| Butterflies / skippers, moths |
The Clipper Parthenos sylvia | | Scientific classification | | | | Subdivisions | | See Taxonomy of Lepidoptera and Lepidopteran diversity. Superfamilies and families Superfamily Hedyloidea: Hedylidae Superfamily Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. ...
Type species Hesperia comma Silver-spotted skipper Diversity 550 genera 3,500 species Subfamilies Coeliadinae Pyrrhopyginae Hesperiinae Heteropterinae Pyrginae Trapezitinae The Skippers are a group of insects in the order Lepidoptera. ...
For other uses, see Moths. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 535 pixelsFull resolution (2346 × 1568 pixel, file size: 529 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Parthenos sylvia philippensis Subfamilia:Limenitidinae Location: St. ...
Scientific classification redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...
Orders Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas) Embioptera (webspinners) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Superorder Hemipterodea Psocoptera (booklice, barklice) Phthiraptera (lice) Hemiptera (true bugs) Thysanoptera (thrips) Superorder...
Orders Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas) Embioptera (webspinners) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Superorder Hemipterodea Psocoptera (booklice, barklice) Phthiraptera (lice) Hemiptera (true bugs) Thysanoptera (thrips) Superorder Endopterygota Miomoptera - extinct Megaloptera (alderflies, etc. ...
Orders Coleoptera (beetles) Diptera (flies and relatives) Hymenoptera (wasps and relatives) Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) Mecoptera Megaloptera Miomoptera (extinct) Neuroptera Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Siphonaptera (fleas) Strepsiptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) The Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, are insects of the subclass Pterygota which go through distinctive larval, pupal, and adult stages. ...
Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Cover of the tenth edition of Linnaeuss Systema Naturae (1758). ...
This is a taxonomy of the order Lepidoptera down to family level: // Superfamily Agathiphagoidea Family Agathiphagidae Subsection Cossina Superfamily Castnioidea Family Castniidae Superfamily Cossoidea Series Cossiformes Family Cossidae Family Dudgeoneidae Series Limacodiformes Family Cyclotornidae Family Epipyropidae Family Dalceridae Family Limacodidae Superfamily Tortricoidea Family Tortricidae Subsection Bombycina Superfamily Bombycoidea Family Anthelidae...
This is a list of the Diversity of the Lepidotera showing the estimated number of genera and species described for each superfamily and, where available, family. ...
| Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterflies. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies. Members of the order are referred to as lepidopterans. A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a lepidopterist. This order has more than 180,000 species[1] in 128 families and 47 superfamilies. The name is derived from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (scale) and πτερόν (wing). Estimates of species suggest that the order may have more species and may be among the largest two or three orders, along with the hymenoptera and the coleoptera.[2] In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...
Lepidopteran on a flower. ...
For other uses of the term butterfly, see butterfly (disambiguation). ...
A class is the rank in the scientific classification of organisms in biology below Phylum and above Order. ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...
For other uses, see Moths. ...
Superfamilies and families Superfamily Hedyloidea: Hedylidae Superfamily Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. ...
Type species Hesperia comma Silver-spotted skipper Diversity 550 genera 3,500 species Subfamilies Coeliadinae Pyrrhopyginae Hesperiinae Heteropterinae Pyrginae Trapezitinae The Skippers are a group of insects in the order Lepidoptera. ...
Genera See text. ...
A lepidopterist is a person who catches and collects, or simply studies, lepidopterans, members of an order comprising butterflies, skippers, and moths. ...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ...
In biology, a superfamily is a taxonomic grade intermediate between suborder and family. ...
Beginning of Homers Odyssey The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage of the Greek language[1] as it existed during the Archaic (9th–6th centuries BC) and Classical (5th–4th centuries BC) periods in Ancient Greece. ...
Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ...
For other uses, see Beetle (disambiguation). ...
