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Encyclopedia > Lemur
Lemurs[1]
Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta)
Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Infraorder: Lemuriformes
Gray, 1821
Superfamilies and Families

Lemurs make up the infraorder Lemuriformes and are members of a group of primates known as prosimians. The term "lemur" is derived from the Latin word lemures, meaning "spirits of the night" or "ghosts". This likely refers to their large, reflective eyes and the wailing cries of some species (the Indri in particular). The term is generically used for the members of the four lemuriform families, but it is also the genus of one of the lemuriform species, the Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta). The two so-called flying lemur species are not lemurs, nor are they even primates. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 526 pixelsFull resolution (2403 × 1579 pixel, file size: 1. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) is a large prosimian, a lemur belonging to the family Lemuridae. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ... Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Families Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae Lepilemuridae Indridae Daubentoniidae (Aye-aye) Lorisidae Galagidae The Strepsirrhini clade is one of the two suborders of primates. ... John Edward Gray. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... Genera Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Allocebus Phaner Cheirogaleidae is the family strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs. ... Genera Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Allocebus Phaner Cheirogaleidae is the family strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs. ... Lemuroidia The art of murdering people. ... Genera Lemur Eulemur Hapalemur Prolemur Varecia Lemuridae is one of the four families of lemurs and are part of a class of primates known as prosimians. ... Species Lepilemur mustelinus Lepilemur microdon Lepilemur leucopus Lepilemur ruficaudatus Lepilemur edwardsi Lepilemur dorsalis Lepilemur septentrionalis Lepilemur seali Lepilemur mitsinjonensis The sportive lemurs are the medium sized primates that make up the Lepilemuridae family. ... Genera The Indriidae (also spelled Indridae) are a family of strepsirrhine primates. ... Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... The Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) is a prosimian of the family Lemuridae. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Larvae are the plural of larva, juvenile form of animals with indirect development. ... Tapetum lucidum in a calf eye, with the retina hanging down. ... Binomial name Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788) The Indri (Indri indri), also called the Entrina, is a large (up to 70 cm long, and weighing up to 13 kg) tree-dwelling relative of the lemur and, like all lemuroids, it is native to Madagascar. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) is a large prosimian, a lemur belonging to the family Lemuridae. ... Species  Cynocephalus varigatus  Cynocephalus volans Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals found in South-east Asia. ...

Contents

Biology

Lemurs are found naturally only on the island of Madagascar and some smaller surrounding islands, including the Comoros (where they were likely introduced by humans). Fossil evidence indicates that they reached Madagascar after it broke away from mainland Africa, possibly by "rafting" across the ocean on large clumps of vegetation.[2] While their ancestors were displaced in the rest of the world by monkeys, apes, and other primates, the lemurs were safe from competition on Madagascar and differentiated into a number of species. These range in size from the tiny 30 gram (1 oz) Pygmy Mouse Lemur to the 10 kilogram (22 lb) Indri. The larger species, some of which weighed up to 240 kg[3], have all become extinct since humans settled on Madagascar, and since the early 20th century the largest lemurs reach about 7 kilograms (15 lbs). Typically, the smaller lemurs are nocturnal, while the larger ones are diurnal. In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ... Binomial name Microcebus myoxinus Peters, 1852 The Pygmy Mouse-lemur (Microcebus myoxinus) is the smallest of the mouse-lemurs and the smallest primate in the world, only weighing around 30 grams (roughly 1 ounce). ... Binomial name Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788) The Indri (Indri indri), also called the Entrina, is a large (up to 70 cm long, and weighing up to 13 kg) tree-dwelling relative of the lemur and, like all lemuroids, it is native to Madagascar. ... A nocturnal animal is one that sleeps during the day and is active at night - the opposite of the human (diurnal) schedule. ... A diurnal animal (dī-ŭrnəl) is an animal that is active during the daytime and sleeps during the night. ...


The small cheirogaleoids are generally omnivores, eating a variety of fruits, flowers and leaves (and sometimes nectar) as well as insects, spiders and small vertebrates. The remainder of the lemurs, the lemuroids are primarily herbivores, although some species supplement their diet with insects. Genera Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Allocebus Phaner Cheirogaleidae is the family strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf and mouse lemurs. ... Crows are omnivores. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ...


Except for the Indri, all lemurs have long tails that they use for communication with each other and balance when leaping between trees. They have opposable thumbs and long toes adapted for gripping tree branches. Lemurs have nails rather than claws on all digits except the second toe of each hind foot, which has a "toilet claw" for grooming. All lemur species have a tapetum, the reflective layer over the retina that causes their eyes to shine at night.[3] Lemurs are thought to have limited color vision.[3] Lemurs depend heavily on the sense of smell and have large nasal cavities and moist noses.[3] Binomial name Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788) The Indri (Indri indri), also called the Entrina, is a large (up to 70 cm long, and weighing up to 13 kg) tree-dwelling relative of the lemur and, like all lemuroids, it is native to Madagascar. ... Tapetum lucidum in a calf eye, with the retina hanging down. ...


