The Levellers were a mid 17th century English political movement, who came to prominence during the English Civil Wars. They were not a political party in the modern sense of the word, so people who historians have labeled as Levellers did not subscribe to a specific party manifesto, nevertheless many Levellers agreed with the view expressed in the Agreement of the People. Leveller views and support was to be found in the populace of the City of London and in some regiments in the New Model Army. The Levellers came to prominence at the end of the First English Civil War and were most influential before the start of the Second Civil War. After Pride's Purge and the execution of Charles I, power lay in the hands of the Grandees in the Army, (and to a lesser extent with the Rump Parliament). The Levellers along with all other opposition groups were marginalized by those in power and their influence waned. By 1650 they were no longer a serious threat to the established order. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the  United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130... Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. ... The English Civil War consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) and Royalists (known as Cavaliers) between 1642 and 1651. ... Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... Look up manifesto in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Agreement of the People (1648) was a social contract for the revolutionary English government. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... The First English Civil War (1642–1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or Wars). The English Civil War refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second... The Second Civil War may refer to: Congo Civil War may refer to Second Congo War (1998–2002) Second English Civil War (1642–1646) Second Liberian Civil War started in 1999 Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) A movie (1997), a political satire starring Beau Bridges and directed by Joe... Prides Purge was the occasion when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not supporters of Oliver Cromwell. ... Charles I King of England, Scotland and Ireland Charles I (19 November 1600–30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his death. ... Spanish nobles are classified either as Grandees (also called Peers) or as Titled Nobles. ... The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ...

Brief history

Origin of name

The term 'leveller' had been used in seventeenth century England as a term of abuse for rural rebels. In the Midland Revolt of 1607 the name was used to refer to those who 'levelled' hedges in enclosure riots. The name Leveller first appears in a letter of 1 November 1647, although the 19th century historian S.R. Gardiner suggested that it was in existence as a nickname before this date (Gardiner, Great Civil War, iii. 380). However, Blair Worden, the most recent historian to publish on the subject, concluded that the 1 November date was the first recorded use of the term (see Worden, 'The Levellers in History and Memory c.1660-1960' in Michael Mendle, The Putney Debates of 1647 (Cambridge 2001) pp.280-282). The 1 November letter referred to extremists amongst the Army agitators: "They have given themselves a new name, viz. Levellers, for they intend to sett all things straight, and rayse a parity and community in the kingdom".^[1] As Worden shows, the name first appeared in print in a book written by Charles I called 'His Majesties Most Gracious Declaration'. This tract was a printing of a letter that had been read in the House of Lords on 11 November 1647. Although George Thomason did not date this tract, the last date internal to the document was Saturday 13 November 1647, suggesting a publication date of 15 November 1647 (see British Library Thomason Collection E413(15)). In 1607, beginning on May Eve in Haselbech, Northamptonshire and spreading to Warwickshire and Leicestershire throughout May, riots took place as a protest against the enclosure of common land. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... George Thomason (d. ...

At first the use of the term leveller did not refer to John Lilburne, Richard Overton and William Walwyn per se but referred to a faction of New Model Army agitators and their London supporters who were allegedly plotting to assassinate the king. The books published during 1647-1648 often repeat this terminological uncertainty, but gradually, the term 'Leveller' attached to Lilburne, Overton, Walwyn and their 'faction'. This public 'identification' was largely due to the aspersions cast by Marchamont Nedham, the author of the newspaper Mercurius Pragmaticus. Lilburne, along with John Wildman later thought that the name was invented by Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton during the Putney Debates of late October and early November 1647 (see Worden op.cit, p.282). The charge of levelling was a charge that they vehemently denied, but ironically after their arrest and imprisonment in 1649 four of the 'Leveller' leaders- Thomas Prince, William Walwyn, Richard Overton and John Lilburne signed a manifesto which called themselves Levellers. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Richard Overton (c. ... William Walwyn, c. ... Marchamont Needham (1620 – 1678) was a journalist, publisher and pamphleteer during the English Civil War, who wrote official news and propaganda for both sides of the conflict. ... Sir John Wildman (c. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Henry Ireton Henry Ireton (1611 - November 26, 1651), was an English general in the army of Parliament during the English Civil War. ... William Walwyn, c. ... Richard Overton (c. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Political ambitions

The Levellers had no coherent agenda. Before 1649, there is no record of their having sat down together to develop a manifesto. However, they were committed broadly to the abolition of corruption within the Parliamentary and judicial process, toleration of religious differences, the translation of law into the common tongue, and some kind of expansion of the suffrage. These aims fluctuated. Some Levellers, like John Lilburne, argued that the English Common law, particularly Magna Carta, were the foundation of English rights and liberties, but others, like William Walwyn, compared Magna Carta to a 'mess of potage'. // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English charter originally issued in 1215. ...

