LIGA, a German acronym for (X-ray) lithography (Lithographie), Electroplating (Galvanoformung), and Molding (Abformung), is a process in microtechnology that was developed in the early 1980s [1] by a team under the leadership of Erwin Willy Becker and Wolfgang Ehrfeld at the Institute for Nuclear Process Engineering (Institut für Kernverfahrenstechnik IKVT) [2] at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center [3]. LIGA was one of the first major techniques to allow on-demand manufacturing of high-aspect-ratio structures (structures that are much taller than wide) with lateral precision below one micrometre. This capability is important in the fabrication of MEMS devices. Because of the high collimation of X-rays needed, the source must be synchrotron light. In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... Photolithography is a process used in semiconductor device fabrication to transfer a pattern from a photomask (also called reticle) to the surface of a substrate. ... Electroplating is the process of using Davd lloyd current to coat an electrically conductive object with a relatively thin layer of metal. ... Microtechnology is technology with features near one micrometre (one millionth of a metre, or 10-6 metre, or 1μm). ... The aspect ratio of a two-dimensional shape is the ratio of its longer dimension to its shorter dimension. ... A mite next to a gear set produced using MEMS. Courtesy Sandia National Laboratories, SUMMiTTM Technologies, www. ... Synchrotron radiation emerging from a beam port. ...
There are today three different types of LIGA technologies, differing in the radiation and preform used:
X-Ray LIGA, the first LIGA technology developed, using X-Rays produced by a synchrotron,
UV-LIGA using ultraviolet light, typically from a mercury lamp, and special resists like SU-8, and
In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... In semiconductor fabrication, resist refers to both: A thin layer used to transfer a circuit pattern to the semiconductor substrate which it is deposited upon. ... DRIE or deep reactive ion etching is a dry etching technique used for creating high aspect ratio structures in micro fabrication. ... It has been suggested that Silicons ranking be merged into this article or section. ...
Notes and references
^ Becker EW et al, Production of Separation-Nozzle Systems for Uranium Enrichment by a Combination of X-Ray Lithography and Galvanoplastics, Naturwissenschaften 69, 520-523 (1982)
^ present name/successor institution: Institute for Microstructure Technology (Institut für Mikrostrukturetechnik) IMT
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe [in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft] (literally: Karlsruhe Research Centre [within the Helmholtz Association]) is a research institution based in Karlsruhe/BW, Germany. ...
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most frequently injured ligament of the knee.
Structurally, the MCL is more firmly attached to the knee than the lateral collateral ligament and most injuries usually occur on the more exposed lateral side, which exerts most of the stress onto the medial side.
The MCL is made up of a superficial ligament which is now called by itself the tibial collateral ligament which originates from the medial epicondyle of the femur, just below the adductor tubercle, and inserts on the medial tibia three to four inches below the joint line, posterior and deep to the pes anserinus.
A ligament connects two bones and is involved in the stability of the joint.
Since tendons move the joints and ligaments stabilize the joints, it is primarily these soft tissue structures that are involved.
The ligaments and tendons produced after Prolotherapy, appear much the same as normal tissues, except that they are thicker, stronger, and contain fibers of varying thickness, testifying to the new and ongoing creation of collagentissue.
Feeds |
Contact