Corbusier expanded and reformulated his ideas on urbanism, eventually publishing them in La Ville radieuse (The Radiant City) of 1935. Perhaps the most significant difference between the Contemporary City and the Radiant City is that the latter abandons the class-based stratification of the former; housing is now assigned according to family size, not economic position.^[3] La Ville radieuse also marks Le Corbusier's increasing dissatisfaction with capitalism and his turn to the right-wing syndicalism of Hubert Lagardelle. During the Vichy regime, Le Corbusier received a position on a planning committee and made designs for Algiers and other cities. The central government ultimately rejected his plans, and after 1942 Le Corbusier withdrew from political activity.^[4] Syndicalism refers to a set of ideas, movements, and tendencies which share the avowed aim of transforming capitalist society through action by the working class on the industrial front. ... Hubert Lagardelle (1874-1958) was a French syndicalist thinker, influenced by Proudhon. ... Vichy (Occitan: VichÃ¨i) is a French commune, situated in the dÃ©partement of Allier and the rÃ©gion of Auvergne. ...

After World War II, Le Corbusier attempted to realize his urban planning schemes on a small scale by constructing a series of "unités" (the housing block unit of the Radiant City) around France. The most famous of these was the Unité d'Habitation of Marseilles (1946-1952). In the 1950s, a unique opportunity to translate the Radiant City on a grand scale presented itself in the construction of Chandigarh, the new capital of the Indian state of (what was then) Punjab. Le Corbusier was originally brought on to redesign parts of Albert Mayer's master plan, but eventually took over the entire project. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Unite dHabitation, Marseille The UnitÃ© dHabitation (French, literally, Housing Unit) is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ...

Death

Against his doctor's orders, on August 27, 1965, Le Corbusier went for a swim in the Mediterranean Sea at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France. His body was found by bathers and he was pronounced dead at 11 a.m. It was assumed that he suffered a heart attack, at the age of seventy-seven. His death rites took place at the courtyard of the Louvre Palace on September 1, 1965 under the direction of writer and thinker André Malraux, who was at the time France's Minister of Culture. is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... Roquebrune-Cap-Martin is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes département in southeastern France. ... This article is about the museum. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... AndrÃ© Malraux, French author, adventurer, and statesman AndrÃ© Malraux (November 3, 1901 â€“ November 23, 1976) was a French author, adventurer and statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture. ...

Le Corbusier's death had a strong impact on the cultural and political world. Homages were paid world-wide and even some of Le Corbusier's worst artistic enemies, such as the painter Salvador Dalí, recognised his importance (Dalí sent a floral tribute). Then-President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson said: "His influence was universal and his works are invested with a permanent quality possessed by those of very few artists in our history". The Soviet Union added, "Modern architecture has lost its greatest master". Japanese TV channels decided to broadcast, simultaneously to the ceremony, his Museum in Tokyo, in what was at the time a unique media homage. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto DalÃ i DomÃ¨nech, 1st Marquis of PÃºbol (May 11, 1904 â€“ January 23, 1989), was a Spanish surrealist painter of Catalan descent born in Figueres, Catalonia (Spain). ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... LBJ redirects here. ... The National Museum of Western Art ) is the premier public art gallery in Japan specializing in art from the Western tradition. ... For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ...

