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Lee C. Bollinger is an American lawyer and educator who is currently serving as the 19th president of Columbia University. Formerly the president of the University of Michigan, he is a noted legal scholar of the First Amendment and freedom of speech.[1] He was at the center of two notable United States Supreme Court cases regarding the use of affirmative action in admissions processes. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 560 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (601 × 643 pixel, file size: 49 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Picture taken at Baccalaureate in 2006 I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Alma Mater Columbia University in the City of New York is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ...
George Erik Rupp (born 1942) is an American educator and theologian, the former President of Rice University and later of Columbia University, and president of the International Rescue Committee since July 2002. ...
Location in Sonoma County and the state of California Country State County Sonoma Area - City 40. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
The University of Oregon is a public university located in Eugene, Oregon. ...
Columbia Law School, located in the New York City borough of Manhattan, is one of the professional schools of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League, and one of the leading law schools in the United States. ...
For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ...
Alma Mater Columbia University in the City of New York is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ...
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ...
“First Amendment†redirects here. ...
This article is about the general concept. ...
The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States...
Affirmative action refers to policies intended to promote access to education or employment aimed at a historically socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minorities or women). ...
Biography Born in Santa Rosa, California, Bollinger was raised there and in Baker City, Oregon. He went on to graduate from the University of Oregon in 1968 and received a J.D. from Columbia Law School. He served as a law clerk to Judge Wilfred Feinberg of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Chief Justice Warren Burger of the U.S. Supreme Court. Bollinger went on to join the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School in 1973, becoming dean of the school in 1987. He became provost of Dartmouth College in 1994 before returning to the University of Michigan in 1996 as president. Bollinger assumed his current position as president of Columbia University in June 2002. Location in Sonoma County and the state of California Country State County Sonoma Area - City 40. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
Baker City is a city and the county seat of Baker County, Oregon. ...
Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area Ranked 9th - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²) - Width 260 miles (420 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 2. ...
The University of Oregon is a public university located in Eugene, Oregon. ...
J.D. redirects here; for alternate uses, see J.D. (disambiguation) J.D. is an abbreviation for the Latin Juris Doctor, also called a Doctor of Law or Doctorate of Jurisprudence, and is the law degree typically awarded by an accredited U.S. law school after successfully completing three years...
Columbia Law School, located in the New York City borough of Manhattan, is one of the professional schools of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League, and one of the leading law schools in the United States. ...
Judge Wilfred Feinberg Wilfred Feinberg (born 1920 in New York) is a United States Circuit Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. ...
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts: District of Connecticut Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western Districts of New York District of Vermont The Second Circuit hears argument at the Thurgood Marshall U...
Warren Burger at a press conference in May 1969 shortly after he was nominated to be Chief Justice of the United States. ...
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ...
Dartmouth College is a private, coeducational university located in Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States. ...
Affirmative action cases In 2003, Bollinger made headlines as defendant in the Supreme Court cases Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger. In the Grutter case, the Court found by a 5-4 margin that the affirmative action policies of the University of Michigan Law School were constitutional. But at the same time, they found by a 6-3 margin in the Gratz case that the undergraduate admissions policies of Michigan were not narrowly tailored to a compelling interest in diversity, and thus that they violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Holding University of Michigan Law School admissions program that gave special consideration for being a certain racial minority did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. ...
Holding A state universitys admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because its ranking system gave an automatic point increase to all racial minorities rather than making individual determinations. ...
Affirmative action refers to policies intended to promote access to education or employment aimed at a historically socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minorities or women). ...
It has been suggested that Student Funded Fellowships be merged into this article or section. ...
The multicultural national representation of the countries of origin at the student union of San Francisco City College. ...
Congressman John Bingham of Ohio was the principal framer of the Equal Protection Clause. ...
Amendment XIV in the National Archives The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves. ...
In 2006, affirmative action in university admissions in the state of Michigan was banned by a ballot initiative known as the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative. In political science, the initiative (also known as popular or citizens initiative) provides a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance. ...
The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative (MCRI), or Proposal 2 (Michigan 06-2), was a ballot initiative in the U.S. state of Michigan that passed into Michigan Constitutional law by a 58% to 42% margin on November 7, 2006, according to results officially certified by the Michigan Secretary of State. ...