[edit] General Characteristics Lepidopterans like all holometabola, undergo complete metamorphosis, going through a four-stage life cycle of egg - larva/caterpillar - pupa/chrysalis - imago/adult.[2] Their lifecycle can include an inactive period or diapause in any of the pre-adult stages that helps overcome unsuitable environmental conditions.[2] Orders Coleoptera(beetles) Diptera(flies and relatives) Hymenoptera(wasps and relatives) Lepidoptera(butterflies and moths) Mecoptera Megaloptera Miomoptera(extinct) Neuroptera Raphidioptera(snakeflies) Siphonaptera(fleas) Strepsiptera Trichoptera(caddisflies) The Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, are insects of the subclass Pterygota which go through distinctive larval, pupal, and adult stages. ...
A Pieris rapae larva An older Pieris rapae larva A Pieris rapae pupa A Pieris rapae adult Metamorphosis is a process in biology by which an individual physically develops after birth or hatching, and involves significant change in form as well as growth and differentiation. ...
A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ...
A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ...
This article is about a form of an insect. ...
Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) pupa A pupa (Latin pupa for doll, pl: pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. ...
Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) pupa A pupa (Latin pupa for doll, pl: pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. ...
The imago is the last stage of development of an insect, after the last ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence from pupation where the metamorphosis is complete. ...
Diapause is a physiological state of dormancy with very specific triggering and releasing conditions; there are various definitions and contexts in which the term is used, but its most common application is in arthropods, especially insects. ...
The larvae, caterpillars, have a toughened (sclerotized) head capsule, chewing mouthparts, and a soft body, that may have hair-like or other projections, 3 pairs of true legs, and additional prolegs (up to 5 pairs). They can be confused with the larvae of sawflies. Lepidopteran larvae can be differentiated by the presence of crochets on the prolegs which are absent in the Symphyta (sawflies). Most caterpillars are herbivores, but a few are carnivores (some eat ants or other caterpillars) and detritivores.[3] This article is about a form of an insect. ...
Families (Cephoidea) Cephidae-stem sawflies (Megalodontoidea) Megalodontidae Pamphilidae-leaf-rolling & web-spinning sawflies (Orussoidea) Orussidae-parasitic wood wasps (Siricoidea) Siricidae- horntails (Tenthredinoidea) Argidae-argid sawflies Blasticotomidae Cimbicidae-cimbicid sawflies Diprionidae-conifer sawflies Pergidae-pergid sawflies Tenthredinidae-common sawflies (Xyeloidea) Anaxyelidae-cedar sawflies Xyelidae-xyelid sawflies Xiphydriidae-wood wasps Symphyta is...
Families (Cephoidea) Cephidae-stem sawflies (Megalodontoidea) Megalodontidae Pamphilidae-leaf-rolling & web-spinning sawflies (Orussoidea) Orussidae-parasitic wood wasps (Siricoidea) Siricidae- horntails (Tenthredinoidea) Argidae-argid sawflies Blasticotomidae Cimbicidae-cimbicid sawflies Diprionidae-conifer sawflies Pergidae-pergid sawflies Tenthredinidae-common sawflies (Xyeloidea) Anaxyelidae-cedar sawflies Xyelidae-xyelid sawflies Xiphydriidae-wood wasps Symphyta is...
Adults have two pairs of membranous wings covered, usually completely, by minute scales. In some species, wings are reduced or absent (often in the female but not the male). Antennae are prominent. In moths, males frequently have more feathery antennae than females, for detecting the female pheromones at a distance. The Trichoptera (caddisflies) which are a sister group of the Lepidoptera have scales, but also possess caudal cerci on the abdomen, a feature absent in the Lepidoptera.[2] In this SEM image of a butterfly wing the scales are clearly visible, and the tiny platelets on each individual scale are just barely visible in the striping. ...
Fanning honeybee exposes Nasonov gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive A pheromone (from Greek φÎÏω phero to bear + ‘οÏμόνη hormone) is a chemical that triggers a natural behavioral response in another member of the same species. ...
Suborders [1] Annulipalpia Spicipalpia Integripalpia Caddisflies (Order Trichoptera, from trich, hair, and ptera, wings) are small moth-like insects having two pairs of hairy membranous wings. ...