Ideas

Five points of architecture

It was Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye (1929-1931) that most succinctly summed up his five points of architecture that he had elucidated in the journal L'Esprit Nouveau and his book Vers une architecture, which he had been developing throughout the 1920s. First, Le Corbusier lifted the bulk of the structure off the ground, supporting it by pilotis – reinforced concrete stilts. These pilotis, in providing the structural support for the house, allowed him to elucidate his next two points: a free façade, meaning non-supporting walls that could be designed as the architect wished, and an open floor plan, meaning that the floor space was free to be configured into rooms without concern for supporting walls. The second floor of the Villa Savoye includes long strips of ribbon windows that allow unencumbered views of the large surrounding yard, and which constitute the fourth point of his system. The fifth point was the Roof garden to compensate the green area consumed by the building and replacing it on the roof. A ramp rising from the ground level to the third floor roof terrace, allows for an architectural promenade through the structure. The white tubular railing recalls the industrial "ocean-liner" aesthetic that Le Corbusier much admired. As if to put an exclamation point on Le Corbusier's homage to modern industry, the driveway around the ground floor, with its semicircular path, measures the exact turning radius of a 1927 Citroën automobile. The Villa Savoye is considered by many to be the seminal work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. ... Pilotis are special architectural supports, like columns, pillars, stilts, by which a building is lifted above what is underneath, may this be the ground or water. ... West faÃ§ade of the Notre-Dame de Strasbourg Cathedral A facade (or faÃ§ade) is the exterior of a building â€“ especially the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear. ... A roof garden is any garden on the roof of a building. ... CitroÃ«n is a French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by AndrÃ© CitroÃ«n. ...

The Modulor

Le Corbusier explicitly used the golden ratio in his Modulor system for the scale of architectural proportion. He saw this system as a continuation of the long tradition of Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man", the work of Leon Battista Alberti, and others who used the proportions of the human body to improve the appearance and function of architecture. In addition to the golden ratio, Le Corbusier based the system on human measurements, Fibonacci numbers, and the double unit. // The Modulor is a scale of proportions devised by the French architect Le Corbusier (1887â€“1965). ... Image File history File links Modulor-Modulor2. ... Image File history File links Modulor-Modulor2. ... Not to be confused with Golden mean (philosophy), the felicitous middle between two extremes, Golden numbers, an indicator of years in astronomy and calendar studies, or the Golden Rule. ... // The Modulor is a scale of proportions devised by the French architect Le Corbusier (1887â€“1965). ... The concept of scale is applicable if a system is represented proportionally by another system. ... Architectural practice has often used proportional systems to generate or constrain the forms considered suitable for inclusion in a building. ... Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. ... â€œDa Vinciâ€ redirects here. ... Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man (1492). ... Leone Battista Alberti (February 1404 - 25th April 1472), Italian painter, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer, musician, architect, and general Renaissance polymath . ... This article is about building architecture. ... Not to be confused with Golden mean (philosophy), the felicitous middle between two extremes, Golden numbers, an indicator of years in astronomy and calendar studies, or the Golden Rule. ... Illustration from The Speaking Portrait (Pearsons Magazine, Vol XI, January to June 1901) demonstrating the principles of Bertillons anthropometry. ... A tiling with squares whose sides are successive Fibonacci numbers in length A Fibonacci spiral, created by drawing arcs connecting the opposite corners of squares in the Fibonacci tiling shown above â€“ see golden spiral In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence defined by the following recurrence relation: That is...

He took Leonardo's suggestion of the golden ratio in human proportions to an extreme: he sectioned his model human body's height at the navel with the two sections in golden ratio, then subdivided those sections in golden ratio at the knees and throat; he used these golden ratio proportions in the Modulor system. // The Modulor is a scale of proportions devised by the French architect Le Corbusier (1887â€“1965). ...

Le Corbusier's 1927 Villa Stein in Garches exemplified the Modulor system's application. The villa's rectangular ground plan, elevation, and inner structure closely approximate golden rectangles.^[5] Garches is a city in suburban Paris in France Sites of interest The northern part of the suburban city wsa marked by the combat of January 19, 1871 when the Parisian besieged and tried to force the German blockade to join the French troops of Versailles. ...

