 Three types of lightsticks in several colours A lightstick, also called a glowstick, is a transparent plastic tube which contains chemical fluids held apart in two compartments. The outer plastic tube contains one part of the chemical mixture, and the inner compartment is a glass or brittle plastic tube containing the second mixture. If the lightstick is bent, the inner tube breaks and the chemicals mix, resulting in a reaction that emits light but not necessarily heat. This phenomenon is called chemoluminescence. Three types of lightsticks in five colours File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Three types of lightsticks in five colours File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Household items made out of plastic. ...
A chemical compound is a chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ...
A chemical reaction occurs when vapours of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium chloride A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances [1]. The substance or substances initially involved...
Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength[1]. The elementary particle that defines light is the photon. ...
In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is defined as energy in transit. ...
Lightsticks Chemoluminescence (sometimes chemiluminescence) is the emission of light (luminescence) as the result of a chemical reaction. ...
Usage
Lightsticks have various purposes: they are used in the military, by recreational divers doing night diving, by marching band conductors for night time performances, and also used for entertainment at parties (especially raves), concerts, and dance clubs. Glowsticking refers to the use of glowsticks in dancing. A further application are light effects, especially balloon-carried light effects. Recreational diving is a type of diving that uses SCUBA equipment for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment. ...
Night diving is a type of recreational diving which takes place in darkness. ...
An American college marching band on the field (University of Texas) A marching band is a group of instrumental musicians who generally perform outdoors, and who incorporate movement – usually some type of marching – with their musical performance. ...
A rave party, more often called a rave, is an all-night dance event where DJs and other performers play electronic dance music and rave music. ...
The freehand glowsticking has a distinctive figure 8 pattern. ...
A contemporary dancer rehearsing in a dance studio Dance generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. ...
Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
By adjusting the concentrations of the two chemicals, manufacturers can produce lightsticks that either glow brightly for a short amount of time, or glow more dimly for a much longer amount of time. At maximum concentration (typically only found in laboratory settings), mixing the chemicals results in a furious reaction, producing large amounts of light for only a few seconds. Michael Faraday, 19th century physicist and chemist, in his lab. ...
Heating a lightstick causes the reaction to proceed faster and the lightstick to glow brighter, but for a shorter period of time. Cooling a lightstick slows the reaction and causes it to last longer, but the light is dimmer. This can be demonstrated by refrigerating or freezing an active glowstick; when it warms up again, it will resume glowing .
When punctured, glowsticks can also be used as pens to write messages that can only be seen in the dark. This is not recommended as the chemicals in the sticks can be dangerous.
 Disassembly of a chemoluminescent lightstick showing original lightstick at left, then the opened lightstick with peroxide mixture poured into a graduated cylinder and glass ampoule of fluorophore removed, then all three under UV illumination showing fluorophore fluorescence and plastic container fluorescence, then chemoluminescence of mixed substances in the graduated cylinder and finally on the right the mixture put back into the original plastic container showing the slightly different (more orange) color of light emission. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (6360x1777, 971 KB)Disassembly of a chemoluminescent lightstick showing original lightstick on the left, then the opened lightstick with peroxide mixture poured into a graduated cylinder and glass ampoule contained fluorophore removed, then all three under UV illumination showing fluorophore fluorescence...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (6360x1777, 971 KB)Disassembly of a chemoluminescent lightstick showing original lightstick on the left, then the opened lightstick with peroxide mixture poured into a graduated cylinder and glass ampoule contained fluorophore removed, then all three under UV illumination showing fluorophore fluorescence...
Chemistry The light stick contains two chemicals and a suitable fluorescent dye (sensitizer, or fluorophor). The chemicals in the plastic tube are a mixture of the dye and a derivate of phenyl oxalate ester (also called Cyalume). The chemical inside the glass vial is concentrated (about 35%) hydrogen peroxide. By mixing the peroxide with the phenyl oxalate ester, a chemical reaction takes place; the ester is oxidized, yielding two molecules of phenol and one molecule of peroxyacid ester. The peroxyacid decomposes spontaneously to carbon dioxide, releasing energy that excites the dye, which then deexcites by releasing a photon. The wavelength of the photon depends on the structure of the dye; eg. 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene gives green light, 9,10-diphenylanthracene yields blue light, 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene yields red light. Other colors can be made of combination of dyes, eg. purple requires three dyes. Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ...
Sensitiser in chemoluminescence is a compound, capable of light emission after it has received energy from a molecule, which became excited previously in the chemical reaction. ...
A fluorophor is a compound that emits light via fluorescence. ...
Phenyl oxalate ester, also known as Cyalume, is a liquid ester whos hydrolysis products are responsible for the luminescence in a glowstick. ...
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ...
Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ...
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
The word light is defined here as electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength; thus, X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet light, microwaves, radio waves, and visible light are all forms of light. ...
The wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. ...
Other chemicals are usually present in the mixture as well; eg. sodium salicylate as a catalyst, and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a solvent. Image File history File links Cyalume-reactions. ...
Salicylic acid is a colorless, crystalline organic carboxylic acid. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ...
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (also BEHP, di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate, DEHP, or dioctyl phthalate, DOP) is a phthalate , a branched-chain dioctyl ester of phthalic acid. ...
For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation). ...
