Li Lianying (Chinese: 李莲英; pinyin: Lǐ Liányīng) was a royal eunuch during the Qing Dynasty, and was a favorite of the Empress Dowager Cixi, who was the de facto ruler of China for forty years from 1869–1909. He served as the Head Eunuch (太监总管) until getting deposed in 1908. Li Lianying was known to be dominant in court affairs, controlling everything from the actions of other eunuchs, to which officials could be granted an audience by the Empress Dowager. Such things often involved large amounts of bribery, and Li Lianying made a fortune out of it. Pinyin (拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hà nyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin. ... A eunuch is a human male whose testicles have either been removed or are non-functional. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清æœ; pinyin: qÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing... Jump to: navigation, search Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) The Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: 慈禧太åŽ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tzu-hsi) (November 29, 1835–November 15, 1908), popularly known in China as the Western Empress Dowager (西太åŽ), and officially known posthumously as Empress Xiaoqin Xian (å欽顯皇åŽ), was a powerful and charismatic figure who... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Jump to: navigation, search 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bribery is the practice of offering a professional or an authority person money or other favours in order to circumvent ethics or other rules in a variety of situations. ...
Sun was born, Li Lianyang accumulated vast influence as the, favorite eunuch of the Empress Dowager Cixi, one of the greatest purveyors of Imperial poiftics.
Li headed an Imperial staff of thousands of cooks, gardeners, laundreymen, cleaners, painters and other eunuchs, who were classified in a complex hiearchy of 48 separate grades.
Though eunuchs were generally illiterate, some, like LiLianying, could read enough of the stylized court language to wield Influence over officials bearing documents.
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