Le Corbusier placed systems of harmony and proportion at the centre of his design philosophy, and his faith in the mathematical order of the universe was closely bound to golden section and Fibonacci the series, which he described as "[...] rhythms apparent to the eye and clear in their relations with one another. And these rhythms are at the very root of human activities. They resound in Man by an organic inevitability, the same fine inevitability which causes the tracing out of the Golden Section by children, old men, savages, and the learned."^[6]

Furniture

Le Corbusier began experimenting with furniture design in 1928 after inviting the architect, Charlotte Perriand, to join his studio. His cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, also collaborated on many of the designs. Before the arrival of Perriand, Le Corbusier relied on ready-made furniture to furnish his projects, such as the simple pieces manufactured by Thonet. Image File history File links LeCorbusierChaise. ... A chaise lounge (French long chair) is an upholstered couch in the shape of a chair that is long enough to support the legs. ... Charlotte Perriand (1903-1999) // Biography 1903 Born in Paris, France. ... Pierre Jeanneret (1896-1967) was a Swiss architect who collaborated with his more famous cousin Charles Edouard Jeanneret (who assumed the pseudonym Le Corbusier) for about twenty years. ... Michael Thonet was born on 2 July 1796 in Bopard-am-Rhein, Prussia (present day Germany). ...

In 1928 Le Corbusier and Perriand began to put the expectations for furniture Le Corbusier outlined in his 1925 book L'Art Décoratif d'aujourd'hui into practice. In the book he defined three different furniture types: type-needs, type-furniture, and human-limb objects. He defined human-limb objects as: "Extensions of our limbs and adapted to human functions that are. Type-needs, type-functions, therefore type-objects and type-furniture. The human-limb object is a docile servant. A good servant is discreet and self-effacing in order to leave his master free. Certainly, works of art are tools, beautiful tools. And long live the good taste manifested by choice, subtlety, proportion, and harmony". The first results of the collaboration were three chrome-plated tubular steel chairs designed for two of his projects, The Maison la Roche in Paris and a pavilion for Barbara and Henry Church. The line of furniture was expanded for Le Corbusier's 1929 Salon d'Automne installation, Equipment for the Home. Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... First Salon dAutomne Catalog In 1903, the first Salon dAutomne (Fall Salon) was organized as a reaction to the conservative policies of the official Paris Salon. ...

In the year 1964, while Le Corbusier was still alive, Cassina S.p.A. of Milan acquired the exclusive worldwide rights to manufacture his furniture designs. Today many copies exist, but Cassina is still the only manufacturer authorised by the Fondation Le Corbusier. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Politics

Le Corbusier moved increasingly to the far right of French politics in the 1930's. He associated with Georges Valois and Hubert Lagardelle and briefly edited the syndicalist journal Prélude. In 1934, he lectured on architecture in Rome by invitation of Mussolini. He sought out a position in urban planning in the Vichy regime and received an appointment on a committee studying urbanism, only to have his plans for the redesign of Algiers and other cities completely ignored. After this defeat, Le Corbusier largely eschewed politics. Georges Valois (real name Alfred-Georges Gressent; 1878â€“1945) was a French journalist and politician. ... Hubert Lagardelle (1874-1958) was a French syndicalist thinker, influenced by Proudhon. ... Syndicalism is a political and economic ideology which advocates giving control of both industry and government to labor union federations. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Vichy (Occitan: VichÃ¨i) is a French commune, situated in the dÃ©partement of Allier and the rÃ©gion of Auvergne. ...

Although the politics of Lagardelle and Valois included elements of fascism, anti-semitism, and ultra-nationalism, Le Corbusier's own affiliation with these movements remains uncertain. In La Ville radieuse, he conceives an essentially apolitical society, in which the bureaucracy of economic administration effectively replaces the state.^[7]

Le Corbusier was heavily indebted to the thought of the nineteenth-century French utopians Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier. There is a noteworthy resemblance between the concept of the unité and Saint-Simon's phalanstery.^[8] From Fourier, Le Corbusier adopted at least in part his notion of administrative, rather than political, government. Saint-Simon can refer to various people: Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1607–1693), French courtier Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755), French soldier, diplomatist and writer of memoirs Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825), the founder of French socialism Simon... This article is about the French utopian socialist philosopher. ... A plan by Fourier for a PhalanstÃ¨re A phalanstÃ¨re was a type of building designed for a utopian community and developed in the early 1800s by Charles Fourier. ...