Instead of cyalume, bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate (CPPO) is used in practical formulations, as it gives significantly better quantum yield. Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate is a component of glowsticks. ...
The Quantum Yield of a radiation-induced process is the number of times that a defined event (usually a chemical reaction step) occurs per photon absorbed by the system. ...
 Spectral emission of chemoluminescence (green line) of mixed fluorophore and peroxide which was removed from an orange lightstick, fluorescence of liquid fluorophore in glass ampoule only (before mixing) while under black light (yellow-orange line), fluorescence of plastic outer container of orange lightstick under blacklight (red line), and spectrum of reassembled chemoluminescent lightstick (glowing liquid poured back into original orange plastic vial) (darker orange line). This plot thus shows that the orange light from an orange lightstick (identical to the one in the above lightstick disassembly image) is created by a greenish-yellow light emitting chemoluminescent liquid partially inducing fluorescence in (and being filtered by) an orange plastic container.
bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate (CPPO) A similar reaction can be achieved with bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3950x2679, 749 KB) Spectral emission of chemoluminescence (green line) of mixed fluorophore and peroxide which was removed from an orange lightstick, fluorescence of liquid fluorophore in glass ampoule only (before mixing) while under black light (yellow-orange line), fluorescence of plastic...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3950x2679, 749 KB) Spectral emission of chemoluminescence (green line) of mixed fluorophore and peroxide which was removed from an orange lightstick, fluorescence of liquid fluorophore in glass ampoule only (before mixing) while under black light (yellow-orange line), fluorescence of plastic...
Image File history File links Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate. ...
Image File history File links Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate. ...
The dyes used in lightsticks usually exhibit fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore even a spent lightstick will shine under a black light. Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ...
The solar corona as seen in deep ultraviolet light at 17. ...
Spectrum of a fluorescent black light source. ...
Fluorophors used - 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) emits blue light
- 1-chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene (1-chloro(DPA)) and 2-chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene (2-chloro(DPA)) emit blue-green light with higher efficiency than unsubstituted DPA, dihydro(DPA) is purple [1]
- 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) emits green light
- 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits yellow-green light, used in 30-minute high-intensity Cyalume sticks
- 2-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits green light, used in 12-hour low-intensity Cyalume sticks
- 1,8-dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits yellow light, used in Cyalume sticks
- Rubrene emits orange-red light.
- 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 1,4,5,8-tetracarboxynaphthalene diamide emits deep red light, together with DPA is used to produce white or hot-pink light, depending on their ratio
9,10-diphenylanthracene yields blue light 9,10-diphenylanthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. ...
9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) is an aromatic hydrocarbon displaying strong fluorescence. ...
1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene is a fluorescent dye used in lightsticks. ...
Rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. ...
Image File history File links 9,10-diphenylanthracene. ...
9,10-diphenylanthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. ...
|
9,10-bis(phenylethynyl) anthracene yields green light Image File history File links 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene. ...
9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) is an aromatic hydrocarbon displaying strong fluorescence. ...
|
1-chloro- 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl) anthracene yields yellow light Image File history File links 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene. ...
1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene is a fluorescent dye used in lightsticks. ...
| rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyl naphthacene) yields yellow light Image File history File links Rubrene. ...
Rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. ...
|
5,12-bis(phenylethynyl) naphthacene yields orange light Image File history File links 5,12-bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene. ...
5,12-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene is a fluorescent dye used in lightsticks. ...
| Rhodamine 6G yields orange light Image File history File links Rhodamine_6G.png Summary Description: Chemical structure of rhodamine 6G Author, date of creation: selfmade by Shaddack, 24 October 2005 Source: self-made Copyright: Public Domain (PD) Comments: b/w PNG; ChemWindow Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Lightstick Rhodamine ...
Rhodamine B Rhodamine 6G Rhodamine is a family of related chemical compounds. ...
| Rhodamine B yields red light Image File history File links Rhodamine_B.png Summary Description: Chemical structure of Rhodamine B Author, date of creation: selfmade by Shaddack, 0 November 2005 Source: self-made Copyright: Public Domain (PD) Comments: b/w hires PNG; ChemDraw Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Lightstick Rhodamine ...
Rhodamine B Rhodamine 6G Rhodamine is a family of related chemical compounds. ...
|
History Cyalume was invented by Michael M. Rauhut and Laszlo J. Bollyky of American Cyanamid based on work by Edwin A. Chandross of Bell Labs. 1 American Cyanamid was a large, diversified, American chemical manufacturer. ...
Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ...
Other early work on chemoluminescence was carried out at the same time, by researchers under Herbert Richter at China Lake Naval Weapons Center. 2 3 NASA satellite photo showing the main runways at NAWS China Lake FAA Airport Diagram Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake or NAWS China Lake (IATA: NID, ICAO: KNID, FAA LID: NID) is an airborne weapons testing and training range operated by the United States Navy and its contractors. ...
Richard Taylor Van Zandt is the registered inventor on the Untied States Patent number 4,064,428 filed on November 1, 1976 for the original "Chemical Light Device" listed in this document.
Toxicity Glow sticks are not toxic. They can however be mildly irritating to the skin.
See also A Standard Household Light bulb This page is a list of sources of light. ...
External links |
Feeds |
Contact