NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Leopard tank

The Leopard (or Leopard 1) is a German designed and produced main battle tank that first entered service in 1965 and was used as the main battle tank for Germany, several other European countries, Australia, Canada, Brazil and Chile. MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH is a manufacturer of commercial engines. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The aim of this page is to act as a comparison between European countries in many different aspects, such as population, GDP, life expectancy, etc. ...

It is a fairly conventional design, armed with a German-built version of the British L7 105-mm gun. The Leopard is known for its good cross-country speed. The Royal Ordnance L7 is the basic model of Britains most successful tank gun. ...

The design started as a collaborative project between Germany and France in the 1950s,^[1] but the partnership ended and the final design was ordered by the Bundeswehr, production starting in 1965. In total 6485 Leopard tanks have been built, of which 4744 were battle tanks and 1741 were utility and anti-aircraft variants, not including eighty prototypes and pre-series vehicles. The Bundeswehr (German for Federal Defence Force; ) is the name of the unified armed forces of Germany. ...

Since 1990, the Leopard 1 has gradually been relegated to secondary roles in most armies. In the German Army, the Leopard 1 MBTs have been phased out in 2003 while Leopard 1 derived vehicles are still widely used. The Leopard 2 MBTs have taken over the MBT role. The German Army (German: [1], [IPA: heÉ] ) is the land component of the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence Forces) of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... The Leopard 2 is a German main battle tank built by the German company Krauss-Maffei-Wegmann, developed in the early 1970s and first entering service in 1979, replacing the earlier Leopard 1 as the foremost MBT in the Bundeswehr. ...

Development history

Leopard 1

The Leopard project started in November 1956 in order to develop a modern tank, the Standard-Panzer, to replace the Bundeswehr's United States-built M47 and M48 Patton tanks, which, though just delivered to West Germany's recently reconstituted army, were rapidly growing outdated. On 25 July 1957 the detailed specifications were released; the new design needed to weigh no more than thirty metric tons, have a power-to-weight ratio of thirty horsepower per ton, be able to withstand hits by 20 mm rapid-fire guns on every side as well as operate in a battlefield contaminated with chemical weapons or radioactive fallout, the then-standard baseline for combat with the Warsaw Pact. In addition the main armament had to consist of a 105 mm caliber weapon (the new British L7A3 105 mm gun was selected), carrying at least as many rounds as current US tank designs. Mobility was the priority while firepower came second; armour was seen as less essential, as it was believed no real protection against hollow charge weapons was possible anyway. The M47 Patton was the second tank of the Patton series, and one of the U.S armys principal main battle tanks of the Cold War, with models in service from the early 1950s to the late 1950s. ... The M48 Patton was one of the U.S armys principal main battle tanks of the Cold War, with models in service from the early 1950s to the 1990s. ... Early detection of chemical agents Sociopolitical climate of chemical warfare While the study of chemicals and their military uses was widespread in China, the use of toxic materials has historically been viewed with mixed emotions and some disdain in the West (especially when the enemy were doing it). ... Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a nuclear explosion, so named because it falls out of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion. ... Not to be confused with the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about airlines financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the released energy. ...

France was very interested in the design as its own AMX 50 project had just failed. In June 1957, West Germany and the French Fourth Republic signed an agreement to develop a common tank, designated in German Europa-Panzer. Three German (Arbeitsgruppe A, B and C) and one French design team would be included in a competition, with each team producing two prototypes each. In September, 1958 Italy joined the development program. Several prototypes were entered for testing in 1960. Among the prototypes were Porsche's Model 734 from team A, sporting a cast turret and that of team B (Rheinmetall) whose cast turret was somewhat higher. Team C from Borgward, designing a very futuristic tank, failed to have a prototype ready in time. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is about the auto company. ... Rheinmetall AG is a German automotive and defense company with factories in DÃ¼sseldorf, Kassel and UnterlÃ¼ÃŸ. It has a long tradition of making guns and artillery pieces. ...

Even before these first prototypes were finished, it had (in 1959) been decided that a second phase with improved designs would be started: Team A had to build 26 phase II Prototypes for testing, team B six. Only two tanks of the required six would actually be constructed by team B.