Criticisms

Since his death, Le Corbusier's contribution has been hotly contested, as the architecture values and its accompanying aspects within modern architecture vary, both between different schools of thought and among practising architects.^[9] At the level of building, his later works expressed a complex understanding of modernity's impact, yet his urban designs have drawn scorn from critics.

Technological historian and architecture critic Lewis Mumford wrote in Yesterday's City of Tomorrow, Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 â€“ January 26, 1990) was an American historian of technology and science. ...

James Howard Kunstler, a member of the New Urbanism movement, has criticised Le Corbusier's approach to urban planning as destructive and wasteful: James Howard Kunstler (born 1948) is an American author, social critic, and blogger who is perhaps best known for his book The Geography of Nowhere, a history of suburbia and urban development in the United States. ... New urbanism is an American urban design movement that arose in the early 1980s. ...

The public housing projects influenced by his ideas are seen by some as having had the effect of isolating poor communities in monolithic high-rises and breaking the social ties integral to a community's development. One of his most influential detractors has been Jane Jacobs, who delivered a scathing critique of Le Corbusier's urban design theories in her seminal work The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Jane Jacobs, OC, O.Ont (May 4, 1916 â€“ April 25, 2006) was an American-born Canadian urbanist, writer and activist. ...

Influence

Le Corbusier was at his most influential in the sphere of urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ... The CongrÃ¨s International dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM) (or International Congress of Modern Architecture), founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, was the think tank of the modern movement (or international style) in architecture. ...

One of the first to realise how the automobile would change human agglomerations, Le Corbusier described the city of the future as consisting of large apartment buildings isolated in a park-like setting on pilotis. Le Corbusier's theories were adopted by the builders of public housing in Western Europe and the United States. For the design of the buildings themselves, Le Corbusier criticised any effort at ornamentation. The large spartan structures, in cities, but not of cities, have been widely criticised for being boring and unfriendly to pedestrians. Car redirects here. ... A red brick apartment block in central London, England, on the north bank of the Thames An apartment building, block of flats or tenement is a multi-unit dwelling made up of several (generally four or more) apartments (US) or flats (UK). ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Pilotis are special architectural supports, like columns, pillars, stilts, by which a building is lifted above what is underneath, may this be the ground or water. ... A local authority tower block in CwmbrÃ¢n, South Wales Public housing or project homes are forms of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. ... Look up Pedestrian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Throughout the years, many architects worked for Le Corbusier in his studio, and a number of them became notable in their own right, including painter-architect Nadir Afonso, who absorbed Le Corbusier's ideas into his own aesthetics theory. Lúcio Costa's city plan of Brasília and the industrial city of Zlín planned by František Lydie Gahura in the Czech Republic are notable plans based on his ideas, while the architect himself produced the plan for Chandigarh in India. Le Corbusier's thinking also had profound effects on the philosophy of city planning and architecture in the Soviet Union, particularly in the Constructivist era. Nadir Afonso, photo by wife Laura Afonso Nadir Afonso (born 1920) is a Portuguese geometric abstractionist painter of international recognition. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ... Nickname: Location of BrasÃlia Coordinates: , Country Region State Brazilian Federal District Founded 21 April 1960 Government - Governor Jose Roberto Arruda Area - Total 5,802 kmÂ² (2,240. ... Czech Republic ZlÃn (ZlÃnskÃ½) ZlÃn 118. ... FrantiÅ¡ek Lydie Gahura (1896-1958), a Czech an architect who became famous for his collaboration on the architectural and urban design of ZlÃn, a city n the Czech Republic. ... , Chandigarh, (Punjabi: , Hindi: ) also called City Beautiful, is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana, and is a union territory of India. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ...

Le Corbusier was heavily influenced by the problems he saw in the industrial city of the turn of the century. He thought that industrial housing techniques led to crowding, dirtiness, and a lack of a moral landscape. He was a leader of the modernist movement to create better living conditions and a better society through housing concepts. Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities of Tomorrow heavily influenced Le Corbusier and his contemporaries. For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 [1]â€“May 1, 1928[2]) was a prominent British urban planner. ...