Foundation

Levellers tended to hold fast to a notion of "natural rights" that had been violated by the king's side in the Civil Wars. At the Putney Debates in 1647, Colonel Rainborough defended natural rights as coming from the law of God expressed in the Bible. Richard Overton considered that liberty was an innate property of every person. Michael Mendle has demonstrated the development of Leveller ideas from elements of early Parliamentarian thought as expressed by men such as Henry Parker. The Putney Debates were a series of discussions between members of the New Model Army and the Levellers, concerning the makeup of a new constitution for England. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Thomas Rainsborough (c 1610- 29? October 1648) was a leading figure in the English Civil War. ...

Timeline

In July 1645, John Lilburne was imprisoned for denouncing Members of Parliament who lived in comfort while the common soldiers fought and died for the Parliamentary cause. His offence was slandering William Lenthall, the Speaker of the House of Commons, whom he accused of corresponding with Royalists. He was freed in October after a petition requesting his release, and signed by over two thousand leading London citizens, was presented to the House of Commons. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... The English parliament in front of the King, c. ...

In July 1646, Lilburne was imprisoned again, this time in the Tower of London, for denouncing his former army commander the Earl of Manchester as a Royalist sympathiser, because he had protected an officer who had been charged with treason. It was the campaigns to free Lilburne from prison which spawned the movement known as the Levellers. Richard Overton was arrested in August 1646 for publishing a pamphlet attacking the House of Lords. During his imprisonment he wrote an influential Leveller Manifesto, An Arrow Against All Tyrants and Tyranny.^[2] 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Her Majestys Royal Palace and Fortress The Tower of London, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically simply as The Tower), is a historic monument in central London, England on the north bank of the River Thames. ... Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester KG (1602 – May 5, 1671), eldest son of the first earl by his first wife, Catherine Spencer, granddaughter of Sir John Spencer of Althorpe, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ... Traitor redirects here. ...

The soldiers in the New Model Army elected Agitators from each regiment to represent them: these were recognised by the Army's commanders and had a seat on the General Council. However, by September 1647 at least five regiments of Cavalry had elected new unofficial agitators and produce a pamphlet called The Case of the Army truly stated. This was present to the commander-in-chief, Sir Thomas Fairfax, on 18 October 1647. In this they demanded a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future parliaments, which were to be regulated by an unalterable "law paramount".^[1] The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ...

The senior officers in the Army (nicknamed "Grandees") were incensed by the Case of the Army an ordered the unofficial Agitators to give an account of their principles before the General Council. These debates are known as the Putney Debates, and they were held in St. Mary's Church, Putney, in the county of Surrey, between October 28 and November 11, 1647. The Agitators were assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers since July 1647. On 28 October the Agitator Robert Everard presented a document entitled An Agreement of the People^[3]. This manifesto, which was inherently republican and democratic, appeared to conflict with the terms of settlement that had already been endorsed by the General Council of the Army in July entitled The Heads of the Proposals^[4]. The Heads of Proposals contained many demands that looked towards social justice but relied on the King agreeing to them and bringing those proposals into law through acts of Parliament. The new Agitators, who were inherently distrustful of the King, demanded that England be settled from 'the bottom up' rather than the 'top down' by giving the vote to most adult males. The debates help to throw light on the areas on which supporters of the Parliamentarian side agreed and those on which they differed. For example, Ireton asked whether the phrase in the Agreement "according to the number of the inhabitants" gave a foreigner just arrived in England and resident in a property the right to vote? He extends this argument to say that a person must have a "permanent interest of this kingdom" to be entitled to vote. He then argued that "permanent interest" means owning property, which is where he and the Levellers disagreed. To modern eyes the debates seem to draw heavily on the Bible to lay out certain basic principles, but this is to be expected in an age still racked by religious upheavals in the aftermath of the reformation, and particularly in an army where soldiers were, in part, selected for their religious zeal. It is notable that John Wildman, resisted religious language arguing that the Bible produced no model for civil government and that reason should be the basis of any future settlement. Spanish nobles are classified either as Grandees (also called Peers) or as Titled Nobles. ... The Putney Debates were a series of discussions between members of the New Model Army and the Levellers, concerning the makeup of a new constitution for England. ... St. ... Should not be confused with Surry. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Sir John Wildman (c. ... The Agreement of the People was a manifesto for the revolutionary changes to English parliamentary system, issued by the Levellers. ... The Heads Of Proposals was a set of propositions intended to be a basis for a constitutional settlement after King Charles I was defeated in the first English Civil War[1]. It was drafted in the summer of 1647 by Commisionary-General Henry Ireton and Major-General John Lambert. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Sir John Wildman (c. ...