Adult mouth parts prominently include the proboscis formed from maxillary galeae and are adapted for sucking nectar. Some species have reduced mouth parts (some species do not feed as adults), and others have them modified to pierce and suck blood or fruit juices (some Noctuids).[4] Mandibles are absent in all except the Zeugaloptera which have chewing mouthparts.[5] The maxillary palpi are reduced and consist of up to five segments. They are conspicuous in some of the more primitive families and are often folded. The labial palpi are more prominent and upward pointed.[2](See also: difference between a butterfly and a moth) Although the separation of Lepidopterans into butterfly and moth categories is a well-known distinction, the difference between a butterfly and a moth is not actually a standard taxonomic division. ...
The three thoracic segments are fused and consist of non-movable sclerites. The wings arise from the meso- and meta-thoracic segments and are similar in size in the primitive groups. In the more recent groups, the meso-thoracic wings are larger with more powerful musculature at their bases and more rigid vein structures on the costal edge. In the Noctuoidea, the metathorax is modified with a pair of tympanal organs. There are a variety of wing coupling mechanisms that connect the forewings and the hindwings. The more primitive groups have an enlarged lobe, jugum, at the base of the forewing that folds under the hindwing in flight. Other groups have a frenulum on the hindwing that hooks under a retinaculum on the forewing. In some groups such as the Psychidae, Lymantriidae, the females are flightless and have reduced wings.[2]
The abdominal segments 7-10 or 8-10 are modified to form the external genitalia. The abdomen is connected to the thorax in the more recent families by muscles connectd to projections from the abdominal sternite 2. Paired hearing organs at the base of the abdomen occur in the Pyraloidea and Geometroidea. Males have glandular organs such as expandable hair brushes or tufts, or as thin-walled, eversible sacs (coremata), from the intersegmental membranes. The genitalia are complex and provide the basis for species discrimination in most families and also in family identification.[2]
Primitive groups have a single genital aperture near the end of the abdomen through which both copulation and egg laying occur. This character is used to designate the Monotrysia. Hepialidae and related families have an external groove that carries sperm from the copulatory opening (gonopore) to the (ovipore) and are termed exoporian. The remaining groups have an internal duct that carry sperm and form the Ditrysia, with two distinct openings each for copulation and egg-laying.[2]It also has antennaes.
[edit] Families There are about 130 families in this order with variations depending on the taxonomic treatment (see the family template box at the bottom of this section). Lepidopteran on a flower. ...
Lepidopteran on a flower. ...
Type Species Zygaena filipendulae (Six-Spot Burnet moth) Subfamilies Callizygaeninae Chalcosiinae Phaudinae Procridinae Zygaeninae Larva showing warning colours, flattening The Zygaenidae are a family of Lepidoptera (moths) typically day-flying with a slow fluttering flight, and with rather clubbed antennae. ...
The Lepidoptera are divided into several suborders, the largest being Glossata, the vast majority of which are Ditrysia. Infraorders Dacnonypha Exoporia Heteroneura Lophocoronina Neopseustina Glossata is a suborder of the insect order Lepidoptera that includes all the superfamilies of moths and butterflies that have a coilable proboscis (see also suborders Zeugloptera, Aglossata and Heterobathmiina). ...
Families See Lepidoptera. ...
Several other classifications of lepidopteran families are used in older literature. These include the Rhopalocera (club-horned) consisting of what are commonly called butterflies and the Heterocera (varied-horned) consisting of the moths. However, Rhophalocera is a natural (monophyletic) group, while Heterocera is a paraphyletic assemblage. Rhopalocera and Heterocera are non-standard divisions in the taxonomy of Lepidopterans, used in an attempt to formalize the popular schoolyard distinction between butterflies and moths. ...
Rhopalocera and Heterocera are non-standard divisions in the taxonomy of Lepidopterans, used in an attempt to formalize the popular schoolyard distinction between butterflies and moths. ...
In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ...
Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Another non-standard classification separates the Lepidoptera into Microlepidoptera for the smaller species (mostly moths) and Macrolepidoptera for the larger species. Microlepidoptera is an grouping of moth and butterfly families, commonly know as the smaller moths (Micro, lepidoptera). ...
Macrolepidoptera is a sometime Suborder of Order Lepidoptera, the second-largest Order of the Insects. ...
[edit] Evolution
[edit] History of study Linnaeus in Systema Naturae (1758) recognized three divisions of the Lepidoptera: Papilio, Sphinx, and Phalaena with seven subgroups in Phalaena.[4] These persist today as 9 of the superfamilies of Lepidoptera. Other works on classification followed including those by Denis & Ignaz Schiffermüller (1775), Fabricius (1775) and Pierre André Latreille (1796). Jacob Hübner described many genera, and the Lepidopteran genera were catalogued by Ochsenheimer and Treitschke in a series of volumes on the Lepidopteran fauna of Europe published between 1807 and 1835.[4] G.A.W. Herrich-Schaffer (several volumes, 1843-1856), and Edward Meyrick (1895) based their classifications primarily on wing venation. Sir George Francis Hampson worked on the 'microlepidoptera' during this period. Among the first entomologists to study fossil insects and their evolution was Samuel H Scudder (1837-1911), who worked on butterflies.[6] He published a study of the Florissant deposits of Colorado. Andreas V. Martynov (1879-1938) recognized the close relationship between Lepidoptera and Trichoptera in his studies on phylogeny.[6] Major contributions in the 20th century included the creation of the monotrysia and ditrysia (based on female genital structure) by Borner in 1925 and 1939.[4] Willi Hennig (1913-1976) developed the cladistic methodology and applied it to insect phylogeny. Niels P. Kristensen, E. S. Nielsen and D. R. Davis studied the relationships among monotrysian families and Kristensen worked more generally on insect phylogeny and higher Lepidoptera too.[4][6]. While it is often found that DNA-based phylogenies differ from those based on morphology, this has not been the case for the Lepidoptera; DNA phylogenies correspond to a large extent to morphology-based phylogenies.[6] Phalaena was originally a subdivision of Lepidoptera, created by Carolus Linnaeus, and included moths in general. ...
Ignaz Schiffermüller (1727 - 1806) was an Austrian naturalist. ...
Pierre André Latreille. ...
Jacob Hübner (1761 - 1826) was a German entomologist. ...
Ferdinand Ochsenheimer (17 March 1767 in Mainz, Germany – 2 November 1822 in Vienna, Austria) was a German actor and entomologist (lepidopterist). ...
Librettist and translator. ...
Edward Meyrick (1854 - 1938) was an English schoolmaster and amateur entomologist. ...
Sir George Francis Hampson, 10th Baronet, (January 14, 1860 - October 15, 1936) was a British entomologist. ...
Willi Hennig (April 20, 1913 - November 5, 1976) was a German biologist and is known as the founder of phylogenetic systematics (cladistics). ...
Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ...
Superfamilies Monotrysia Borner, 1939 Incurvarioidea Andesianoidea Palaephatoidea Tischerioidea Nepticuloidea The Monotrysia is a group of insects in the Lepidopteran order which is not currently considered to be a natural group or clade. ...
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: Microlepidotera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia.[4] In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one race) if it consists of an inferred common ancestor and all its descendants. ...
Lepidoptera tend not to be as common as some other insects in the habitats that are most conducive to fossilization, such as lakes and ponds, and their juvenile stage has only the head capsule as a hard part that might be preserved. Yet there are fossils, some preserved in amber and some in very fine sediments. Leaf mines are also seen in fossil leaves, although the interpretation of them is tricky.[6] The earliest fossil is Archaeolepis mane from the Jurassic, about 190 million years ago in Dorset, UK.[6] It consists of wings and shows scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and the characteristic wing venation pattern shared with Trichoptera.[6] Only 2 more sets of Jurassic Lepidopteran fossils have been found, and 13 sets in the Cretaceous.[6] From there, many more fossils are found from the Tertiary, and particularly the Eocene Baltic amber. Leaf miners are insect larvae that live within leaf tissue. ...