Le Corbusier deliberately created a myth about himself and was revered in his lifetime, and after death, by a generation of followers who believed Le Corbusier was a prophet who could do no wrong. But in the 1950s the first doubts began to appear, notably in some essays by his greatest admirers such as James Stirling and Colin Rowe, who denounced as catastrophic his ideas on the city. Later critics revealed his technical incompetence as an architect, such as Brian Brace Taylor, whose book Armée du Salut went into great detail about Le Corbusier's Machiavellian activities to create this commission for himself, his many ill-judged design decisions about the building's technologies, and the sometimes absurd solutions he then proposed.

Major buildings and projects

Saint-Pierre (English: ) is a concrete building in the commune of Firminy, France. ... , Chandigarh, (Punjabi: , Hindi: ) also called City Beautiful, is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana, and is a union territory of India. ... For other uses, see 1905 (disambiguation). ... Location within Switzerland La Chaux-de-Fonds is a city located in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. ... Year 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Location within Switzerland La Chaux-de-Fonds is a city located in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Location within Switzerland La Chaux-de-Fonds is a city located in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Villa Jeanneret is a building designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret in 1925. ... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ... Pessac is a commune of the Gironde dÃ©partement, in France. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Villa Jeanneret is a building designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret in 1925. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Boulogne-Billancourt is a city in France, the sous-préfecture of the Hauts_de_Seine département in the Ile-de-France région. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Postcard showing the Weissenhof Estate, with index of contributing architects The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate (German: WeiÃŸenhofsiedlung) is a estate of working class housing which was built in Stuttgart in 1927. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Villa Savoye is considered by many to be the seminal work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. ... Poissy is a commune of the Yvelines département in France, located 20km from Paris, with a population (1999) of 36,000. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article looks like an automatic or simply very translation and needs to be wikified, referenced or deleted. ... The entrance The CitÃ© Internationale Universitaire de Paris ( ), also known under its abbreviation of CIUP or often as CitÃ© U (pronouced see-tay-ooh) among Parisiens, is a private park and foundation in Paris. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Buildings in Moscow | Soviet Union | Stub ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Geneva (disambiguation). ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article looks like an automatic or simply very translation and needs to be wikified, referenced or deleted. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article looks like an automatic or simply very translation and needs to be wikified, referenced or deleted. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Saint-DiÃ©-des-Vosges, commonly referred to as Saint-DiÃ©, is a commune of northeastern France. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Unite dHabitation, Marseille The UnitÃ© dHabitation (French, literally, Housing Unit) is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris), which formed the basis of numerous housing developments designed by Le Corbusier throughout Europe with this name. ... City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines The Old Port of Marseille Location Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Coordinates Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-CÃ´te dAzur Department Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... // The Curutchet House, La Plata, Argentina, is one of the two buildings in the Americas by Le Corbusier. ... La Plata is the capital city of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as well as of the partido of La Plata. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the physical offices of the United Nations in New York. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar). ... Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France Informally known as Ronchamp, the chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, France completed in 1954 is considered one of the finest examples of architecture by the late French/Swiss architect Le Corbusier and one of the most important and successful examples of... , Coordinates , Administration Country Region Franche-ComtÃ© Department Haute-SaÃ´ne Arrondissement Lure Canton Champagney Intercommunality CommunautÃ© de communes Rahin et ChÃ©rimont Mayor Raymond Massinger (2001-2008) Statistics Elevation 320 mâ€“790 m (avg. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Roquebrune-Cap-Martin is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes département in southeastern France. ... Maisons Jaoul is a celebrated pair of houses in the upmarket Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, designed by Le Corbusier and built in 1954-56. ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... , Ahmedabad (Gujarati: , Hindi: à¤…à¤¹à¤®à¤¦à¤¾à¤¬à¤¾à¤¦ ) is the largest city in the state of Gujarat and the seventh-largest urban agglomeration in India, with a population of almost 51 lakhs (5. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: Favet Neptunus eunti (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Pays de la Loire Department Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault (PS) (since 1989) City Statistics Land areaÂ¹ 65. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... , Chandigarh, (Punjabi: , Hindi: ) also called City Beautiful, is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana, and is a union territory of India. ... Iannis Xenakis in 1975. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Punjab and Haryana High Court is a common High Court for both the States of Punjab and Haryana and Union territory of Chandigarh. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... , Chandigarh, (Punjabi: , Hindi: ) also called City Beautiful, is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana, and is a union territory of India. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Chandigarh College of Architecture (CCA) was established on 7 August 1961 in Chandigarh, India, and was set up as a part of the great â€œChandigarh Experimentâ€ to impart education in architecture. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sanskar Kendra is a museum located in the city of Ahmedabad in India. ... , Ahmedabad (Gujarati: , Hindi: à¤…à¤¹à¤®à¤¦à¤¾à¤¬à¤¾à¤¦ ) is the largest city in the state of Gujarat and the seventh-largest urban agglomeration in India, with a population of almost 51 lakhs (5. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Briey is a commune of the Meurthe-et-Moselle dÃ©partement, in France. ... National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo. ... For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ... The entrance The CitÃ© Internationale Universitaire de Paris ( ), also known under its abbreviation of CIUP or often as CitÃ© U (pronouced see-tay-ooh) among Parisiens, is a private park and foundation in Paris. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sainte Marie de La Tourette is a Dominican monastery in a valley near Lyon, France designed by the architect Le Corbusier and constructed between 1956 and 1960. ... This article is about the French city. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Coordinates Administration Country Region ÃŽle-de-France Department Seine-et-Marne (sous-prÃ©fecture) Arrondissement Meaux Canton Chief town of 2 cantons: Meaux-Nord, Meaux-Sud Intercommunality CommunautÃ© dagglomÃ©ration du Pays de Meaux Mayor Jean-FranÃ§ois CopÃ© (2001-2008) Statistics Altitude 39 mâ€“107 m Land area... Jan. ... PoÃ¨me Ã©lectronique (English Translation: Electronic Poem) is a piece of electronic music by composer Edgard VarÃ¨se. ... This article is about the settlement itself. ... The Atomium. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts is the only building actually built by Le Corbusier in the United States, one of only two in the Americas. ... Harvard redirects here. ... Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government - Type Mayor-City Council - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area - Total 7. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Saint-Pierre (English: ) is a concrete building in the commune of Firminy, France. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Major written works