The Porsche Prototype II was eventually selected as the winner of the contest in 1963; this didn't come as a surprise: it had already been decided in 1961 to build a preseries of fifty vehicles based on this design; production of these was started that very year. This "0-series" was modified with a new cast turret and several hull changes to raise the rear deck to provide more room in the engine compartment, and move some of the radiators to the upper sides of the hull. Before mass production of the standard version started it was also decided to add an optical range-finding system for better long-range gunnery, which required the turret to be somewhat taller, and added "bumps" on either side of the turret to mount the optics for triangulation. In 1963 France and Germany had decided to each build their own tank; Germany continued with the Leopard, while France built the similar AMX-30. Triangulation can be used to find the distance from the shore to the ship. ... The AMX 30 is a main battle tank designed by GIAT Industries with a focus on good firepower and superior mobility and first delivered to the French Army in 1966. ...

Production was set up at Krauss-Maffei of Munich from early 1964 onward, with deliveries of the first batch between September, 1965 and July, 1966. The Leopard was soon being purchased from Germany by a number of NATO members and other allies including in chronological order Belgium (1968), The Netherlands (1969), Norway (1970), Italy (1971), Denmark (1976), Australia (1976), Canada (1978), Turkey (1980) and Greece (1981). Germany has a strict export policy for military equipment; Greece, Spain and Chile, when still dictatorships, purchased the French AMX-30. For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... This article is about the military alliance. ... Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy - Queen Beatrix - Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende Independence Eighty Years War - Declared July 26, 1581 - Recognised January 30, 1648 (by Spain... The AMX 30 is a main battle tank designed by GIAT Industries with a focus on good firepower and superior mobility and first delivered to the French Army in 1966. ...

Leopard 1A1

After the first batch was delivered the next three batches were the Leopard 1A1 model, which included a new gun stabilization system from Cadillac-Gage, allowing the tank to fire effectively on the move. The 1A1 also added the now-famous "skirts" along the sides to protect the upper tracks, and a new thermal jacket on the gun barrel to control heating. A less important change was to use rectangular rubber blocks fastened to the treads with a single pin instead of the earlier two-pin "shaped" versions, which could be easily replaced in the winter with metal X-shaped crampons for movement on ice and snow. The German Army (German: [1], [IPA: heÉ] ) is the land component of the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence Forces) of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... This article is about water ice. ...

Between 1974 and 1977 all of the machines in the first four batches were brought to the same Leopard 1A1A1 standard, and given additional turret armor developed by Blohm & Voss. A further upgrade in the 1980s added leftover image-intensifier night sights which were being handed down from the Leopard 2 as they were themselves upgraded. The PZB 200 image intensification system was mounted in a large box on the upper right of the gun, creating the Leopard 1A1A2. A further upgrade with SEM80/90 all-digital radios created the Leopard 1A1A3. On April 5, 1877, Hermann Blohm and Ernst Voss founded the Blohm & Voss Schiffswerft und Maschinenfabrik shipbuilding and engineering works as a general partnership. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Leopard 1A2

The first 232 tanks of the fifth production batch was delivered as the Leopard 1A2 between 1972 and 1974. The A2 included a heavier and better armored turret, and therefore did not receive the B&V armor add-ons as did the earlier machines. They did receive the other upgrades however--the Leopard 1A2A1 received the PZB 200, the Leopard 1A2A2 the digital radios, and the Leopard 1A2A3 got both. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Leopard 1A3

The next 110 vehicles in the fifth batch were fitted with a new welded turret incorporating spaced armor and a wedge-shaped gun mantlet, creating the Leopard 1A3. Although the level of armor area density was equivalent to the A2's new welded version, the internal volume was increased by 1.2 m³ and the effective protection level was increased by half. The improved TRP 2A independent sight was installed for the commander. Upgrades were identical to the 1A2 models, the Leopard 1A3A1 with the night sights, Leopard 1A3A2 with the new radios, and the Leopard 1A3A3 with both.