Suborders [1] Annulipalpia Spicipalpia Integripalpia Caddisflies (Order Trichoptera, from trich, hair, and ptera, wings) are small moth-like insects having two pairs of hairy membranous wings. ...
[edit] Phylogeny |
| | Apoditrysia |
| | Macrolepidoptera | | Rhopalocera |
| Papilionoidea (true butterflies) Families Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae Libytheidae The superfamily Papilionoidea contains all the butterflies except for the skippers, which are classified in superfamily Hesperioidea. ...
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| Hesperiidae (skippers) Author: Latreille, 1809 Type species: Hesperia comma (Silver-spotted skipper) Diversity: 550 genera 3,500 species Subfamilies Coeliadinae Pyrrhopyginae Hesperiinae Heteropterinae Pyrginae Trapezitinae The Skippers are a group of insects in the order Lepidoptera. ...
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| Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies) Genera See text. ...
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| Geometroidea (geometer moths) Diversity over 20,500 species Geometroidea is the superfamily of geometrid moths. ...
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| Drepanoidea (hooktip moths) Diversity 673 species Drepanoidea is the superfamily of hook tip moths. ...
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| Cimeliidae (gold moths) Genera Axia Epicimelia Cimeliidae or the Gold Moths (formerly known as Axiidae[1]) is a family of moths whose precise relationships within the Macrolepidoptera[2] are currently uncertain, but they currently represent the only family in a recently-recognized superfamily whose nearest relatives include the butterflies, Calliduloidea, Drepanoidea, Geometroidea, Bombycoidea...
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| Callidulidae (old world butterfly moths) Genera See text. ...
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| Noctuoidea (Owlet, tiger moths) Diversity over 70,000 species Noctuoidea is the superfamily of noctuid moths. ...
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| Bombycoidea (Silk moths, hawk moths) Diversity Over 3,500 species Bombycoidea is the superfamily of moths described as Silkworms, emperors and relatives. ...
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| Lasiocampoidea (lappet moths) Diversity over 1,600 species Lasiocampoidea is the superfamily of lappet moths. ...
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| Mimallonidae (sackbearer moths) Diversity 200 species Mimallonoidea is the superfamily of sack bearer moths. ...
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| Thyrididae (picture winged leaf moths) Diversity 12 genera, over 1,000 species Subfamilies Thyridinae Striglininae Thyrididae is the picture-winged leaf moths family of moths in the Lepidoptera order. ...
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| Hyblaeidae (teak moths) Genera See text. ...
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| Copromorphoidea (fruitworm moths) Diversity About 318 species Families Copromorphidae Carposinidae Copromorphoidea, the fruitworm moths is a superfamily of insects in the lepidopteran order. ...
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| Pyraloidea (snout moths) Diversity roughly 16,000 species Pyraloidea is the superfamily of pyraloids and plume moths. ...
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| Immidae Genera Moca (Immidae) Imma Bursadella Birthana Immoidea is a superfamily of pantropical moths containing only the family Immidae comprising four genera with around 250 species. ...
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| Whalleyana Diversity 2 species Species Whalleyana vroni Viette, 1977 Whalleyana toni Viette, 1977< Whalleyana Viette, 1977 is an enigmatic genus of moths in the Lepidopteran group Obtectomera[1] endemic to Madagascar containing two species, whose biology and closest relatives is unknown. ...
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| Tortricoidea (leafrollers) Diversity Over 6,200 species Tortricoidea is the superfamily of leaf roller moths. ...
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| Zygaenoidea (burnet moths) Diversity over 2,600 species Zygaenoidea is the superfamily of moths that includes burnets, forester moths and relatives. ...