The Corkbush Field rendezvous on November 17, 1647, was the first of three rendezvous to take place as agreed in the Putney Debates. The Army commanders Thomas Fairfax and Cromwell were worried at the strength of support that the Levellers had in the Army, so they decided to impose The Heads of the Proposals as the army's manifesto instead of the Levellers' Agreement of the People. When some refused to accept this, because they wanted the army to adopt the Levellers' document, they were arrested, and one of the ringleaders, Private Richard Arnold, was executed. At the other two rendezvous, the troops who were summoned agreed to the manifesto without further protest. The Corkbush Field Mutiny, occurred on November 17, 1647 at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, when some soldiers objected to sign a declaration of loyalty to Thomas Fairfax, the commander-in-chief of the New Model Army (NMA), and the Army Council. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (January 17, 1612 - November 12, 1671), parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the English Civil War, the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, was born at Denton, near Otley, Yorkshire. ... Richard Rorbert II Ricky Arnold (born November 26, 1963 in Cheverly, Maryland) is a NASA astronaut. ...

The Levellers' largest petition, entitled To The Right Honovrable The Commons Of England, was presented to Parliament on September 11, 1648 after amassing signatories including about a third of all Londoners.^[5][6] Look up Petition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... A Londoner is someone who inhabits or originates from London. ...

On October 30, 1648, Thomas Rainsborough was killed. He was a Member of Parliament and also a Leveller leader who had spoken at the Putney Debates. His funeral was the occasion for a large Leveller-led demonstration in London, with thousands of mourners wearing the Levellers' ribbons of sea-green and bunches of rosemary for remembrance in their hats. October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Thomas Rainsborough (c 1610- 29? October 1648) was a leading figure in the English Civil War. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ...

On January 20, 1649 a version of the Agreement of the People that had been drawn up in October 1647 for the Army Council and subsequently modified, was presented to the House of Commons.^[7] January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

At the end of January 1649, Charles I of England was tried and executed for treason against the people. In February, the Grandees banned petitions to Parliament by soldiers. In March, eight Leveller troopers went to the Commander-in-Chief of the New Model Army, Thomas Fairfax, and demanded the restoration of the right to petition. Five of them were cashiered out of the army. // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... The right to petition is the freedom of individuals (and sometimes groups and corporations) to petition their government for a correction or repair of some form of injustice without fear of punishment for the same. ...

In April three hundred infantrymen of Colonel John Hewson's regiment, who declared that they would not serve in Ireland until the Levellers' programme had been realised, were cashiered without arrears of pay, which was the threat that had been used to quell the mutiny at the Corkbush Field rendezvous. Later the same month, in the Bishopsgate mutiny, soldiers of the regiment of Colonel Edward Whalley stationed in Bishopsgate London made demands similar to those of Hewson's regiment; they were ordered out of London. When they refused to go, fifteen soldiers were arrested and court martialled, of whom six were sentenced to death. Of this six, five were subsequently pardoned while Robert Lockyer (or Lockier), a former Levellers agitator, was hanged April 27, 1649. "At his burial a thousand men, in files, preceded the corpse, which was adorned with bunches of rosemary dipped in blood; on each side rode three trumpeters, and behind was led the trooper’s horse, covered with mourning; some thousands of men and women followed with black and green ribbons on their heads and breasts, and were received at the grave by a numerous crowd of the inhabitants of London and Westminster." ^[8] Colonel John Hewson (Hughson) died in 1662. ... The Bishopsgate mutiny occurred in April 1649 on when soldiers in the regiment of Colonel Edward Whalleys regiment of the New Model Army refused to obey orders and leave London. ... Edward Whalley (c. ... Looking north from a pedestrian bridge across Bishopsgate Bishopsgate, in the heart of Londons financial district. ... Robert Lockyer[1] (1625 - 1649) was an English soldier in Oliver Cromwells New Model Army. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

In 1649, Lieutenant-Colonel John Lilburne, William Walwyn, Thomas Prince, and Richard Overton were imprisoned in the Tower of London by the Council of State (see above). It was while the leaders of the Levellers were being held in the Tower that they wrote an outline of the reforms the Levellers wanted, in a pamphlet entitled An Agreement Of The Free People Of England (written on May 1, 1649). It includes reforms that have since been made law in England such as the right to silence, and others, such as an elected judiciary, that have not.^[9] This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... William Walwyn, c. ... Richard Overton (c. ... Her Majestys Royal Palace and Fortress The Tower of London, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically simply as The Tower), is a historic monument in central London, England on the north bank of the River Thames. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... The right to silence is a legal protection enjoyed by people undergoing police interrogation or trial in certain countries. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      In law, the judiciary or judicial is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...

Commemoration plaque for two Levellers in Gloucester Green, Oxford.