President of Columbia As president (known affectionately as "PrezBo"[2]), Bollinger has attempted to expand the international scope of the University, taking frequent trips abroad and inviting world leaders to its campus. Bollinger has been criticized for taking a neutral public position on controversies in 2004–5 regarding intimidation of students by professors in the Middle East Languages and Cultures (MEALAC) department alleged by the pro-Israel advocacy organization The David Project and for placing the department in receivership. He has also been at the forefront of criticism for his role advocating the expansion of the university into the Manhattanville neighborhood and the possible use of eminent domain to help it seize property there. The Bollinger administration's expansion plans have been criticized as fundamentally incompatible with the 197/a plan for development crafted by the community, and for failing to address the neighborhood's need to maintain affordable housing stock. The David Project Center for Jewish Leadership is a non-profit corporation located in Boston, Massachusetts, whose stated aim is to promote a fair and honest understanding of the Arab-Israeli conflict. ...
Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. ...
125th Street station at Broadway and 125th Street, one of Manhattanvilles primary landmarks Manhattanville is the part of Manhattan in New York City bordered on the south by Morningside Heights on the west by the Hudson river, on the east by Harlem and on the north by Hamilton Heights...
Eminent domain (United States), compulsory purchase (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Republic of Ireland), resumption/compulsory acquisition (Australia) or expropriation (Canada, South Africa) in common law legal systems is the inherent power of the state to seize a citizens private property, expropriate property, or rights in property, without the owner...
While Bollinger began his presidency promising to continue the legacy brought with him from Michigan as open and receptive to students, many have criticized him for failing to live up to these expectations as well. Nevertheless, Bollinger remains very popular with students and has largely succeeded in maintaining a very high profile for Columbia. In November 2006, Bollinger was elected to the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve Bank in New York City, a term lasting for three years.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad controversy
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Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective. | | Bollinger received much criticism in September 2007 when Columbia invited Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to speak at its campus.[attribution needed] Bollinger described the event as part of "Columbia's long-standing tradition of serving as a major forum for robust debate, especially on global issues."[3] He promised to challenge some of Ahmadinejad's views at the speaking engagement, including the Iranian president's alleged call for the destruction of Israel.[4] Image File history File links Gnome_globe_current_event. ...
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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad[1] (born October 28, 1956)[2] is the 6th and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ...
Ahmadinejad spoke at Columbia on September 24, 2007. Prior to his talk, President Bollinger explained to the student body that the 'Free Speech' afforded to Ahmadinejad was for the sake of the students and the faculty rather than for the benefit of Ahmadinejad himself whom Bollinger referred to as "exhibiting all the signs of a petty and cruel dictator". Bollinger's introduction was a talk in its own right wherein he spoke from a prepared text for some 15 minutes regarding what he viewed as the horrors of all that Ahmadinejad "stands for" and wherein he condemned the Iranian president and his government for their continued oppression of homosexuals, women, members of the Bahai faith and others. He also excoriated the Iranian leader for having hosted and welcomed a conference of people who deny "the most documented event in human history", the historical fact of the Holocaust of Europe's Jewry. is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The surprising approach taken by Bollinger in his introduction received both, wide praise and wide condemnation.[neutrality disputed] [attribution needed] Many viewed his talk as one of tremendous moral clarity and courage while many others viewed it as rude and "inappropriate".[attribution needed] There also remains great debate as to what the likely overall outcome is to be to this series of challenges issued by Bollinger with many predicting a tide-shift in the Western World's views of Ahmadinejad and his regime along with a corresponding courage on behalf of Iranian citizens opposed to the theocratic regime under which they live.[neutrality disputed] Many others however believe that Ahmadinejad's prestige will only rise in the eyes of both Westerners and Iranians in the face of the challenges issued by Columbia University's president.[attribution needed]
Personal life President Bollinger is married to artist Jean Magnano Bollinger. They have two children and live in the restored Columbia President's House in Manhattan, New York City. For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation). ...
New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...
Books authored In addition to his academic and administrative positions, Bollinger has authored many articles and books on the subject of free speech.
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