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| Pterophoridae (plume moths) Author: Zeller, 1841 Type species: Pterophorus pentadactyla Diversity: 73 genera 986 species Subfamilies Agdistinae Deuterocopinae Macropiratinae Ochyroticinae Pterophorinae Genera Pterophorus and some 90 others The Pterophoridae or plume-moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. ...
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| Alucitoidea (many-plumed moths) Diversity around 150 species Aluctoidea is the superfamily of many-plumed moths. ...
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| Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths) Genera See text. ...
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| Schreckensteinia (bristle legged moths) Diversity 8 species Genera Schreckensteinia Corsocasis Schreckensteinioidea is a superfamily in the insect order Lepidoptera containing a single family, Schreckensteiniidae, or bristle-legged moths, because of the stout spines on the hindlegs. ...
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| Choreutidae (metalmark moths) Genera See text. ...
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| Urodidae (false-burnet moths) Diversity over 60 species Urodoidea is the superfamily of false burnet moths, containing one family, Urodidae, with nine genera[1], one of which, Wockia, occurs in Europe. ...
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| Sesioidea (clearwing moths) Diversity over 1,300 species Sesioidea is the superfamily of clearwings and relatives. ...
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| Cossoidea (carpenter moths) Diversity roughly 680 species Cossoidea is the superfamily of moths that includes carpenter worms and relatives. ...
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| Gelechioidea (twirler moths) Diversity 15 families over 16,250 species Gelechioidea is the superfamily of moths that includes case bearers and relatives. ...
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| Yponomeutoidea (ermine moths) Diversity Over 1,500 species of micromoths Yponomeutoidea is the superfamily of Ermine moths and relatives. ...
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| Gracillarioidea (leafminers) Diversity 2,000 species Gracillarioidea is the superfamily of leaf blotch miner moths. ...
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| Tineoidea (bagworm moths) Diversity 4,200 species Tineoidea is the superfamily moths that includes clothes moths, bagworms and relatives. ...
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| A proposed phylogeny of the principal lepidopteran groups.[7] | It has long been noted that the Lepidoptera and the Trichoptera (caddisflies) share many similarities that are lacking in other insect orders. Among these are: Suborders [1] Annulipalpia Spicipalpia Integripalpia Caddisflies (Order Trichoptera, from trich, hair, and ptera, wings) are small moth-like insects having two pairs of hairy membranous wings. ...
- females, rather than males, are heterogametic (i.e. their sex chromosomes differ)
- dense setae on the wings (modified into scales in Lepidoptera)
- a particular wing venation pattern on the forewings
- larvae with mouth structures and glands to make and manipulate silk.[6]
Thus the two sister orders are grouped into the Amphiesmenoptera. The group probably evolved in the Jurassic, diverging from the extinct Necrotaulidae.[6] Lepidoptera differ from the Trichoptera in several features, including wing venation, form of the scales on the wings, loss of the cerci, loss of an ocellus, and changes to the legs.[6] The ZW sex-determination system is a system that birds, some fishes, and some insects (including butterflies and moths) use to determine the sex of their offspring. ...
A seta is a stiff hair, bristle, or bristle-like process or part of an organism. ...
Orders Trichoptera Lepidoptera Amphiesmenoptera an insect superorder, established by Willi Hennig in his revision of insect taxonomy for two sister orders: Lepidoptera and Trichoptera. ...
The Jurassic Period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 199. ...
Suborders [1] Annulipalpia Spicipalpia Integripalpia Caddisflies (Order Trichoptera, from trich, hair, and ptera, wings) are small moth-like insects having two pairs of hairy membranous wings. ...
A common earwig with large cerci in the background. ...
An ocellus (plural: ocelli) is a type of photoreceptor organ in animals. ...
The oldest, most basal lineages of Lepidoptera have as adults, not the curled tongue or proboscis characteristic of most members of the order, but chewing mandibles (Micropterigidae, Agathiphagidae and Heterobathmiidae). Micropterigidae larvae feed on decaying leaves (much like the Trichoptera), fungi, liverworts or live leaves.[4] The adults chew pollen or spores of ferns. In the Agathiphagidae, larvae feed inside seeds of kauri pines, and in Heterobathmiidae the larvae mine leaves of Nothofagus, the southern beech. These families also have mandibles in the pupal stage, which help the pupa emerge from the seed or cocoon just before adult emergence.[4] In general, a proboscis (from Greek pro before and boskein to feed) is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal. ...
