Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly, including flies in the genus Lutzomyia in the New World and Phlebotomus in the Old World. The disease was named in 1901 for the Scottish pathologist William Boog Leishman. This disease is also known as Leichmaniosis, Leishmaniose, leishmaniose, and formerly, Orient Boils, kala azar, black fever, sandfly disease, Dum-Dum fever or espundia. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // A00-A79 - Bacterial infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases, and STDs (A00-A09) Intestinal infectious diseases (A00) Cholera (A01) Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (A010) Typhoid fever (A02) Other Salmonella infections (A03) Shigellosis (A04) Other bacterial intestinal infections (A040) Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection (A045) Campylobacter enteritis (A046) Enteritis due to Yersinia... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... The term disease refers to an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function. ... Protozoa (in Greek protos = first and zoon = animal) are single-celled creatures with nuclei that show some characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Species (disputed species) (syn. ... Sandfly biting a humans little finger Sand fly or sandfly is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking Dipteran that is encountered in sandy areas. ... Species Species Lutzomyia amazonensis Species Lutzomyia aragaoi Species Lutzomyia cruzi Species Lutzomyia intermedia Species Lutzomyia longipalpis Species Lutzomyia migonei Species Lutzomyia whitmani Lutzomyia is a genus of flies, or diptera, that generally includes sand flies. In the New World, Lutzomyia sand flies are responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, an... Species Species Phlebotomus longicuspis Species Phlebotomus papatasi Species Phlebotomus sergenti Phlebotomus is a genus of flies or diptera in the family Phlebotomidae, which generally includes sand flies. In the past, they were considered to belong to the family Psychodidae. ... This article is about the country. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... William Boog Leishman (November 6, 1865 - June 2, 1926) was a British pathologist. ...

Most forms of the disease are transmissible only from animals (zoonosis), but some can be spread between humans. Human infection is caused by about 21 of 30 species that infect mammals. These include the L. donovani complex with three species (L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi); the L. mexicana complex with 3 main species (L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis); L. tropica; L. major; L. aethiopica; and the subgenus Viannia with four main species (L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, and L. (V.) peruviana). The different species are morphologically indistinguishable, but they can be differentiated by isoenzyme analysis, DNA sequence analysis, or monoclonal antibodies. Zoonosis (pronounced ) is any infectious disease that may be transmitted from other animals, both wild and domestic, to humans or from humans to animals (the latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis). ... Isozymes, (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of enzymes. ...

Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe form in which the parasites have migrated to the vital organs. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar and black fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. ...

Geography and epidemiology

Leishmaniasis can be transmitted in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, and is found in parts of about 88 countries. Approximately 350 million people live in these areas. The settings in which leishmaniasis is found range from rainforests in Central and South America to deserts in West Asia. More than 90 percent of the world's cases of visceral leishmaniasis are in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar and black fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. ...

Leishmaniasis is also found in Mexico, Central America, and South America—from northern Argentina to southern Texas (not in Uruguay, Chile, or Canada), southern Europe (leishmaniasis is not common in travelers to southern Europe), Asia (not Southeast Asia), the Middle East, and Africa (particularly East and North Africa, with some cases elsewhere). The disease is not found in Australia or Oceania. For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ...

Leishmaniasis is present in Iraq and was contracted by a number of the troops involved in the 2003 invasion of that country and the subsequent occupation. The soldiers nicknamed the disease the Baghdad boil. It has been reported by Agence France-Presse that more than 650 U.S. soldiers may have experienced the disease between the start of the invasion in March 2003 and late 2004. [1] [2] The subject of this article is the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... This article deals with the post-invasion period in Iraq and its occupation. ... AFP logo Paris headquarters of AFP Charles Havas Agence France-Presse (AFP) is the oldest news agency in the world, and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In fact, U.S. troops have experienced leishmaniasis cases in the Middle East already previously to the 2003 invasion, during the time of the previous Gulf conflict, when a large number of soldiers were stationed in Saudi Arabia. Of the 32 cases that were recorded by the U.S. military for that period (1990-1991), 20 were cutaneous, and 12 of the more severe visceral type [www.pdhealth.mil/downloads/Leishmaniasis_exsu_16Mar042.pdf].

