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Encyclopedia > Leaders of South Vietnam

Contents


Republic of Cochin China (1 June 1946 – 14 June 1949)

June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

President of Cochin China

Name Took Office Left Office Note
1 Nguyen Van Thinh 26 March 1946 10 November 1946 None
2 Nguyen Van Xuan, 1st time 15 November 1946 7 December 1946 None
3 Le Van Hoach 7 December 1946 8 October 1947 None
4 Nguyen Van Xuan, 2nd time 8 October 1947 27 May 1948 The government was merged into the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam.

Nguyen Van Thinh was the first President of Cochin-China from 1946. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (86th in leap years). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Nguyen Van Xuan was President of the Provisional Central Governmet of Vietnam from 1948 to 1949 during the end of French rule in Vietnam. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Le Van Hoach was President of Cochin-China from 1946 to 1947. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Nguyen Van Xuan was President of the Provisional Central Governmet of Vietnam from 1948 to 1949 during the end of French rule in Vietnam. ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ...

Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (27 May 1948 – 14 June 1949)

May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

President (Pre-Vietnam)

Name Took Office Left Office Note
Nguyen Van Xuan 27 May 1948 14 June 1949 Pre-government of the State of Vietnam.

Nguyen Van Xuan was President of the Provisional Central Governmet of Vietnam from 1948 to 1949 during the end of French rule in Vietnam. ... May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

State of Vietnam (14 June 1949 - 26 October 1955)

June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Chief (Quoc Truong)

Name Took Office Left Office Party Note
1 Bao Dai 13 June 1949 30 April 1955 Non Party Held the post of Prime Minister till 21 January 1950.
2 Ngo Dinh Diem 30 April 1955 26 October 1955 Front of National Salvation (coalition) acting

Emperor Bao Dai Bảo Đại (保大) (October 22, 1913 – July 30, 1997) was the last Emperor of Vietnam, the 13th and last Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... «ngoh dihn zih-ehm» (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–63). ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Prime Ministers of the Republic of Vietnam

Name Took Office Left Office Party Note
1 Bao Dai 14 June 1949 21 January 1950 Non Party None
2 Nguyen Phan Long 21 January 1950 26 April 1950 ??? None
3 Tran Van Huu 27 April 1950 6 June 1952 Non Party None
4 Nguyen Van Tam 6 June 1952 17 December 1953 Viet-Nam Quoc Dan Dang (Vietnamese Nationalist Party) None
5 Pham Buu Loc 12 January 1954 16 June 1954 Non Party None
6 Phan Huy Quat 16 June 1954 26 June 1954 Dai Viet Party acting
7 Ngo Dinh Diem 26 June 1954 26 October 1955 Front of National Salvation Held the post of Chief from 30 Apr 1955.

Emperor Bao Dai Bảo Đại (保大) (October 22, 1913 – July 30, 1997) was the last Emperor of Vietnam, the 13th and last Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nguyen Phan Long served as Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam in 1950. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Tran Van Huu served as Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam from 1950 to 1952. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nguyen Van Tam served as Minister in the Nguyen Dynasty. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ... Pham Buu Loc was Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam in 1954. ... January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... (left to right) General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, Dr. Phan Huy Quat (in light grey suit) and Air Marshall Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Dr. Phan Huy Quat served as Prime Minister of South Vietnam. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... «ngoh dihn zih-ehm» (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–63). ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Republic of Vietnam (26 October 1955 – 30 April 1975)

October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

President

Name Took Office Left Office Party Note
1 Ngo Dinh Diem 26 October 1955 2 November 1963 Can Lao Party None
2 Duong Van Minh, 1st time 2 November 1963 30 January 1964 Military chairman Revolutionary Military Committee
3 Nguyen Khanh, 1st time 30 January 1964 8 February 1964 Military None
4 Duong Van Minh, 2nd time 8 February 1964 16 March 1964 Military None
5 Nguyen Khanh, 2nd time 16 March 1964 27 August 1964 Military None
6 Provisional Leadership Committee 27 August 1964 8 September 1964 Military Committeeman: Duong Van Minh, Nyugen Khanh and Tran Thien Khiem
7 Duong Van Minh, 3rd time 8 September 1964 26 October 1964 Military chairman Provisional Leadership Committee
8 Phan Khac Suu 26 October 1964 14 June 1965 Military None
9 Nguyen Van Thieu 14 June 1965 21 April 1975 Military; National Social Democratic Front (1968- ) Election:1967 and 1971.
10 Tran Van Huong 21 April 1975 28 April 1975 ??? acting
11 Duong Van Minh, 4th time 28 April 1975 30 April 1975 Military acting