This article is about the human bone. ...
Diversity 1 family 120-150 species Micropterigoidea is the superfamily of mandibulate archaic moths, all placed in the single family Micropterigidae. ...
Genus Agathiphaga Agathiphagidae is a family of insects in the Lepidoptera order. ...
Genera See text. ...
Suborders [1] Annulipalpia Spicipalpia Integripalpia Caddisflies (Order Trichoptera, from trich, hair, and ptera, wings) are small moth-like insects having two pairs of hairy membranous wings. ...
Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...
Orders Need to be entered Liverworts are non-vascular plants in the Class Marchantiopsida, formerly known as the Hepaticae. ...
Binomial name Agathis australis (D.Don) Loudon Agathis australis (Kauri) is a coniferous tree native to the northern districts of the North Island of New Zealand and is the biggest but not tallest species of tree in the country, with trunk diameters that rival Sequoias. ...
Species Nothofagus alpina - Rauli Beech Nothofagus antarctica - Antarctic Beech Nothofagus betuloides - Magellanes Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii - Myrtle Beech Nothofagus dombeyi - Coigüe Beech Nothofagus fusca - Red Beech Nothofagus gunnii - Tanglefoot Beech Nothofagus menziesii - Silver Beech Nothofagus moorei - Negrohead Beech Nothofagus obliqua - Roble Beech Nothofagus pumilio - Lenga Beech Nothofagus solanderi - Black Beech...
The Eriocraniidae have a short coiled proboscis in the adult stage, and retain mandibles for the purpose of escaping the cocoon, but they are non-functional thereafter.[4] They, and most of the other non-ditrysian families, are primarily leaf miners in the larval stage. In addition to the proboscis, there is a change in the scales among these basal lineages, with later lineages showing more complex perforated scales.[6] Genera See text. ...
Leaf miners are insect larvae that live within leaf tissue. ...
With the evolution of the Ditrysia in the mid-Cretaceous, there was a major reproductive change. The Ditrysia, which comprise 98% of the Lepidoptera, have two separate openings for reproduction in the females (as well as a third opening for excretion), one for mating, and one for laying eggs. The two are linked internally by a seminal duct. (In more basal lineages there is one cloaca, or later, two openings and an external sperm canal.) Of the early lineages of Ditrysia, Gracillarioidea and Gelechioidea are mostly leaf miners, but more recent lineages feed externally. In the Tineoidea, most species feed on plant and animal detritus and fungi, and build shelters in the larval stage.[6] Families See Lepidoptera. ...
// The Cretaceous Period (pronounced ) is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ...
In zoological anatomy, a cloaca is the posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts of certain animal species. ...
Diversity 2,000 species Gracillarioidea is the superfamily of leaf blotch miner moths. ...
Diversity 15 families over 16,250 species Gelechioidea is the superfamily of moths that includes case bearers and relatives. ...
Diversity 4,200 species Tineoidea is the superfamily moths that includes clothes moths, bagworms and relatives. ...
The Yponomeutoidea is the first group to have significant numbers of species whose larvae feed on herbaceous plants, as opposed to woody plants.[6] They evolved about the time that flowering plants underwent an expansive adaptive radiation in the mid-Cretaceous, and the Gelechioidea that evolved at this time also have great diversity. Whether the processes involved co-evolution or sequential evolution, the diversity of the Lepidoptera and the angiosperms increased together. Diversity Over 1,500 species of micromoths Yponomeutoidea is the superfamily of Ermine moths and relatives. ...
Four of the 13 finch species found on the Galápagos Archipelago, and thought to have evolved by an adaptive radiation that diversified their beak shapes to adapt them to different food sources. ...
