Leafhopper is a common name applied to any species from the family Cicadellidae. Leafhoppers, also known as hoppers, are minute plant-feeding insects in the superfamily Cicadelloidea in the order Hemiptera. Recent classification within the Hemiptera has placed the members of the archaic "Homoptera" into two new suborders: Sternorrhyncha (aphids, whiteflies, scales, psyllids...) and Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers...). The name Auchenorrhyncha is itself likely to be replaced, as research indicates it is not a monophyletic group. The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Monura - extinct Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (may be paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Diaphanopterodea - extinct Protodonata - extinct Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Caloneurodea - extinct Titanoptera - extinct Protorthoptera - extinct Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera... In biology, a superfamily is a taxonomic grade intermediate between suborder and family. ... Suborders Archaeorrhyncha Clypeorrhyncha Prosorrhyncha Sternorrhyncha Hemiptera is a large, cosmopolitan order of insects, comprising some 67,500 known species in three suborders. ... Superfamilies Aleyrodoidea Aphidoidea Coccoidea Psylloidea The Sternorrhyncha is the suborder of the Hemiptera which contains the aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the order Homoptera. ... Infraorders Cicadomorpha Fulgoromorpha The Auchenorrhyncha is the suborder of the Hemiptera which contains most of the familiar members of what was traditionally called the Homoptera - groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. ... In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ...

Leafhoppers are found all over the world, and it is the second largest family in the Hemiptera; there are at least 20,000 described species. Leafhoppers have piercing sucking mouthparts, they feed on plant sap and can transmit plant-infecting viruses and bacteria. Species that are significant agricultural pests include the potato leafhopper, beet leafhopper, white apple leafhopper, two-spotted leafhopper, and glassy-winged sharpshooter. A Leafhoppers' diet commonly consists of plant sap from a wide and diverse range of plants. Leafhoppers mainly consume vegetation but have been known to indulge in small insects such as eepids. Suborders Archaeorrhyncha Clypeorrhyncha Prosorrhyncha Sternorrhyncha Hemiptera is a large, cosmopolitan order of insects, comprising some 67,500 known species in three suborders. ... Binomial name Circulifer tenellus (Baker, 1896) The beet leafhopper is a species of leafhopper with a longer, thinner build than most. ... The Glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata) is a large leafhopper insect from the family Cicadellidae. ...

The Cicadellidae combine the following features: · thickened part of the antennae very short and ending with a bristle (arista) · two simple eyes (ocelli) present on the top or front of the head · 3 segments on the tarsi · front femora with at most weak spines · hind tibia with one or more distinct keels, with a row of movable spines on each, sometimes on enlarged bases · base of middle legs close together where they originate under the thorax · front wings not particularly thickened. An additional, unique character of leafhoppers is the production of brochosomes which are thought to protect egg masses from predation and pathogens. Leafhoppers are susceptible to various pathogens; viruses as in the(Dicistroviridae), bacteria, fungi, as well as having a host of parasitoids which attack the eggs. Insects display a wide variety of antennal shapes. ... Ocelli is one of the types of photoreceptor organs in animals. ... Brochosomes are intricately structured microscopic secretory granules produced by leafhoppers (the family Cicadellidae of the insect order Hemiptera) and typically found on their body surface and, more rarely, eggs. ... Genera Cripavirus Iflavirus The viridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera: Genus Cripavirus; type species: Cricket paralysis virus Genus Iflavirus; type species: Infectious flacherie virus Categories: Viruses | Virus stubs ...

Leaf hoppers are often responsible for the spread of plant pathogens espicially viruses and phytoplasmas. In some cases these plant pathogens are also pathogens of the insect themselves, and can replicate within the salivary glands. Phytopathology (plant pathology) is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditons (non-infectiousness). ... Plant viruses are viruses affecting plants. ... Species Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense Candidatus Phytoplasma castaneae Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum Candidatus Phytoplasma mali Candidatus Phytoplasma morrenia Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae Candidatus Phytoplasma persicae Candidatus Phytoplasma pini Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii Candidatus... In biology, replication is a process by which genetic material, a cell, or an organism reproduces or makes an exact copy or copies. ... The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ...

Gallery
Red-banded leafhopper Graphocephala coccinea	Nymph of Neotituria kongosana

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1018x814, 276 KB) Leafhopper Species  Graphocephala coccinea Family  Cicacelliidae Author: Bruce Marlin - http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1018x814, 276 KB) Leafhopper Species  Graphocephala coccinea Family  Cicacelliidae Author: Bruce Marlin - http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Green_insect. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Green_insect. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...

See also

• Planthopper

Families many; see text The name planthopper is used to refer to any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha within the Hemiptera. ...

References

• Carver, M, FG. Gross, and TE. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cidadas, aphids, scale insects, etc.) In: The Insects of Australia - a Textbook for Students and Research Workers Volume 1. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia".

External links

• Cicadellidae Taxonomy Site
• Red-banded leafhopper Graphocephala coccinea - diagnostic photographs and information
• Illinois Natural History Survey:leafhoppers