Shortly afterwards Cromwell attacked the "Banbury mutineers", 400 troopers who supported the Levellers and who were commanded by Captain William Thompson.^[10][11] Several mutineers were killed in the skirmish, Captain Thompson escaped only to be killed a few days later in another skirmish near the Diggers community at Wellingborough. The three other leaders – William Thompson's brother, Corporal Perkins, and John Church – were shot May 17, 1649. This destroyed the Leveller's support base in the New Model Army, which by this time was the major power in the land. Although Walwyn and Overton were released from the Tower, and Lilburne was tried and acquitted, the Leveller cause had effectively been crushed. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixel Image in higher resolution (1760 × 1168 pixel, file size: 538 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commemoration plaque for two Levellers in Gloucester Green, Oxford. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixel Image in higher resolution (1760 × 1168 pixel, file size: 538 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commemoration plaque for two Levellers in Gloucester Green, Oxford. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Banbury mutiny was a mutiny by soldiers in the New Model Army. ... For other meanings see Diggers (disambiguation) and Levellers (disambiguation) The Diggers were a group begun by Gerrard Winstanley in 1649 which called for a total destruction of the existing social order and replacement with a communistic and agrarian lifestyle based around the precepts of Christian Nationalism, wishing to rid England... Wellingborough is a town in Northamptonshire, England situated some eleven miles from the county town of Northampton. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

Other usage

In 1724 there was a rising against enclosures in Galloway, and a number of men who took part in it were called “Levellers” or “Dykebreakers” (A. Lang, History of Scotland, vol. iv). The word was also used in Ireland during the eighteenth century to describe a secret revolutionary society similar to the Whiteboys. The Inclosure Acts were a number of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which inclosed common land in the country. ... Galloway (Scottish Gaelic, Gall-ghaidhealaibh or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) today refers to the former counties of Wigtownshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright in southwest Scotland, but has fluctuated greatly in size over history. ... The Whiteboys were a secret Irish agrarian organisation in 18th Century Ireland which used violent tactics to defend tenant farmer land rights for subsistence farming. ...

See also

• Good Old Cause
• Edward Sexby (1616–1658) was an English Puritan, soldier and Leveller. He turned against Cromwell and plotted his assassination.
• 17th century denominations in England
• Kett's Rebellion a revolt in 1549

• Contributions to liberal theory

• US Bill of Rights and Hugo Black - US Supreme Court Justice who cited John Lilburne in his written legal Opinions beginning in 1949.

The Good Old Cause was the name given by the soldiers of the New Model Army for the reasons they fought for Parliament against King Charles I and the Royalists during the English Civil War and the support they gave to the republic, particularly the English Commonwealth, of the Interregnum... Edward Sexby (1616 - January 13, 1658) was an English Puritan soldier and Leveller in the army of Oliver Cromwell. ... 17th Century religious Denominations in England There were a large number of religious denominations who emerged during the early - mid 17th Century in England. ... Ketts Oak Ketts Rebellion was a revolt in July 1549 instigated by Robert Kett of Wymondham. ... Contributions to liberal theory is a partial list of individual contributions on a worldwide scale. ... United States Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is the name given to the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. ... Hugo Black Hugo LaFayette Black (February 27, 1886 – September 25, 1971) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1937 - 1971). ...

Further reading

• Annis, Ben; Have Historians Exaggerated the Significance of Radical Movements in the English Revolution?
• Anderson, Angela; Cromwell and the Levellers interviewed as part of the preparation for Cromwell: New Model Englishman by Channel 4
• Selected works of the Levellers
• John Lilburne and the Levellers
• BBC: The Levellers (17th century)
• 1642-52: Levellers and Diggers in the English Revolution
• A Time-line for the Levellers
• The Levellers: Overton, Walwyn and Lilburne Note 1 in this link includes an explanation of the origins of the word Levellers.
• Hoile, David; The Levellers: Libertarian Radicalism and the English Civil War

It has been suggested that Channel Four Television Corporation be merged into this article or section. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} "Levellers" article in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition [1]
2. ^ An arrow against all tyrants Richard Overton, 12 October 1646
3. ^ The Agreement of the People as presented to the Council of the Army October 1647
4. ^ The Heads of the Proposals offered by the Army
5. ^ To The Right Honovrable The Commons Of England in Parliament assembled. The humble Petition of Thousands wel-affected persons inhabiting the City of London, Westminster, the Borough of Southwark Hamblets, and places adjacent.
6. ^ To the right honovrable, the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament (search page for library locations containing the document).
7. ^ Agreement of the People and the places therewith incorporated, for a secure and present peace, upon grounds of common right, freedom and safety, as presented to Parliament in January 1649
8. ^ The History of England: Chapter IV: The Commonwealth by John Lingard
9. ^ Agreement of the Free People, extended version from the imprisonment of the Leveller leaders, May 1649
10. ^ The testimony of the Burford Levellers
11. ^ THE Levellers (Falsely so called) Vindicated, OR THE CASE Of the twelve Troops (which by Treachery in a Treaty) was lately surprised, and defeated at Burford