Leopard 1A4

The Leopard 1A4 formed the sixth batch of 250 vehicles, delivery starting in 1974. The 1A4 was externally similar to the 1A3, but included a new computerized fire control system and the new EMES 12A1 sighting system to aim it. In addition the commander was provided with his own independent night sighting system, the PERI R12. The new equipment used up space and the ammunition load was reduced to 55 rounds, of which 42 were stored in the magazine to the left of the driver. A fire-control system is a computer, often mechanical, which is designed to assist a weapon system in hitting its target. ...

Leopard 1A5

In 1980 a research program was undertaken to study further improvements to the Leopard 1, providing it with a completely modern fire control system and fully effective night/bad-weather vision system. This was going to require even more room than the larger turret from the 1A3/1A4 models, so the decision was made to base the upgrades on the earlier models which were no longer competitive.

The resulting Leopard 1A5 was based on 1339 vehicles of the Leopard 1A1A1 model. The turrets were again modified for the 1A5, with a larger section at the back, both in order to store all of the new equipment, as well as to move more of the ammunition into the rear turret, as opposed to the left side of the driver where it had traditionally been stored. The storage locker extended the turret almost to the rear of the tank when the gun was facing forward. The new turret was also able to mount the newer 120 mm gun from the Leopard 2 if desired, although this option has not been used.

After trials the Krupp-Atlas Elektronik EMES 18 fire control system was selected in December 1983, developed from the EMES 15 used on the Leopard 2. The EMES 18 included two new sights on to the top of the turret, and no longer required the "bumps" as did the earlier optical systems. A crucial part of the upgrade was the introduction of more effective ammunition, including new APFSDS rounds. EMES 15 Dayvision EMES 15 is a main sight used in Leopard 2 tanks. ... French anti-tank round with its sabot APFSDS at point of separation of sabot. ...

The Leopard tank could also be fitted with bolt-on lexan armour panels, which have increased the effectiveness of the armour. These "modified" tanks have proved themselves in the field.

The first modified vehicle was delivered in early 1987. Since then almost all users of the Leopard 1 have also applied similar changes to their own vehicles, and in most ways the 1A5 can be considered the "standard" Leopard 1 today.

Leopard 1A6

A single 1A1A1 was also modified with additional armor on the turret and had the 120 mm gun as the Leopard 1A6. The project was ended in 1987, as the Leopard 2 was in widespread service at this point and the 1A5 offered a reasonable upgrade path for a fraction of the cost.

Other modifications

Simultaneous to the production of the battle tanks a number of engineering, bridging and recovery vehicles was developed, as well as a number of versions used in the anti-aircraft role. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3072x2304, 1916 KB) (All user names refer to de. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3072x2304, 1916 KB) (All user names refer to de. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1175 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Leopard tank Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1175 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Leopard tank Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 222 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Leopard tank Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 222 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Leopard tank Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. ...

In Holland, there is an improved version called "Leopard 1 verbeterd" (improved), the same version is used by the Chilean army.

The most well known Leopard variants are the Engineer Vehicle Bergepanzer and the Anti-Aircraft Gun Gepard. Some consider the latter to be among the best in NATO since most forces use only missiles for anti-air defence except the former USSR nations who still use the missiles and guns. The equivalent of the Gepard is the ZSU-23-4. There was also a British SPAAG version called Leopard Marksman, which was equipped with the Marksman turret. For the World War II German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun see Flakpanzer 38(t) The Flakpanzer (shortened form of the German Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer or anti-aircraft cannon tank) Gepard (English: Cheetah) is an autonomous, all-weather-capable German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG). ... The ZSU-23-4 Shilka is a lightly armoured, self-propelled, radar guided anti-aircraft weapon system (SPAAG). ... Marksman is a British anti-aircraft weapon system, consisting of a turret, a Marconi Series 400 radar and two Swiss 35 mm Oerlikon auto-cannons. ...

The Canadian Land Forces operate the Beaver bridgelayer, Taurus ARV, and Badger AEV, all based on the Leopard 1. Canadian Forces Land Force Command (LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Armed Forces. ... Conqueror Armoured Recovery Vehicle 2 An armoured recovery vehicle (ARV) is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to repair battle-damaged or broken-down armoured vehicles during combat, or to tow them off the battlefield for more extensive repairs. ... The EBG combat engineering vehicle, based on the AMX 30 tank, is used by the engineers of the French Army for a variety of missions. ...

