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In linguistics, and particularly in morphology, a lemma or citation form is the canonical form of a lexeme. Lexeme refers to the set of all the forms that have the same meaning, and lemma refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. Lemmas have special significance in highly inflected languages such as Czech. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. ...
Morphology is a subdiscipline of linguistics that studies word structure. ...
Definition A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are the same in basic meaning. ...
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) to reflect grammatical (that is, relational) information, such as gender, tense, number or person. ...
Usage
"Lemma" in a more general usage refers to a headword or heading in any kind of dictionary, encyclopaedia, or commentary. So, for example, the lemma of this article is "Lemma (linguistics)". The term is derived from the practice in Greco-Roman antiquity of using the word to refer to the headwords of marginal glosses in scholia; for this reason, the Ancient Greek plural form is sometimes used, namely lemmata (Greek λήμμα, pl. λήμματα). Scholium (tr~bXtoe), the name given to a grammatical, critical and explanatory note, extracted from existing commentaries and inserted on the margin of the manuscript of an ancient author. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
In a dictionary, the lemma "go" represents the inflected forms "go", "goes", "going", "went", and "gone". The relationship between an inflected form and its lemma is usually denoted by an angle bracket, e.g. "went" < "go". The disadvantage of such simplifications is, of course, the inability to look up a declined or conjugated form of the word. The American Webster, for example, lists "went". Multi-lingual dictionaries vary in how they deal with this issue: the Langenscheidt dictionary of German does not list ging (< gehen); the Cassell does.
The form that is chosen to be the lemma is usually the least marked form. There are significant exceptions; e.g. in Finnish, the dictionaries use not the verb root, but the first infinitive marked with -(t)a, -(t)ä as the key with verbs. Markedness is a linguistics concept that developed out of the Prague School (also known as the Prague linguistic circle). ...
Lemmas are used often in corpus linguistics for determining word frequency. In such usage the specific definition of "lemma" is flexible depending on the task it is being used for. Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) or real world text. ...
Lemmas in different languages In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen. In English we can use either the bare infinitive go or the full infinitive to go. In Latin and Greek, however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also be seen. (For contracted verbs in Greek, an uncontracted first person singular present tense is used to reveal the contract vowel, e.g. φιλέω philéō for φιλῶ philō "I love implying affection"; αγαπάω agapáō for αγαπῶ agapō "I love implying regard"). In Arabic, which has no infinitives, the third person singular of the past tense is the least-marked form, and is used for entries in modern dictionaries, however in older dictionaries which are still commonly used today the triliteral of the word, whether it is a verb or a noun, is used. Hebrew often uses the 3rd person masculine qal perfect, e.g. ברא bara' create, כפר kaphar cover. For Korean, -da is attached to the stem. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
In grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. ...
Ancient Greek grammar is very complex and bears several features of Proto-Indo-European. ...
In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages, a triliteral is a root containing a sequence of three consonants. ...
In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g. mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g. do one's best, perjure oneself. A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. ...
The word singular may refer to one of several concepts. ...
Headline text hjvhwhatsgm,Possessive adjectives modify nouns. ...
In some languages, there is a difference between reflexive and non-reflexive pronouns. ...
An indefinite pronoun is an unspecific pronoun, a pronoun that does not refer to a specific person or thing, e. ...
Some phrases are cited in a sort of lemma, e.g. "Carthago delenda est" (Carthage must be destroyed) is a common way of citing Cato, although he more often said, "ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam". // Cato may refer to: Romans, in the family Porcii: Cato the Elder (2nd century B.C.), ...the Censor, politician Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus, son of Cato the Elder by his first wife Licinia, jurist Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus, son of Cato the Elder by his second wife Salonia, (born 154...
See further Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) or real world text. ...
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. ...
Morphology is a subdiscipline of linguistics that studies word structure. ...
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