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Depending on definitions, a lie can be a genuine falsehood or a selective truth, a lie by omission, or even the truth if the intention is to deceive or to cause an action not in the listener's interests.
One famous lie by the latter was when Koko the Gorilla, confronted by her handlers after a tantrum in which she had literally torn a steel sink out of its moorings, signed in American Sign Language, "cat did it", pointing at her tiny kitten.
Polygraph lie detector machines measure the physiological stress a subject endures in a number of measures while he or she gives statements or answers questions.