The United Kingdom's Royal Marines operate a vehicle known as the Hippo BARV (or Beach Armoured Recovery Vehicle. The Hippo is a conversion by ALVIS Moelv of a Leopard 1A5 chassis. The main alteration has been the replacement of the turret with a raised superstructure which resembling the wheelhouse of a boat. The original 830 hp (634 kW) diesel engine has been retained but the gearing of the transmission had been lowered, reducing the vehicle's road speed to 32 km/h (20 mph), but increasing tractive effort to 250 kN (56,000 lbf). Other modifications include the addition of working platforms, a nosing block, raised air intakes and an Auxiliary power unit; this has raised the weight of the vehicle from 42.5 tonnes to 50 tonnes. The Hippo has a fording depth of 2.95 m (10 ft) and can pull vehicles up to 50 tonnes weight or push off from the beach a 240 tonne displacement landing craft. The Royal Marines (RM) are the marines and amphibious infantry of the United Kingdom and, along with the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary, form the Naval Service [2]. They are also the United Kingdoms amphibious force and specialists in mountain and Arctic warfare. ... The BARV is a British military support vehicle, the name coming from Beach Armoured Recovery Vehicle. // Sherman BARV Sherman BARV. Centurion BARV at the Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel The original BARV was a Sherman M4A2 tank which had been waterproofed and had the turret replaced by a tall armoured... The Vickers corporation, founded as the Vickers company in 1828, was a British manufacturer, primarily of military equipment. ... Tractive Effort (abbr. ... The APU exhaust at the tail end of an Airbus A380 An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a device on a vehicle whose purpose is to provide energy for functions other than propulsion. ... In fluid mechanics, displacement occurs when an object is immersed in a fluid, pushing it out of the way and taking its place. ... Landing craft RapiÃ¨re LCU 1656 departs USS Bataan (LHD-5) well deck during Hurricane Katrina relief operations. ...

Gilded Leopard, Eber and Keiler

Almost as soon as the Leopard was introduced into service in 1965, Porsche was awarded a contract to study further improvements to the existing design, while waiting deliveries of the MBT-70 in the mid-1970s. This original Gilded Leopard (vergoldeter Leopard) program expired in 1967 with no production order. In that year it had already become obvious that the MBT-70 would be a failure. The agreement between the USA and the BRD forbade any national development of an MBT apart from technological experimentation, so a new tank project was begun under the designation of Experimentalentwicklung or "experimental development", two prototypes of which were built. MBT-70: Prototype of the German 120 mm-armed version, identifiable due to the fume extractor. ...

When the MBT-70 program was ended a further contract was offered under the name Boar (Eber), with an emphasis on using as many technologies from the MBT-70 as possible, but without the problematic combined gun - rocket launcher. Two prototype vehicles were constructed using a new chassis from Porsche with the road wheels from the MBT-70 and the original Leopard engine, combined with a new Wegmann turret mounting the MBT-70's Rheinmetall 120 mm smoothbore gun (although some also mounted the original 105 mm). These were considered promising enough that seven more were ordered, this time powered by the MTU engine designed for the MBT-70. When this happened the Experimentalentwicklung team went public with their alternative design which they called the Keiler (a synonym of Eber). In 1971 the minister of defence, Helmut Schmidt, decided to abandon the Eber-project and build seventeen prototypes of a Leopard 2, based on the Keiler design, which had a turret with spaced sloped armour. The maximum weight was to be fifty metric tons. An M1 Abrams tank firing the Rheinmetall L44 fitted with a hoffman device. ... For the parapsychologist, see Helmut Schmidt (parapsychologist). ... Sloped armour was developed as a defensive measure by the French SOMUA (Société dOutillage Mécanique et dUsinage dArtillerie) right before the outbreak of World War II. It was a technological response to the trend of fitting increasingly bigger guns on battle tanks. ...