During 2004, it is calculated that some 3,400 troops from the Colombian army, operating in the jungles near the south of the country (in particular around the Meta and Guaviare departments), were infected with Leishmaniasis. Apparently, a contributing factor was that many of the affected soldiers did not use the officially provided insect repellent, because of its allegedly disturbing odor. It is estimated that nearly 13,000 cases of the disease were recorded in all of Colombia throughout 2004, and about 360 new instances of the disease among soldiers had been reported in February 2005. [3] [4] [5] Mosquito on a bottle of herbal mosquito repellent. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In September 2005 the disease was contracted by at least four Dutch marines who were stationed in Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan, and subsequently repatriated for treatment. 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Deaths in September September 28 : Constance Baker Motley September 25 : M. Scott Peck September 25 : Don Adams September 20 : Simon Wiesenthal September 14 : Robert Wise September 10 : Hermann Bondi September 8 : Donald Horne September 7 : Moussa Arafat... The Korps Mariniers is the marine corps of the Netherlands, and is part of the Royal Netherlands Navy. ... Mazari Sharif, also known as Mazar-i Sharif or Mazār-e SharÄ«f (Persian: ‎ ), is the fourth largest city of Afghanistan, with population of 300,600 people (2006 official estimate). ...

Within Afghanistan, in particular Kabul is a town where leishmaniasis occurs commonly - partly to do with bad sanitation and waste left uncollected in streets, allowing parasite-spreading sand flies an environment they find favorable. See e.g. [6] and [7]. In Kabul the number of people infected is estimated at at least 200,000, and in three other towns (Herat, Kandahar and Mazar-i-Sharif) there may be about 70,000 more, according to WHO figures from 2002 cited e.g. here: [8]. For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... Sandfly is the common name of a flying, biting, blood-sucking insect found in many countries. ... Herāt (Persian: ‎ ) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. ... This article is about the city in Afghanistan. ... Mazār-e Sharīf, also known as Mazar-e-Sharif, Mazar-i Sharif and Mazar-i-Sharif (in Persian مزار شریف), is a city in northern Afghanistan and the capital of Balkh province. ...

Life cycle

Life cycle of the Leishmaniasis parasite. Source: CDC

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomine sandflies. The sandflies inject the infective stage, metacyclic promastigotes, during blood meals (1). Metacyclic promastigotes that reach the puncture wound are phagocytized by macrophages (2) and transform into amastigotes (3). Amastigotes multiply in infected cells and affect different tissues, depending in part on which Leishmania species is involved (4). These differing tissue specificities cause the differing clinical manifestations of the various forms of leishmaniasis. Sandflies become infected during blood meals on an infected host when they ingest macrophages infected with amastigotes (5,6). In the sandfly's midgut, the parasites differentiate into promastigotes (7), which multiply, differentiate into metacyclic promastigotes and migrate to the proboscis (8) Image File history File links Leishmania_LifeCycle. ... Image File history File links Leishmania_LifeCycle. ...

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of leishmaniasis are skin sores which erupt weeks to months after the person affected is bitten by sand flies. Other consequences, which can become manifest anywhere from a few months to years after infection, include fever, damage to the spleen and liver, and anaemia. The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... This article discusses the medical condition. ...

In the medical field, leishmaniasis is one of the famous causes of a markedly enlarged spleen, which may become larger even than the liver. There are four main forms of leishmaniasis:

• Visceral leishmaniasis - the most serious form and potentially fatal if untreated.
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis - the most common form which causes a sore at the bite site, which heal in a few months to a year, leaving an unpleasant looking scar. This form can progress to any of the other three forms.
• Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis - this form produces widespread skin lesions which resemble leprosy and is particularly difficult to treat.
• Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - commences with skin ulcers which spread causing tissue damage to (particularly) nose and mouth

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar and black fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. ... Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis. ...

Treatment

There are two common therapies containing antimony (known as pentavalent antimonials), meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®). It is not completely understood how these drugs act against the parasite; they may disrupt its energy production or trypanothione metabolism. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, the parasite has become resistant to antimony and for visceral or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis,^[1] but the level of resistance varies according to species.^[2] Amphotericin is now the treatment of choice^[3]; failure of AmBisome® to treat visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) has been reported in Sudan,^[4] but this failure may be related to host factors such as co-infection with HIV or tuberculosis rather than parasite resistance. General Name, Symbol, Number antimony, Sb, 51 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous grey Standard atomic weight 121. ... Pentavalent antimonials (also abbreviated pentavalent Sb or SbV) are a group of compounds used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. ... Meglumine antimoniate is a medicine used for treating leishmaniasis. ... Sodium stibogluconate is a medicine used to treat leishmaniasis and is only available for administration by injection. ... Trypanothione is a unusual form of glutathione that is found in parasitic protozoa such as leishmania and trypanosomes (1). ... Amphotericin B (Fungilin®, Fungizone®, Abelcet®, AmBisome®, Amphocil®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... Amphotericin B (Fungilin®, Fungizone®, Abelcet®, AmBisome®, Amphocil®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a frequently mutating retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and which has been shown to cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...