Unlike most other primates, lemur species that live in groups have a Matriarchal society (i.e. females are dominant over males). Most lemur species are arboreal and traverse the canopy by vertical clinging and leaping or quadrupedalism, with the exception of the Ring-Tailed Lemur, which spends most of its time on the ground. Matriarchy is a term, which is applied to gynocentric form of society, in which the leading role is by the female and especially by the mothers of a community. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) is a large prosimian, a lemur belonging to the family Lemuridae. ...


Endangered species

Female (top) and male (bottom) black lemurs in their natural habitat in Madagascar
Female (top) and male (bottom) black lemurs in their natural habitat in Madagascar

Most lemurs are listed as endangered or threatened species. Many species have gone extinct in the last centuries, mainly due to habitat destruction (deforestation) and hunting. Conservation of lemurs in Madagascar is a high priority, but the country's poor economic situation and the lemurs' limited range make it an uphill battle. There are 85 living lemur species accounted for in current publications,[4][5][6][7], with more documentation currently awaiting publication. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1360 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1360 pixels, file size: 2. ... The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ... This article is about the process of deforestation in the environment. ...


One of the foremost lemur research facilities is the Duke Lemur Center. A crowned lemur at the Lemur Center In 1966, a prosimian colony of approximately 90 individuals was relocated from the Center for Prosimian Biology at Yale University to Duke University, and thus began the Duke Lemur Center (DLC). ...


Classification

Thermographic image of a Ring-tailed Lemur in the morning sun.
Thermographic image of a Ring-tailed Lemur in the morning sun.

As shown here, the four families of lemurs are split into two superfamilies. The Cheirogaleidae have a pedal structure similar to the other strepsirrhine families and the haplorrhines, suggesting they split off from the other lemurs first. As such, the Cheirogaleoidea are a sister clade to the Lemuroidea. Image File history File links Wiki_ringtailed_lemur. ... Image File history File links Wiki_ringtailed_lemur. ... Genera Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Allocebus Phaner Cheirogaleidae is the family strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs. ... Families Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae Megaladapidae Indridae Daubentoniidae (Aye-aye) Loridae Galagonidae The Strepsirrhini clade is one of the two suborders of primates. ... Families Tarsiidae Cebidae Nyctipithecidae Pitheciidae Atelidae Cercopithecidae Hylobatidae Hominidae The haplorrhines, the dry-nosed primates, are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the prosimian tarsiers and all of the true simians (the monkeys and the apes, including humans). ... A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...

Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Families Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae Lepilemuridae Indridae Daubentoniidae (Aye-aye) Lorisidae Galagidae The Strepsirrhini clade is one of the two suborders of primates. ... Genera Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Allocebus Phaner Cheirogaleidae is the family strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs. ... Genera Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Allocebus Phaner Cheirogaleidae is the family strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs. ... Lemuroidia The art of murdering people. ... Genera Lemur Eulemur Hapalemur Prolemur Varecia Lemuridae is one of the four families of lemurs and are part of a class of primates known as prosimians. ... Species Lepilemur mustelinus Lepilemur microdon Lepilemur leucopus Lepilemur ruficaudatus Lepilemur edwardsi Lepilemur dorsalis Lepilemur septentrionalis Lepilemur seali Lepilemur mitsinjonensis The sportive lemurs are the medium sized primates that make up the Lepilemuridae family. ... Genera The Indriidae (also spelled Indridae) are a family of strepsirrhine primates. ... Binomial name Daubentonia madagascariensis Gmelin, 1788 The Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a primate native to Madagascar that combines rodent-like teeth with a long, thin middle finger to fill the ecological niche of a woodpecker. ... Families Lorisidae Galagidae Lorisiformes are a group of primates found throughout Africa and Asia. ... For the desktop presence framework, see Galago (software). ... Genera Loris Nycticebus For other uses, see Loris (disambiguation). ... Families Tarsiidae Cebidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae Cercopithecidae Hylobatidae Hominidae The haplorrhines, the dry-nosed primates (the Greek name means simple-nosed), are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the prosimian tarsiers and all of the true simians (the monkeys and the apes, including humans). ...

Female dominance

Female dominance is a very rare social structure in mammals only observed consistently in hyenas and lemurs[8]. It occurs when all adult males exhibit submissive behavior to adult females in social settings. These social settings are usually related to feeding, grooming, and sleeping site priority. Interestingly, lemurs do not exhibit sexual dimorphism (males and females are the same in physical appearance and size)[9]. Therefore, male deference is a social construct and not a matter of size or strength.


