Leó Szilárd (right) working with Albert Einstein.

Leó Szilárd (February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Jewish Hungarian-American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project. He was born in Budapest and died in La Jolla, California.

He was probably the first scientist to think seriously of building real atomic bombs. (He knew of the fictional "atomic bombs" described in H. G. Wells's science-fiction novel The World Set Free). The possibility of a nuclear chain reaction came to him on September 12, 1933 while he was waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury. Reportedly, the thought had occurred to Szilárd as a result of his having been annoyed by Ernest Rutherford's dismissal of any talk of atomic energy as "moonshine." Szilárd also was the co-holder, with Enrico Fermi, of the patent on the nuclear reactor.

He was well known to his colleagues as an eccentric, lightning-quick thinker who "seems fond of startling people" with strange, seemingly incongruous, yet extremely perceptive statements and questions.

He was extremely good at predicting political events. He predicted World War I as a boy, several years before the fact. When the Nazi party first appeared, he predicted that it would one day control Europe. In 1934, he foresaw the details of World War II. He then later made it a habit to reside exclusively in hotel rooms, with a packed suitcase always on hand.

Szilard was Jewish and was forced to flee Europe in 1933 to escape Nazi persecution. He accepted an offer to conduct research at Columbia University in Manhattan. Nobel Laureate Enrico Fermi soon joined him there. There, Szilárd was instrumental in the development of the Manhattan Project. He conceived of the idea of sending a confidential letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, explaining the possibility, and encouraging the development of such a program, and was able to convince Albert Einstein to sign his name such a letter, primarily authored by Szilárd, in August 1939. (He felt that Einstein's fame would result in a guaranteed, quicker response.) Later, he moved to the University of Chicago to continue to work on developing the bomb. If anyone truly saw the bomb from start to finish, it was Szilárd.

The one event he did not predict was the actual use of atomic bombs in war. As a survivor of the 'shipwreck' of Hungary, first the red terror and then white terror, Szilárd developed an enduring passion for preservation of human life and freedom, especially freedom to communicate ideas. He hoped that the US Government, which before the war was much opposed to the bombing of civilians, would not use the bomb, as the only possible purpose of a weapon of that magnitude could be to slaughter civilians. He hoped that the mere threat of the bomb would force Germany and/or Japan to surrender. Rather than threatening the Axis with the bomb, Truman chose simply to use it, despite the protestations of Szilárd and many of the other top scientists in the project, resulting in the deaths of roughly 300,000 Japanese civilians, the total destruction of Hiroshima, and the partial destruction of Nagasaki. Before the war, Szilárd had considered the US the one truly humane government in the world; that is why he chose to give them, over everyone else, the atomic bomb. He no longer felt that way afterwards.

In 1947 he changed fields from physics to molecular biology, working extensively with Aaron Novick. He spent his last years as a fellow at the Salk Institute in San Diego.

External link

• Leo Szilard Online (http://www.dannen.com/szilard.html) - an "Internet Historic Site" (first created March 30, 1995) maintained by Gene Dannen