// The Cretaceous Period (pronounced ) is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ...
Bumblebees and the flowers they pollinate have co-evolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival. ...
In the so-called "macrolepidoptera", which constitutes about 60% of Lepidopteran species, there was a general increase in size, better flying ability (via changes in wing shape and linkage of the forewings and hindwings), reduction in the adult mandibles, and a change in the arrangement of the crochets (hooks) on the larval prolegs, perhaps to improve the grip on the host plant.[6] Many also have tympanal organs, that allow them to hear. These organs evolved eight times, at least, because they occur on different body parts and have structural differences.[6] The main lineages in the macrolepidoptera are the Noctuoidea, Bombycoidea, Lasiocampidae, Mimallonoidea, Geometroidea and Rhopalocera. Bombycoidea plus Lasiocampidae plus Mimallonoidea may be a monophyletic group.[6] The Rhopalocera, comprising the Papilionoidea (Butterflies), Hesperioidea (skippers), and the Hedyloidea (moth-butterflies), are the most recently evolved.[4] There is quite a good fossil record for this group, with the oldest skipper about 56 million years old.[6] Macrolepidoptera is a sometime Suborder of Order Lepidoptera, the second-largest Order of the Insects. ...
A hearing organ in insects, consisting of a membrane (tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac. ...
Diversity over 70,000 species Noctuoidea is the superfamily of noctuid moths. ...
Diversity Over 3,500 species Bombycoidea is the superfamily of moths described as Silkworms, emperors and relatives. ...
Diversity 5 subfamilies, 150 genera, 1500 species SubFamilies Macromphaliinae Gastropachinae Lasiocampinae Chondrosteginae The Lasiocampidae family of moths, also known as Snout or Lappet moths Caterpillars of this family are large in size and are most often hairy, especially on their sides. ...
Diversity 200 species Mimallonoidea is the superfamily of sack bearer moths. ...
Diversity over 20,500 species Geometroidea is the superfamily of geometrid moths. ...
Rhopalocera and Heterocera are non-standard divisions in the taxonomy of Lepidopterans, used in an attempt to formalize the popular schoolyard distinction between butterflies and moths. ...
In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ...
Families Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae Libytheidae The superfamily Papilionoidea contains all the butterflies except for the skippers, which are classified in superfamily Hesperioidea. ...
Author: Latreille, 1809 Type species: Hesperia comma (Silver-spotted skipper) Diversity: 550 genera 3,500 species Subfamilies Coeliadinae Pyrrhopyginae Hesperiinae Heteropterinae Pyrginae Trapezitinae The Skippers are a group of insects in the order Lepidoptera. ...
Diversity Roughly 40 species Hedyloidea is the superfamily of American butterfly moths. ...
[edit] Cited references - ^ The Lepidoptera Taxome Project Draft Proposals and Information. Centre for Ecology and Evolution, University College London. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Powell, Jerry A. Lepidoptera (pp. 631-664) in Resh, V. H. & R. T. Cardé (Editors) 2003. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press.
- ^ Dugdale, JS, 1996. Natural history and identification of litter-feeding Lepidoptera larvae (Insecta) in beech forests, Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand, with especial reference to the diet of mice (Mus musculus). Journal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 26, Number 2, pp 251-274
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Scoble, MJ 1995. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity. Oxford, UK: The Oxford University Press; 404 p.
- ^ Borror, D.J., Triplehorn, C.A. Johnson. ( 1989) Introduction to the Study of Insects. 6th ed. Brooks Cole.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Grimaldi, D, and M S Engel, 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Tree of Life Accessed January 2007
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
This article is about the day. ...
[edit] Other references - Kristensen, NP (Ed.). 1999. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
- Nye, IWB & DS Fletcher, 1991. Generic Names of Moths of the World. Volume 6: xxix + 368 pp. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
- Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002
- F. Nemos: Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen. Oestergaard Verlag, Berlin, ca. 1895, http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.28790.d001 (pdf, 77 MB).
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