Female social dominance was first observed in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) by Alison Jolly in 1966[10]. Since then, many, but not all, species of lemurs have been found to demonstrate female social dominance including the crowned lemur (Lemur coronatus) and the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).


Hypotheses for the Evolution of Female Dominance


There are three basic proposals for the evolution of female dominance[11]:

  1. The Energy Conservation Hypothesis: males subordinate to females to conserve energy for the intense male-male competition experienced during lemur’s very short breeding season
  2. Male behavioral strategy: males defer as a parental investment because it ensures more resources in the harsh unpredictable climate of Madagascar for the female, and thus, the male’s future offspring.
  3. Female behavioral strategy: dominance helps females deal with the unusually high reproductive demands; they win more social conflicts because they have more at stake in terms of fitness.

Since these original proposals, scientists like Peter Kappeler have modified and integrated other ideas, but there is no single hypothesis that can fully explain female social dominance in lemurs at this time and all three are likely to play a role.


In popular culture

Lemurs are not as commonly seen in pop culture settings as other primates, but their popularity has grown recently due to greater exposure.

  • The comic strip Dilbert by Scott Adams featured a strip comparing managers to drunken lemurs. In 2007, an employee at Catfish Bend Casino was fired for posting the strip at his office. Adams subsequently spoofed the real life event with another series of strips in which Wally is fired when office surveillance cameras catch him posting the anti-management comic on the wall.
  • The novella Ghost of Chance by William S. Burroughs, set in Madagascar, initially focuses on a character named Captain Mission, who looks after and cares for lemurs. The book is described on the back cover of the 1995 edition as "an important story about environmental devastation."
  • Raw Dog Screaming Press is publishing a Tom Bradley novel entitled Lemur, about a would-be serial killing busboy who works in a restaurant which has a lemur mascot. The cover of the book features a ring-tailed lemur holding a meat cleaver behind its back and leering in a sinister manner.
  • A Ring-tailed Lemur starred in the 1997 movie Fierce Creatures written by John Cleese.
  • Zoboomafoo, an educational PBS Kids television program, features a Coquerel's Sifaka who is also the show's namesake.
  • The Disney film Dinosaur (2000) features sifakas raising a dinosaur hatchling.
  • In the television program Fat Actress, Kirstie Alley keeps a pet lemur who is never seen but referenced in conversations; a recurring gag involves the proper preparation of yams for its meals.
  • Madagascar, a computer-animated film produced by DreamWorks Animation in 2005, prominently features a group of singing and dancing lemurs.
  • The Katurran Odyssey, a book written by David Michael Wieger and created and illustrated by Star Wars creature designer Terryl Whitlatch, includes a ring-tailed lemur protagonist and several other lemur characters.
  • In the Nickelodeon animated series Avatar: The Last Airbender, Aang keeps a 'winged lemur' named Momo for a pet. Momo mostly resembles a Verreaux's Sifaka, although his appearance was actually based on a Ring-Tailed Lemur mixed with a Spotted bat.
  • The American rock group The Mars Volta used a lemur in their logos, and one is used as the principal character in the video for their single Televators[1]
  • Lemurcon is a roughly annual late summer/early fall get-together of lemur enthusiasts at the Duke Lemur Center in North Carolina. Very roughly, this can be traced to the Usenet alt.fan.lemur mailing list.
  • Lemur Street, a twenty-episode series focused on two groups of Ring-tailed Lemurs in Madagascar.