«ngoh dihn zih-ehm» (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–63). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Dương Văn Minh (February 16, 1916 – August 5, 2001), known popularly as Big Minh, led the South Vietnamese army under Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Nguyễn Khánh General Nguyễn Khánh (Chu Nom: 阮慶) was born November 8, 1927, at Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam. ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Tran Thien Khiem was a prominent ARVN general during the Vietnam War. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Phan Khắc Sửu was President of South Vietnam from 1964–1965. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... President Nguyen Van Thieu Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, (April 5, 1923 – September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... President Trần Văn Hương Trần Văn Hương (Chữ Nôm: 陈文香) was born in 1902-(d. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

Prime Minister

Name Took Office Left Office Party Note
1 Nguyen Ngoc Tho 4 November 1963 30 January 1964 Military None
2 Nguyen Khanh, 1st time 8 February 1964 29 August 1964 Military None
3 Nguyen Xuan Oanh, 1st time 29 August 1964 3 September 1964 Military acting
4 Nguyen Khanh, 2nd time 3 September 1964 4 November 1964 Military None
5 Tran Van Huong, 1st time 4 November 1964 28 January 1965 Military None
6 Nguyen Xuan Oanh, 2nd time 28 January 1965 15 February 1965 Military acting
7 Phan Huy Quat 16 February 1965 8 June 1965 Dai Viet Party None
8 Nguyen Cao Ky 19 June 1965 31 October 1967 Military None
9 Nguyen Van Loc 31 October 1967 17 May 1968 Military None
10 Tran Van Huong, 2nd time 28 May 1968 1 September 1969 ??? None
11 Tran Thien Khiem 1 September 1969 4 April 1975 Military None
12 Nguyen Ba Can 4 April 1975 24 April 1975 Dan Chu Party (Democracy Party) None
13 Vu Van Mau 28 April 1975 30 April 1975 Forces for National Reconciliation None

Nguyen Ngoc Tho was the first Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1963 to 1964. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Nguyễn Khánh General Nguyễn Khánh (Chu Nom: 阮慶) was born November 8, 1927, at Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Nguyen Xuan Oanh was Prime Minister of South Vietnam in 1965 and 1964. ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... President Trần Văn Hương Trần Văn Hương (Chữ Nôm: 陈文香) was born in 1902-(d. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... (left to right) General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, Dr. Phan Huy Quat (in light grey suit) and Air Marshall Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Dr. Phan Huy Quat served as Prime Minister of South Vietnam. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Nguyen Cao Ky (Nguyễn Cao Kỳ) (born 1930) is a Vietnamese politician, who served as Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1967, and then as Vice President until his retirement from politics in 1971. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Nguyen Van Loc was Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1968. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Tran Thien Khiem was a prominent ARVN general during the Vietnam War. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Nguyen Ba Can was Prime Minister of South Vietnam and served under President Duong Van Minh. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... April 24 is the 114th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (115th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Vu Van Mau was the last Prime Minister of South Vietnam and served under President Duong Van Minh. ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

See also

Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon Last President Duong Van Minh Last Prime Minister Vu Van Mau Area  - Total  - % water 173,809 km² N/A Population  - Total  - Density 19,370,000 (1973 est. ... Motto: None Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon First Chief Emperor Bao Dai Last Chief Ngo Dinh Diem Rule Area South Vietnam (1954-) Independence  - Provisional  - Declared  - Recognised  - Dissolved From Franch rule May 27, 1948 June 14, 1949 1954 October 26, 1955 Currency Piastre National anthem Call to the Citizens Caution: The... National motto: ??? Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon Last President Duong Van Minh Last Prime Minister Vu Van Mau Area  - Total  - % water 173,809km² N/A population  - Total  - Density 19,370,000 (1973 est. ...

External links

  • Rulers (Vietnam)
  • WORLD STATESMEN, Vietnam (include South Vietnam)

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Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975, involving the North Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front (NLF) in conflict with United States forces and the South Vietnamese army.
This government’s repressive policies led to rebellion in the South, and in 1960 the NLF was formed with the aim of overthrowing the government of South Vietnam and reunifying the country.
When Vietnam was divided in 1954, many Viet Minh who had been born in the southern part of the country returned to their native villages to await the 1956 elections and the reunification of their nation.
South Vietnam: Definition and Much More from Answers.com (3318 words)
South Vietnam is the commonly used name for the former Vietnamese country that existed from 1954 to 1976 in the portion of Vietnam that lay south of the 17th parallel.
In 1954 it was determined by the Geneva Conference that the State of Vietnam would rule the territory of Vietnam south of the 17th parallel, of which the former colony of Cochin-China formed the heartland, pending unification on the basis of supervised elections (see Geneva Conference (1954)) in 1956.
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