During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, 1950s and '60s generation tanks were badly beaten by wire-guided missiles, and it was realized that dramatically improved armor protection was needed. The decision was made to allow the tank to increase its weight to the next classification, Military Loading Class 60 (tonnes), and a new design effort was started, with the spaced armour replaced with a much denser perforated armour assemblage. The new design would go on to augment and after the Cold War sometimes replace the Leopard in many countries' armies. Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul Munim... A wire-guided missile is a missile guided by signals sent to it via thin wires reeled out during flight. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Operators

Countries that have at one point operated the Leopard 1 in their armed forces, or currently still do: Image File history File links Acap. ...

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Australia

The Leopard tanks first arrived in Australia from Germany in 1976, ending a selection and trial process (against the US M60 Patton) which started in 1971 when the army decided it needed a replacement for the British Centurions serving since 1952. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2000x1312, 334 KB) Found on http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2000x1312, 334 KB) Found on http://www. ... The Centurion was the primary British Main Battle Tank of the immediate post-war era, and considered by many to be one of the best British tank designs of all time. ...

In March 2004, the decision was made to replace the Leopard 1 with reconditioned US M1A1 Abrams AIM[1]. A number of European nations had offered surplus Leopard 2s during the procurement. The M1 Abrams is a military tank produced in the United States. ...

The first 18 of 59 M1A1 Abrams arrived in September 2006. The M88A2 Hercules is concurrently replacing the Leopard family of support variants in Australian service. The M88 is one of the largest all weather Armored Recovery Vehicles currently in use by U.S. Armed Forces, dwarfing the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. ...

The Leopard 1 was operated by the 1st Armoured Regiment and officially withdrawn from service in July 2007. Their guns were never fired in anger. A Leopard AS1 MBT of the 1st Armoured Regiment during an exercise in Queensland; June 25, 2005. ...

Australian Leopard external links

Canada

Canada acquired 127 Leopard C1 tanks (equivalent to Leopard 1A3 with laser rangefinder) in 1978–79 for its Land Forces, with 114 being put into service. Most of these tanks were stationed in Germany during the Cold War, with a few retained at Canadian Forces Base Gagetown, New Brunswick for training. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 568 pixelsFull resolution (2397 Ã— 1703 pixel, file size: 908 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 568 pixelsFull resolution (2397 Ã— 1703 pixel, file size: 908 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... British Mark V; one of the few WWI tanks still in working order. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 517 pixelsFull resolution (2500 Ã— 1616 pixel, file size: 975 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 517 pixelsFull resolution (2500 Ã— 1616 pixel, file size: 975 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Land Force Command (LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. ... Canadian Forces Base Gagetown, also referred to as CFB Gagetown, is a large Canadian Forces Base located in southwestern New Brunswick. ...

While investigating the possibilities of increasing the Leopards' armour and adding thermal night-vision equipment, five or six Leopard C1 tanks had an extremely thick MEXAS (Modular Expandable Armour System) appliqué armour kit applied, made by German firm IBD Deisenroth Engineering. These tanks, designated Leopard C1A1, served with Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) in the 1999 KFOR mission in Kosovo. They were later upgraded with the same sights and fire-control system as the Leopard C2 (below). Lord Strathconas Horse (Royal Canadians) (LdSH [RC]) is a regular armoured regiment of the Canadian Forces. ... For other uses, see KFOR (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ...

Starting in 2000, the 114 Leopard C1 tanks in service were upgraded to Leopard C2 at a cost of CAD $139 million. The turrets of 123 surplus Leopard 1A5 tanks purchased from the German Defence Ministry were fitted into the existing Canadian tanks (nine turrets were reserved for spare parts and training), and the German tank hulls sold back to the upgrade contractor. The Leopard C2 is also equipped with thermal sights and EMES 18 fire-control system. Eighteen Leopard Crew Gunnery Trainers were purchased at the same time. C$ redirects here. ... Two American soldiers pictured during the 2003 Iraq War seen through an Image Intensifier Night vision is the ability to see, whether through biological or technological means, in a dark environment. ... A fire-control system is a computer, often mechanical, which is designed to assist a weapon system in hitting its target. ...