Dilbert (first published April 16, 1989) is an American comic strip written and drawn by Scott Adams. ... Scott Raymond Adams (born June 8, 1957) is the creator of the Dilbert comic strip and the author of several business commentaries, social satires, and experimental philosophy books. ... Ghost of Chance is an adventure novella written by Beat Generation author William S. Burroughs. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: William S. Burroughs William Seward Burroughs II (February 5, 1914) — August 2, 1997; pronounced ), more commonly known as William S. Burroughs, was an American novelist, essayist, social critic, painter and spoken word performer. ... Raw Dog Screaming Press is a small press based in Hyattsville, Maryland that publishes novels and collections of short fiction and poetry. ... For other persons named Tom Bradley, see Tom Bradley (disambiguation). ... Fierce Creatures is a 1997 comedy movie, John Cleese and companys follow-up to the widely popular A Fish Called Wanda. ... Cleese redirects here. ... Zoboomafoo is an educational PBS television program designed to introduce preschoolers to the animal world. ... Binomial name Propithecus coquereli (A. Grandidier, 1867) Coquerels Sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) is a medium-sized lemur of the sifaka genus Propithecus. ... Dinosaur is a feature film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and released to movie theatres in 2000. ... Type Species Propithecus diadema Bennett, 1832 Species Propithecus diadema Propithecus candidus Propithecus edwardsi Propithecus perrieri Propithecus tattersalli Propithecus verreauxi Propithecus coquereli Propithecus deckenii Sifakas are a genus (Propithecus) from the primate family Indriidae. ... Fat Actress was an American sitcom television series starring Kirstie Alley. ... Kirstie Louise Alley (born January 12, 1951 in Wichita, Kansas) is an American actress best known for her role in the TV show Cheers. ... Cover of The Katurran Odyssey, drawn by Terryl Whitlatch. ... Terryl Whitlatch is a North American scientific and academically trained illustrator, known for her creature designs for Lucasfilm and her illustrations in the Katurran Odyssey book, among others. ... Binomial name Propithecus verreauxi A. Grandidier, 1867 Verreauxs Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) is a medium sized primate in one of the lemur families, Indriidae. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) is a large prosimian, a lemur belonging to the family Lemuridae. ... Binomial name Euderma maculatum Allen 1891 The Spotted bat (Euderma maculatum), also known as the Jackass bat, is a rare mammal from the family of Vesper bats. ... The Mars Volta is an American rock group founded by Cedric Bixler-Zavala, Omar Rodriguez-Lopez, Isaiah Ikey Owens and Jeremy Michael Ward in 2001. ... De-Loused in the Comatorium is a concept album by the band The Mars Volta. ... A crowned lemur at the Lemur Center In 1966, a prosimian colony of approximately 90 individuals was relocated from the Center for Prosimian Biology at Yale University to Duke University, and thus began the Duke Lemur Center (DLC). ... Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ...

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 111-121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 
  2. ^ "What's A Lemur?". Retrieved on 2006-04-19.
  3. ^ a b c d Strier, Karen B. (2000). Primate Behavioral Ecology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 49. 
  4. ^ Mittermeier, Russell A., Konstant, William R., Hawkins, Frank, Louis, Edward E., and Langrand, Olivier (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar, 2nd edition, Conservation International. Retrieved on 2006-10-29. 
  5. ^ Andriaholinirina, N., Fausser, J., Roos, C., Rumpler, Y., et al (February 2006). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the sportive lemurs (Lepilemur, Primates)". BMC Evolutionary Biology 6: 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-17. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-17. 
  6. ^ Edward E. Louis, Jr., Shannon E. Engberg, Runhua Lei, Huimin Geng, Julie A. Sommer, Richard Randriamampionona, Jean C. Randriamanana, John R. Zaonarivelo, Rambinintsoa Andriantompohavana, Gisele Randria, Prosper, Boromé Ramaromilanto, Gilbert Rakotoarisoa, Alejandro Rooney, and Rick A. Brenneman (2006). "Molecular and morphological analyses of the sportive lemurs (Family Megaladapidae: Genus Lepilemur) reveals 11 previously unrecognized species" (PDF). Texas Tech University Special Publications (49): 1-49. 
  7. ^ Olivieria, G., Zimmermannb, E., Randrianambininab, B., Rassoloharijaonab, S., Rakotondravonyb, D., Guschanskia, K., Radespiela, U. (2006-10-26). "The ever-increasing diversity in mouse lemurs: three new species in north and northwestern Madagascar". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.026 . 
  8. ^ L.I. Digby and S.M. Kahlenberg, 2002. “Female dominance in blue-eyed black lemurs” Primates 43: 191-199.
  9. ^ N.V. Engelhardt, P.M. Kappeler, and M. Heistermann, 2000. “Androgen levels and female social dominance in Lemur catta” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 267: 1553-1539.
  10. ^ A Jolly 1966 "Lemur Behavior" University of Chicago Press, Chicago
  11. ^ A.L. Young, A.F. Richard, and L.C. Aiello, 1990 "Female Dominance and Maternal Invesment in Strepsirhine Primates" The American Naturalist 135: 473-488

Dr Colin Groves is a Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

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Image File history File links Wikispecies-logo. ... Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that aims to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species (including animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protista). ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
lemures — Infoplease.com (146 words)
lemur - lemur lemur, name for prosimians, or lower primates, of two related families, found only on...
flying lemur - flying lemur flying lemur, gliding mammal native to the tropical lowland forests of S Asia, Malaya,...
Larvae, in Roman religion - Larvae: Larvae: see lemures.
NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lemure (448 words)
Lemurs were so named by Linnaeus for their big eyes, noctural habits and unearthly noises they make at night.
The fl-and-white ruffed lemur inhabits the eastern rainforests of Madagascar, while the red ruffed lemur is restricted to the north east of the island and lives in the primary and secondary forests of the Masoala Peninsula.
Some Roman writers describe lemures as the common name for all the spirits of the dead, and divide them into two classes: the lares, or the benevolent souls of the family, which haunted and guarded the domus or household, and the larvae, or the restless and fearful souls of wicked men.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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