Liebig condenser

The Liebig condenser or straight condenser is a piece of laboratory equipment consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket. Water is constantly circulated in the water jacket to help cool hot vapors, condensing them into liquid. It is used in distillation and reflux to condense vapors into liquid. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2181x405, 143 KB) Liebig condenser - File links The following pages link to this file: Liebig condenser ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2181x405, 143 KB) Liebig condenser - File links The following pages link to this file: Liebig condenser ... Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. ... Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... A water jacket is a water-filled void surrounding a device, typically a metal sheath having intake and outlet vents to allow water to be pumped through the void. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... Diagram of typical reflux apparatus. ... Water vapor condensing over a cup of hot tea Condensation is the change in matter of a substance to a denser phase, such as a gas (or vapor) to a liquid. ... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ...

History

Though named after the German chemist Justus Baron von Liebig, he cannot be given credit for having invented it because it was already in use for some time before him. However, it is believed that the apparatus was made popular by him. A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ... Freiherr Justus von Liebig (May 12, 1803 in Darmstadt, Germany - April 18, 1873 in Munich, Germany) was a German chemist. ...

The true inventors, all of them making the discovery independently, and the year of the invention were the German chemist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel in 1771, French scientist, P. J. Poisonnier, in 1779 and the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin in 1791. Christian Ehrenfried Weigel (24 May 1748 in Stralsund - 8 August 1831 in Greifswald) was a German scientist and -- beginning in 1774 -- a professor of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Botany, and Mineralogy at the Universität von Greifswald. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Johan Gadolin Johan Gadolin (June 5, 1760 — August 15, 1852) was a Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist. ... 1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Liebig himself incorrectly attributed the design to the German pharmacist Johann Göttling who had made improvements to the Weigel design in 1794 ^[1]. The mortar and pestle is an international symbol of pharmacists and pharmacies. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Efficiency

The Liebig condenser is much more efficient than a simple retort due to its use of liquid cooling. Water can absorb much more heat than the same volume of air, and its constant circulation through the water jacket keeps the condenser's temperature constant. Therefore a Liebig condenser can condense a much greater flow of incoming vapour than an air condenser or retort. A retort. ...

See also

• Condenser
• Allihn condenser
• Dimroth condenser
• Friedrich condenser
• Graham condenser
• Vigreux condenser

The term condenser has the following meanings: In electronics, it is another (old-fashioned) word for capacitor. ... The Allihn condenser or bulb condenser is a type of laboratory glassware. ... Dimroth condenser is a Graham condenser where the coil doubles up, returning to where it started. ... Friedrich or spiraled finger condenser consist of a large, spiraled cold finger. ... A Graham condenser in the first configuration is used to prevent the toluene from boiling away while it is being refluxed. ... Vigreux or refluxing condenser has many indentations in the glass providing a greater surface area for partitioning between the liquid and vapor phases than a straight-walled condenser. ...

References

1. ^ The Origin of the Liebig Condenser Jensen, William B. J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 23. Abstract