Miltefosine (Impavido®), is a new drug for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. The cure rate of miltefosine in phase III clinical trials is 95%; Studies in Ethiopia show that is also effective in Africa. In HIV immunosuppressed people who are coinfected with leishmaniasis it has shown that even in resistant cases 2/3 of the people responded to this new treatment. Clinical trials in Colombia showed a high efficacy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mucocutaneous cases caused by L.brasiliensis it has shown to be more effective than other drugs. Miltefosine received approval by the Indian regulatory authorities in 2002 and in Germany in 2004. In 2005 it received the first approval for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Miltefosine is also currently being investigated as treatment for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis in Colombia,^[1] and preliminary results are very promising. It is now registered in many countries and is the first orally administered breakthrough therapy for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.^[5](More, et al, 2003). In October 2006 it received orphan drug status from the US Food and Drug administration. The drug is generally better tolerated than other drugs. Main side effects are gastrointetinal disturbance in the 1-2 days of treatment which does not affect the efficacy. Because it is available as an oral formulation, the expense and inconvenience of hospitalisation is avoided, which makes it an attractive alternative. Miltefosine (INN, trade names Impavido® and Miltex®) is an antiprotozoal drug. ... A term often used in usability enginering or user interface design Often conected with the Emotional feelings in a product signifies the WOW feeling when seeing a new product. ... This article is about skin in the biological sense. ... In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ... The granting of the orphan drug status is designed to encourage the development of drugs which are necessary but would be prohibitively expensive/un-profitable to develop under normal circumstances. ...

The Institute for OneWorld Health has developed paromomycin, results with which led to its approval as an orphan drug. The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative is also actively facilitating the search for novel therapeutics. // History The Institute for OneWorld Heath is a nonprofit pharmaceutical company that was founded in 2000 by Dr. Victoria Hale in San Francisco, California. ... Paromomycin sulfate (brand name Humatin) is a drug that fights intestinal amoeba infection, or amebiasis. ... The granting of the orphan drug status is designed to encourage the development of drugs which are necessary but would be prohibitively expensive/un-profitable to develop under normal circumstances. ... The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) is a not-for-profit drug development organization focused on improving the health and quality of life of people suffering from neglected diseases. ...

Drug-resistant leishmaniasis may respond to immunotherapy (inoculation with parasite antigens plus an adjuvant) which aims to stimulate the body's own immune system to kill the parasite.^[6] The term immunotherapy incorporates an array of strategies of treatment based upon the concept of modulating the immune system to achieve a prophylactic and/or therapeutic goal. ... In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. ...

Several potential vaccines are being developed, under pressure from the World Health Organization, but as of 2006 none is available. The team at the Laboratory for Organic Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich are trying to design a carbohydrate-based vaccine [9]. The genome of the parasite Leishmania major has been sequenced,^[7] possibly allowing for identification of proteins that are used by the pathogen but not by humans; these proteins are potential targets for drug treatments. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

Description of conspicuous lesions similar to cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) has been discovered on tablets from King Ashurbanipal from the 7th century BCE, some of which may have been derived from even earlier texts from 1500 to 2500 BCE. Arab physicians including Avicenna in the 10th century gave detailed description of what was called Balkh sore^[8]. In 1756, Alexander Russell, after examining a Turkish patient, gave one of the most detailed clinical description of the disease. Physicians in the Indian Subcontinent would describe it as Kala-azar (pronounced kālā āzār, the Urdu, Hindi and Hindustani phrase for black fever, kālā meaning black and āzār meaning fever or disease). As for the new world, evidence of cutaneous form of the disease was found in Ecuador and Peru in pre-Inca potteries depicting skin lesions and deformed faces dating back to the first century CE. 15th and 16th century texts from Inca period and from spanish colonials mention "valley sickness", "Andean sickness" or "white leprosy" which are likely to be CL^[9]. Small tablets made out of clay were used from late 4th millennium BC onwards as a writing medium in Sumerian, Mesopotamian, Hittite, and Minoan/Mycenaean civilizations. ... Ashurbanipal, Assurbanipal or Sardanapal, in Akkadian AÅ¡Å¡ur-bāni-apli, (b. ... (8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC - other centuries) (700s BC - 690s BC - 680s BC - 670s BC - 660s BC - 650s BC - 640s BC - 630s BC - 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Scythians arrived in Asia Collapse... (Redirected from 2500 BCE) (26th century BC - 25th century BC - 24th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2494 BC -- End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt. ... Ibn Sina (full name AbÅ« ‘AlÄ« al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn SÄ«nā al-BalkhÄ«; Persian: ), also known as Avicenna) was a Persian [2][3][4] Muslim polymath: a physician, astronomer, alchemist, chemist, logician, mathematician, metaphysician, philosopher, physicist, poet, scientist, theologian, statesman, and soldier. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Today Balkh (Persian: بلخ) is a small town in the Province of Balkh, Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazari Sharif, and some 74 km (46 miles) south of the Amu Darya, the Oxus River of antiquity, of which a tributary formerly flowed past Balkh. ... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Hindi ( , Devanagari: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is one of the two official languages of India, the other being English. ... The word Hindustani is an adjective used to denote a connection to India, or, more precisely, the historical region that encompasses Northern India, Pakistan, and nearby areas. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... (1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century - other centuries) The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 99. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. ...

