NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Limburgish language

Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic (Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois) is a group of Franconian varieties, spoken in the Limburg and Rhineland regions, near the common Dutch / Belgian / German border. The area in which it is spoken roughly fits within a wide circle from Venlo to Düsseldorf to Aachen to Maastricht to Hasselt and back to Venlo. Limburgish is recognised as a regional language (Dutch: streektaal) in the Netherlands and as such it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Image File history File links Dutchdialectpic. ... Brabantian or Brabantic (Dutch: Brabants) is a dialect of the Dutch language spoken in Noord-Brabant and in the Belgian provinces of Antwerpen and Vlaams-Brabant and small parts in the west of Limburg. ... Hollandic is together with Brabantic the most frequently used dialect of the Dutch language. ... West Flemish (in West Flemish, Vlaemsch) is a group of dialects, spoken in parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. ... Position of West Flemish/Zealandic within the Dutch speaking area (Islands only) Zeelandic (ZeÃªuws in Zeelandic, Zeeuws in Dutch) is a regional language spoken in the Dutch province of Zeeland and on the South Holland island of Goeree-Overflakkee. ... East Flemish is a dialect of the Dutch language, which is a Low Franconian language. ... Position of Zuid-Gelders (Marked dark Blue) within the Dutch speaking area Zuid-Gelders (Kleverlands) is the dialect of the Dutch language that is spoken in the Veluwezoom, around Nijmegen, in the Bommelerwaard, other areas of the Netherlands, and traditionally parts of Germany including Duisburg and partly Wuppertal up to... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany, although some consider the lands to the east of the river culturally distinct, jovially referring to them as SchÃ¤l Sick; the bad or wrong side... Venlo is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. ... DÃ¼sseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... Aachen, Dutch Aken, French Aix-la-Chapelle, Spanish AquisgrÃ¡n, Latin Aquisgranum, Ripuarian Oche) is a spa city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km to the west of Cologne, and the westernmost city in Germany. ... Flag of Maastricht. ... Hasselt is a city and municipality in Belgium, capital of the province of Belgian Limburg. ... Venlo is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. ... A regional language is a language spoken in a part of a country - it may be a small area, a federal state or province, or a wider area. ... The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ...

Meuse-Rhenish

In Germany, it is common to consider the Limburgish varieties as belonging to the Low Franconian languages; in the Netherlands and Belgium however all these are tradionally seen as West Central German, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the linguists of the Low Countries define a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. In German sources, the dialects linguistically counting as Limburgish spoken east from the river Rhine are often called "Bergisch". West of the river Rhine they are called "Low Rhenish", "Limburgish" or "Ripuarian". Limburgish is not recognised by the German government as an official language. Both Limburgish and Low Rhenish belong to the greater Meuse-Rhine area, a large group of southeastern Low Franconian dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern Rhineland. The northwestern part of this triangle became under the influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. The southeastern part became a part of the Kingdom of Prussia at the same time, and from then it was subject to High German language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders. This superordinating group is called Meuse-Rhenish (Dutch: Maas-Rijnlands, German: Rheinmaasländisch), as suggested by the Amsterdam linguist Ad Welschen. Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in The Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa. ... West Central German (Westmitteldeutsch) is a High German dialect family in the German language. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or Second Germanic consonant shift (German: hochdeutsche or zweite germanische Lautverschiebung) was a phonological development (sound change) which took place in the southern dialects of German in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and was almost complete... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (Dutch Rijn, French Rhin, German Rhein, Italian: Reno, Romansch: Rein, ) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Limburgian (Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois) is a group of Franconian varieties, spoken in the Limburg and Selfkant regions, near the common Dutch/Flemish(Belgium)/German border. ... Low Franconian language area with West Maas-Rhenish: ([5] and [6]) Low Rhenish is the German name for the regional Low Franconian language variety of the Low Germanic language spoken alongside the so-called Lower Rhine in the west of Germany and the Netherlands. ... Meuse is a dÃ©partement in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. ... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (Dutch Rijn, French Rhin, German Rhein, Italian: Reno, Romansch: Rein, ) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany, although some consider the lands to the east of the river culturally distinct, jovially referring to them as SchÃ¤l Sick; the bad or wrong side... Map of the kingdom United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815 - 1830) (1839) (Dutch: Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, French: Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas and German: Vereinigte KÃ¶nigreich der Niederlande) were the unofficial names used to refer to a new unified European state created during the Congress of Vienna in... Flag of Prussia (1894 - 1918) The Kingdom of Prussia existed from 1701 until 1918, and from 1871 was the leading kingdom of the German Empire, comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the area of the Empire. ... Subdivisions Central German Upper German High German (in German, Hochdeutsch) is any of several German dialects spoken in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Luxembourg (as well as in neighbouring portions of Belgium, France (Alsace), Italy, Poland, and Romania (Transylvania) and in some areas of former colonial settlement, for example in...