Canada also operates the Leopard 1-based Beaver bridgelayer and Taurus armoured recovery vehicle, bought with the original Leopard C1, and the Badger armoured engineering vehicle with a dozer blade and excavator bucket, which entered service in 1990. An armoured vehicle-launched bridge (or AVLB) is a combat support vehicle, sometimes regarded as a subtype of combat engineering vehicle, designed to assist militaries in rapidly deploying tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles across rivers. ... Conqueror Armoured Recovery Vehicle 2 An armoured recovery vehicle (ARV) is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to repair battle-damaged or broken-down armoured vehicles during combat, or to tow them off the battlefield for more extensive repairs. ... The EBG combat engineering vehicle, based on the AMX 30 tank, is used by the engineers of the French Army for a variety of missions. ...

A number of the Canadian Leopard tanks were pulled out of service during the 2000s in anticipation of replacing them with the eight-wheeled Mobile Gun System, but these plans were put on hold. Of the obsoleted tanks, 23 were sold to companies in North America, 4 put in museums or used as monuments (including two at the Bovington Tank Museum),^[2] and 21 used as hard targets on ranges. The Canadian Army web site list indicates that 66 Leopard C2 remain in service.[2] The Mobile Gun System is an eight-wheeled armored fighting vehicle mounting a 105 mm tank gun, derived from the Mowag Piranha. ... British Mark V; one of the few WWI tanks still in working order. ...

Canada sent a squadron of Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) to Afghanistan in the fall of 2006, equipped with fifteen Leopard C2 tanks with add-on armour, as well as two recovery vehicles and two engineering vehicles.[3][4] The armoured squadron is intended to provide convoy protection, supporting Canada's Provincial Reconstruction Teams and other organizations equipped with lighter vehicles. The first tanks arrived in Kandahar in mid-October 2006.[5] On December 2, 2006 the Leopards stationed in Kandahar entered the field, marking the first time since the Korean War that a Canadian armoured squadron had sent tanks into an active war zone, and fired their guns in combat for the first time in as many years on the following day in response to a Taliban rocket attack. A Squadron is a small unit or formation of cavalry, aircraft (including balloons), or naval vessels. ... The Taliban (Pashto: , also anglicized as Taleban) are a Sunni Muslim and ethnic Pashtun movement [2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance, United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. ...

After an initial assessment of the performance of the Leopard C2 in Afghanistan, Canada decided to invest in Leopard 2 tanks. It was determined that the lack of adequate air conditioning (essential in the searing heat of Afghanistan,) was degrading the tank crew's war fighting ability. ^[3] The Army later downplayed this factor, citing increased armour protection and the main gun armament as reasons for upgrading to the Leopard 2.^[4] After some public speculation, Canadian Defence minister Hon. Gordon O'Connor clarified the situation on Thursday, April 12, 2007.[6] Gordon James OConnor, PC, OMM, CD, BA, B.Sc. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

To meet immediate needs in Afghanistan, twenty of the Bundeswehr's stock of Leopard 2A6 were upgraded to 2A6M standard and loaned to Canada at no cost by the German government. Two Leopard 2 Büffel armoured recovery vehicles were acquired at the same time. These vehicles were shipped from Germany to Afghanistan, with the first arriving on August 16, 2007.^[5] The Leopard 2 is a German main battle tank built by the German company Krauss-Maffei-Wegmann, developed in the early 1970s and first entering service in 1979, replacing the earlier Leopard 1 as the foremost MBT in the Bundeswehr. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

For the long term, Canada plans to replace the borrowed Leopard 2 tanks with a purchase of 100 surplus vehicles from the Netherlands, including 40 Leopard 2A6M for combat service, 40 Leopard 2A4 for training, and 20 support vehicles, such as armoured recovery vehicles, armoured bridge-laying vehicles and armoured engineering vehicles.