Guitar and Bottles (Guitare et bouteilles), 1920. ... In architecture the Athens Charter (or Chartre dAthenes) was the result of the 1933 CongrÃ¨s International dArchitecture Moderne. ... // The Modulor is a scale of proportions devised by the French architect Le Corbusier (1887â€“1965). ...

Quotations

Trivia

Motto: UnitÃ©, progrÃ¨s, grandeur(French) Unity, Progress, Greatness City of Laval Coordinates: , Country Province Founded Established 1965 Government - City Mayor Gilles Vaillancourt (since 1989) Area - Total 247. ... Location within Switzerland La Chaux-de-Fonds is a city located in the Jura mountains in Switzerland. ... Islas Malvinas are the name of two groups of islands: The Spanish name of the group of islands off the coast of Argentina, known more commonly as the Falkland Islands A chain of tiny islands and rocks near Ibiza in the Mediterranean. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... Still Life with a Beer Mug, 1921. ...

Contents

Life

Early life and education, 1887-1913

Early career: the villas, 1914-1930

Pseudonym adopted, 1920

Forays into urbanism

Death

Ideas

Five points of architecture

The Modulor

Furniture

Politics

Criticisms

Influence

Major buildings and projects

Major written works

Quotations

Trivia

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Contents

Life var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Early life and education, 1887-1913

Early career: the villas, 1914-1930

Pseudonym adopted, 1920

Forays into urbanism

Death

Ideas

Five points of architecture

The Modulor

Furniture

Politics

Criticisms

Influence

Major buildings and projects

Major written works

Quotations

Trivia

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Life