Dutch and Belgian Limburgish

Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1,600,000 people in the Low Countries and by many hundreds of thousands in Germany, depending on definition. The varieties of Limburgish spoken within Flemish (Belgian) territory are more influenced by French than those spoken on Dutch and German soil. The language has similarities with both German and Dutch and Hendrik van Veldeke, a medieval writer from the region, is referred to as both one of the earlier writers in German and one the earliest writers in Dutch. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ... Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) has several main meanings: the social, cultural and linguistical, scientific and educational, economical and political community of the Flemings; some prefer to call this the Flemish community (others refer to this as the Flemish nation) which is, with over 6 million inhabitants, the majority of all Belgians... Hendrik van Veldeke (Dutch) or Heinrich von Veldeke (German; b. ...

Unlike most European languages, Limburgish is a tonal language having two tones. Other European languages known to be marginally tonal are Lithuanian, Slovenian, Swedish, Norwegian and the Yugoslav languages, Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Tone (linguistics). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

Limburgish also shows signs of a possible Celtic substrate which is indicated by a larger number of words that have Celtic origins in Limburgish than in other West Germanic dialects. The area originally was inhabited by Celtic tribes. The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ... In linguistics, a substratum (lat. ...

Subdivisions of the Limburgish language

Noordnederlimburgs (ik-Limburgs) around Venlo and Roermond in the Netherlands is the form of Limburgish, which has features of the Zuid-Gelders dialect. Centraal-Limburgs is a concept used in Germany, which includes the area around Maastricht, Sittard and the Belgian Genk and stretches further North. Ostlimburgisch is a concept used in Germany to describe the linguistic situation in Belgium around Eupen, including Welkenraedt, Lontzen and Moresnet, in the Netherlands between Kerkrade and Brunssum and a large area in Germany around Heinsberg, Viersen, Mönchengladbach and Krefeld. An area close to Westphalia is considered as being the area where Bergisch is spoken. This area is limited roughly by a line Düsseldorf-Mettmann-Solingen-Remscheid. For a more encompassing view, see the article on Low Rhenish. Venlo is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Roermond is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Position of Zuid-Gelders (Marked dark Blue) within the Dutch speaking area Zuid-Gelders (Kleverlands) is the dialect of the Dutch language that is spoken in the Veluwezoom, around Nijmegen, in the Bommelerwaard, other areas of the Netherlands, and traditionally parts of Germany including Duisburg and partly Wuppertal up to... Flag of Maastricht. ... Sittard-Geleen is a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Genk is a city located in the Belgian province of Limburg near Hasselt. ... St Nikolaus church in Eupen Eupen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of LiÃ¨ge, 15 km from the German border (Aachen), from the Dutch border (Maastricht) and from the nature reservation Hohes Venn (Ardennes). ... Welkenraedt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of LiÃ¨ge. ... Lontzen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège. ... Unofficial flag of Moresnet (1883) Moresnet or Neutral Moresnet was a tiny European territory of about 3. ... Kerkrade is a municipality and a town in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Brunssum is a municipality and a town in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Heinsberg is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, capital of the district Heinsberg. ... Viersen is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... MÃ¶nchengladbach is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Krefeld is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Westphalia (German: Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, MÃ¼nster, Bielefeld, and OsnabrÃ¼ck and included in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. ... Berg was a medieval territory in todays North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... DÃ¼sseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... Mettmann is a North-Rhine-Westphalian (Germany) town and the administrative centre of the District of Mettmann, Germanys most densely populated rural district. ... Solingen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Remscheid is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Low Franconian language area with West Maas-Rhenish: ([5] and [6]) Low Rhenish is the German name for the regional Low Franconian language variety of the Low Germanic language spoken alongside the so-called Lower Rhine in the west of Germany and the Netherlands. ...