The older Leopard C2 tanks are considered to become completely obsolescent in 2015, but specific plans for them have not been announced.^[6]

Canadian Leopard external links

Turkey

The Turkish Army is upgrading its Leopard 1 tanks to a version called the Leopard 1T. The modernization program includes the serial production and integration of the Volkan fire control system developed by Aselsan.^[7] The new indigenous system provides the capability of detecting the targets day and night in all weather conditions and combat environments. It highly increases the first round hit probability on the move.^[8] The Turkish Army (Turkish: TÃ¼rk Kara Kuvvetleri) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. ... ASELSAN was founded by the Turkish Armed Forces Foundation at the end of 1975 to produce tactical military radios and defense electronic systems for the Turkish Army. ...

Lebanon

Lebanon and Belgium finalized the transfer of 43 Leopard 1 tanks to the Lebanese Armed Forces in a deal worth 3.5 million euros, which also includes a number of ex-Belgian APCs.^[9] The military of the Republic of Lebanon is officially known as the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù‚ÙˆØ§Øª Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø³Ù„ØØ© Ø§Ù„Ù„Ø¨Ù†Ø§Ù†ÙŠØ© ) and consists of three branches: The Lebanese Army The Lebanese Navy The Lebanese Air Force // The Lebanese Armed Forces primary missions include; defending Lebanon and its citizens against all aggression, confronting threats against...

Denmark

In 1976 Denmark acquired 120 Leopard 1A3 tanks, which were designated Leopard 1 DK. This was completed in 1978. In 1992 Denmark acquired another 110 1A3 tanks (partly through Conventional Forces Europe treaty AFV reduction requirements.) These tanks were upgraded to Leopard 1A5-DK along with the first 120 Leopards, which were not identical to the German 1A5, because they had welded turrets. Denmark had a total of 230 Leopard 1A5-DKs. The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. ...

These Leopards were involved in the most important engagement in modern Danish military history. Denmark was the only Scandinavian country to send a significant tank force to support their peacekeeping operations in Crotia and Bosnia. During Operation Bøllebank, in 1994, these tanks successfully engaged hostile Serbian forces. This was the largest combat operation by Danish forces since 1864, the most successful since before the Second World War, and their first victory in modern times. During the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Operation BÃ¸llebank was the largest combat operation by Danish forces since 1864. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

Additionally, and most importantly, this is believed to be the first time any type of Leopard 1 tank fired its gun in anger in a combat situation.

References

^ ^a ^b Gelbart, Marsh (1996). Tanks main battle and light tanks. Brassey’s UK Ltd. ISBN 185753168X.
^ A Brace of Leopards, Bovington Tank Museum
^ "The announcement will likely be welcome news to soldiers who have had to endure searing heat driving their current Leopard C2s in the Afghan desert during the summer months. Heat-related health risks have threatened before to cause the tanks to be pulled from service. O'Connor said the newer tanks will be equipped with a cooling system for the crews before they reach Afghan soil." CBC News, April 12, 2007
^ Military touts tougher image as tanks roll out in Kandahar - 'It could give our soldiers more confidence and be a bit of a shock for enemy troops' CBC News, August 16, 2007
^ "Canadian Forces to refresh aging fleet of tanks", CBC news, April 12, 2007.
^ "Renewing the Canadian Forces' Tank Capability", Official DND/CF Backgrounder.
^ Leopard 1A1/A1A4 Tanks Improvement Project
^ VOLKAN - Fire Control System for Leopard 1 Tanks
^ Le Liban achète 71 blindés à la Belgique, dont 43 chars Leopard - MSN Actualités - Politique - actualités

Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Contents

Development history

Leopard 1

Leopard 1A1

Leopard 1A2

Leopard 1A3

Leopard 1A4

Leopard 1A5

Leopard 1A6

Other modifications

Gilded Leopard, Eber and Keiler

Operators

Australia

Australian Leopard external links

Canada

Canadian Leopard external links

Turkey

Lebanon

Denmark

References

External links

Contents

Development history GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Leopard 1

Leopard 1A1

Leopard 1A2

Leopard 1A3

Leopard 1A4

Leopard 1A5

Leopard 1A6

Other modifications

Gilded Leopard, Eber and Keiler

Operators

Australia

Australian Leopard external links

Canada

Canadian Leopard external links

Turkey

Lebanon

Denmark

References

External links

Development history