Lebanon

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The Lebanese Communist Party (LCP, Arabic, الـحـزب الشـيـوعـي اللبـنـانـي hizbu-sh-shuy‘uī-l-lubnānī) is a Marxist political party in Lebanon. This page lists presidents of Lebanon. ... General Émile Geamil Lahoud (Arabic: اميل لحود, Armenian: Ô»Õ´Õ«Õ¬ Ô¼Õ¡Õ°Õ¸Ö‚Õ¿) (born January 12, 1936) is the President of Lebanon. ... This page lists prime ministers of Lebanon. ... Fouad Siniora Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fuad Siniora, Fouad Seniora) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... This is the list of the Lebanese governement that was formed by Fouad Siniora on 19 July 2005. ... The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ... This page lists speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon. ... Political parties in Lebanon lists political parties in Lebanon. ... Elections in Lebanon gives information on election and election results in Lebanon. ... Lebanon is divided into 6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah). ... The 6 Governorates of Lebanon are divided into 25 Districts (Aqdya, singular - qadaa) -- or 26, counting the Governorate of Beirut which is not subdivided into districts. ... The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The Arabic language ( ), or simply Arabic ( ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ...

The LCP never developed into a mass organization, but influenced many intellectuals. It has had little impact on Lebanese politics. The LCP was unwavering in its support for Moscow during the existence of the Soviet Union. Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ...

History

Early history

Lebanese Communist Party flag

One of the oldest multi-sectarian parties in Lebanon, the LCP was formed in 1924 by a group of intellectuals. The party was declared illegal by the French Mandate authorities in 1939, but the ban was relaxed in 1943. For about twenty years, this single organization controlled communist political activity in both Lebanon and Syria, but in 1944 separate parties were established in each country. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1536x1024, 47 KB)Lebanese Communist Party Flag File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1536x1024, 47 KB)Lebanese Communist Party Flag File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article discusses the modern-day history of Lebanon. ...

Post-independence activities

During the first two decades of independence, the LCP enjoyed little success. In 1943 the party participated in the legislative elections but failed to win any seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The LCP again ran for election in 1947, but all of its candidates were defeated; in 1948 it was outlawed. During the 1950s, the party's inconsistent policies on Pan-Arabism and the Nasserite movement cost it support and eventually isolated it. The party was active on the anti-government side during the 1958 uprising. Surviving underground, the LCP in 1965 decided to end its isolation and became a member of the Front for Progressive Parties and National Forces, which later evolved into the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) under Druze leftist leader Kamal Jumblatt. The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... Nasserism is an Arab political ideology based on the thinking of the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. ... US Marines on patrol in Beirut, summer of 1958. ... The Front for Progressive Parties and National Forces was a leftist organization that gatherered parties and organizations opposing the Maronite-dominated sectarian order in Lebanon. ... The Lebanese National Movement was led by Kamal Jumblat, a prominent Druze. ... Druze star Druze The Druze (also known as Druse; Arabic: darazī درزي, pl. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Kamal Jumblatt (Arabic: كمال جنبلاط; (December 6, 1917 – March 16, 1977) was an important Lebanese politician. ...

The 1970s witnessed something of a resurgence of the LCP. In 1970 Kamal Jumblatt as Minister of the Interior legalized the party. This allowed many LCP leaders, including Secretary General Niqula Shawi, to run for election in 1972. Although they polled several thousand votes, none of them succeeded in claiming a seat. But the LCP's importance grew with the arrival of the civil disturbances of the mid-1970s.

The LCP during the Civil War

The LCP established in the early 1970s a well-trained militia, the Popular Guard, which participated actively in the fighting of 1975 and 1976, marking the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-90). During the war, the LCP was aligned with the LNM-Palestinian coalition, and later with other forces on the Muslim-dominated side, despite its mainly Christian membership. For the civil conflict of 1958, see Lebanon crisis of 1958. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth, referred to as Christ. ...

Throughout the 1980s, the LCP has generally declined in power. In 1983 the Tripoli-based Sunni Islamist movement Tawhid (Islamic Unification Movement), reportedly executed fifty Communists. In 1987, in union with the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, the LCP fought a weeklong battle with the Shi'a militants of the Amal in West Beirut, a conflict that was finally stopped by Syrian troops. Tripoli (Arabic طرابلس Trablos, academically transliterated Ṭarābulus) is the second-largest city in Lebanon. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... The Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (Arabic al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... For other uses of Amal, see the disambiguation page. ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ...

Also in 1987, the LCP held its Fifth Party Congress and was about to oust George Hawi, its Greek Orthodox leader, and elect Karim Murrawwah, a Shia, as Secretary General when Syrian pressure kept Hawi in his position. Hawi, who had been a close ally of Damascus, was reportedly unpopular for his lavish life-style and for spending more time in Syria than in Lebanon^{[citation needed]}. Murrawwah was probably the most powerful member of the LCP and was on good terms with Shi'a groups in West Beirut. Nevertheless, between 1984 and 1987 many party leaders and members were assassinated, reportedly by Islamic fundamentalists. George Hawi (1938 – June 21, 2005) was a Lebanese politician and former secretary general of the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP) His nickname durig the war was Abou Anis. He was assassinated in 2005. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church is a religious organization which claims to be the continuation of the original Christian body, founded by Jesus and his Twelve Apostles. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Hawi assassination

In June 2005, George Hawi (who had then left the party) claimed in an interview with al-Jazeera, that Rifaat al-Assad, brother of Hafez al Assad and uncle of Syria's current President Bashar al-Assad, had been behind the 1977 assassination of Kamal Jumblatt^{[citation needed]}. It is widely believed in Lebanon that Syria was also behind Hawi's own death in a car bomb, some days later^{[citation needed]}. George Hawi (1938 – June 21, 2005) was a Lebanese politician and former secretary general of the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP) His nickname durig the war was Abou Anis. He was assassinated in 2005. ... It should also be noted that Aljazeera. ... Image:Rifaat al-Assad. ... Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000) was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000. ... This page lists presidents and other Heads of State of Syria. ... Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: ‎, ) (born September 11, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ... Kamal Jumblatt (Arabic: كمال جنبلاط; (December 6, 1917 – March 16, 1977) was an important Lebanese politician. ... A car bomb is an improvised explosive device that is placed in a car or other vehicle and then exploded. ...

External link

• Lebanese Communist Party official website

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