Oost-Limburgs is the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian Voeren south of Maastricht in the Netherlands to the German border. Voeren (French: Fourons) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg. ... Flag of Maastricht. ...

West-Limburgs is the variety of Limburgish spoken around Hasselt, Veldeke and Tongeren in Belgium. It includes areas in Dutch Limburg and Dutch Brabant. The border of West-Limburgs and Oost-Limburgs starts few south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of Voeren. Hasselt is a city and municipality in Belgium, capital of the province of Belgian Limburg. ... Van Veldeke monument in Hasselt. ... Tongeren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg near Hasselt. ... Voeren (French: Fourons) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg. ...

Zuidoost-Limburgs is spoken around Kerkrade and Vaals in the Netherlands, Aachen in Germany and Raeren and Eynatten in Belgium, in Germany considered as Ripuarian, not always as Limburgish. If tonality is to be taken as to define this variety, it stretches several dozen km into Germany. It is consensus to class it as belonging to High German varieties. Kerkrade is a municipality and a town in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Vaals is a town in the southeastern Netherlands, in the province of Limburg. ... Aachen, Dutch Aken, French Aix-la-Chapelle, Spanish AquisgrÃ¡n, Latin Aquisgranum, Ripuarian Oche) is a spa city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km to the west of Cologne, and the westernmost city in Germany. ... Raeren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège. ... Eynatten is a village in the Belgian municipality of Raeren. ... Ripuarian, Rhinish, or Middle Franconian is a western Germanic dialect group in Rhineland, eastern Belgium and southern Dutch Limburg from northwest of DÃ¼sseldorf and Cologne to Aachen in the west, and Siegen in the east. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Phonology

The phonology below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Hasselt. The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonological point of view. ...

Consonants

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Postalveolar (or palato-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge (the place of articulation for alveolar consonants) and the palate (the place of articulation for palatal consonants). ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ... Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ), but release as a fricative such as or (or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the place of articulation. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ...

Vowels

Monophthongs

/ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables. /oː/ occurs only in loanwords from Standard Dutch or from English. The nasalised vowels /œ̃ː æ̃ː ɑ̃ː ɔ̃ː/ only in loanwords from French. Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. ... -1... A close-mid vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... The open-mid vowels make a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. ... A near-open vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ... A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... In phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that air escapes partially or wholly through the nose during the production of the sound. ...

Diphthongs

The diphthongs /iə øɪ eɪ uɪ ɔɪ aɪ ou/ occur, as well as combinations of /uː ɔː ɑː/ + /j/. /aɪ/ only occurs in French loanwords and interjections. An interjection is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. ...

/ou/ is realized as [oə]] before alveolar consonants, and /eɪ/ is realized as [eə] or [ejə] before

Tone

Limburgish distinguishes two tones on stressed syllables, traditionally known as stoottoon ("push tone") and sleeptoon ("dragging tone"). Different words can be distinguished by tone alone, as well as different forms of a single word. For example, [daːx] with sleeptoon is "day", while [daːx] with stoottoon is "days". It has been suggested that Tonal language be merged into this article or section. ...

Source

References

External links

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Contents

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