Who first discovered the organism is somewhat disputed. It is possible that Surgeon major Cunnigham of British Indian army saw it first in 1885 without being able to relate it to the disease^[10][11]. In 1901, Leishman identified certain organisms in smears taken from the spleen of a patient who had died from "dum-dum fever" (Dhum dhum is an area close to Calcutta) and in 1903 Captain Charles Donovan (1863-1951) described them as being new organism^[9]. Eventually Ronald Ross established the link with the disease and named the organism Leishmania donovani. William Boog Leishman (November 6, 1865 - June 2, 1926) was a British pathologist. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... Colonel Charles Donovan MD (1863-1951) was born in Calcutta. ... Ronald Ross Sir Ronald Ross (May 13, 1857 – September 16, 1932) was a Scottish physician. ...

Leishmaniosis as part of the CVBDs

CVBD stands for Canine Vector-borne diseases, which are diseases transmitted through Ectoparasites. CVBD is a term used internationally by veterinarians for Canine Vector-Borne Diseases -- in other words, diseases transferred to dogs by various parasitic vectors. ...

See also

• Visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar)
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Leishmania

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar and black fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. ... Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis. ... Species (disputed species) (syn. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Soto J, Toledo JT.. "Oral miltefosine to treat new world cutaneous leishmaniasis". Lancet Infect Dis 7 (1): 7. 
2. ^ Arevalo J, Ramirez L, Adaui V,et al. (2007). "Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis". J Infect Dis 195: 1846–51. DOI:10.1086/518041. 
3. ^ Sundar S, Chakravarty J, Rai VK, et al. (2007). "Amphotericin B Treatment for Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis: Response to 15 Daily versus Alternate-Day Infusions". Clin Infect Dis 45: 556–561. 
4. ^ Mueller M, Ritmeijer K, Balasegaram M, Koummuki Y, Santana MR, Davidson R. (2007). "Unresponsiveness to AmBisome® in some Sudanese patients with kala-azar". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 (1): 19–24. DOI:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.02.005. 
5. ^ Jha TK, Sundar S, Thakur CP et al. (1999). "Miltefosine, an oral agent, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis". New Engl J Med 341: 1795–800. 
6. ^ Badaro R, Lobo I, Munõs A, et al. (2006). "Immunotherapy for drug-refractory mucosal leishmaniasis". J Infect Dis 194: 1151–59. 
7. ^ Ivens AC, et al. (2005). "The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite, Leishmania major". Science 309 (5733): 436–42. PMID 16020728. 
8. ^ Cox, Francis E G (1996). The Wellcome Trust illustrated history of tropical diseases. London: The Wellcome Trust, 206-217. ISBN 1869835867, 9781869835866. OCLC 35161690. 
9. ^ ^{a b} WHO: Leishmaniasis: background information. Retrieved on 2007-07-04.
10. ^ Cunningham, DD (1885). On the presence of peculiar parasitic organisms in the tissue of a specimen of Delhi boil, Scientific memoirs officers Medical Sanitary Departments Government India. Calcutta: Printed by the superintendent of government printing, India, 21–31. OCLC 11826455. 
11. ^ Cox FE (2002). "History of human parasitology". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (4): 595-612. PMID 12364371. 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ...

External links

• Doctors Without Borders' leishmaniasis information page
• Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
• International Leishmania Network
• Leish-L discussion list
• Wanted: social entrepreneurs Nature 434, 941 (21 April 2005)
• (2003) "Symposium issue". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 49 (1). 
• Open Directory Project - Leishmaniasis directory category