Linda Susanne Gottfredson (born 24 June 1947) is a professor of educational psychology at the University of Delaware and co-director of the Delaware-Johns Hopkins Project for the Study of Intelligence and Society. Gottfredson's work has been influential in shaping U.S. public and private policies regarding affirmative action, hiring quotas, and “race-norming” on aptitude tests. Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. ... The University of Delaware (UD or UDel) is the largest university in the U.S. state of Delaware. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... IQ tests are designed to give approximately this Gaussian distribution. ... Affirmative action refers to policies intended to promote access to education or employment aimed at a historically socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minorities or women). ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ...

She currently sits on the boards of the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences (ISSID), the International Society for Intelligence Research (ISIR), and the editorial boards of the scientific journals Intelligence, Learning and Individual Differences, and Society. Gottfredson's race research at the University of Delaware is sponsored by the Pioneer Fund.^[1] The International Society for the Study of Individual Differences (ISSID) is a scientific society founded in 1983 that fosters research on the measurement, structure, dynamics and biological bases of individual differences in temperament, intelligence, attitudes, and abilities. ... The International Society for Intelligence Research (ISIR) is a scientific society for researchers in human intelligence, founded in 2000. ... Intelligence is a scientific journal dealing with intelligence and psychometrics. ... Learning and Individual Differences: A Multidisciplinary Journal in Education is a scientific journal published by Elsevier dealing with individual differences within an educational context. ... Society is a scientific journal founded in 1962 dealing with discussions and research findings in the social sciences and public policy. ... The Pioneer Fund is a foundation that claims to have played a significant role in research on heredity and human personality differences since its 1937 founding, particularly in intelligence. ...

Life and work

These are idealized normal curves comparing the IQs of Blacks and Whites in the US in 1981. Source: Social Consequences by Gottfredson. Labels show Gottefredson's expectations for job and life potential for people of different races.

Born in San Francisco, she and her first husband Gary Don Gottfredson received bachelor’s degrees in psychology in 1969 from University of California, Berkeley, then worked in the Peace Corps in Malaysia until 1972. She also taught in disadvantaged schools for a time when she was young. [1] They both then went to graduate school at Johns Hopkins University, where she received a Ph.D. in sociology in 1977. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (887x508, 58 KB) previous WP upload, looks like it was GFDL http://upload. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (887x508, 58 KB) previous WP upload, looks like it was GFDL http://upload. ... The normal distribution, also called the Gaussian distribution, is an important family of continuous probability distributions, applicable in many fields. ... A Masai man in Kenya Black people or blacks is a political, social or cultural classification of people. ... A family of white people White is a racial, political, sociological or cultural classification of people. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... It has been suggested that Crisis corps be merged into this article or section. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ...

Gottfredson then took a position at Hopkins’ Center for Social Organization of Schools and investigated issues of occupational segregation and typology based on skill sets and intellectual capacity. She married at one point Robert A. Gordon, who works in a related area at Hopkins, and they divorced by the mid-90s.[2] Robert A. Gordon (born August 10, 1932) is an American sociologist best known for his work on intelligence, criminality, and race. ...

In 1985, Gottfredson participated in a conference called "The g Factor in Employment Testing." The papers presented were later published in the December 1986 issue of the Journal of Vocational Behavior, edited by Gottfredson. In 1986, Gottfredson was appointed Associate Professor of Educational Studies at the University of Delaware, Newark. That year, she presented a series of papers on general intelligence factor and employment. Gottfredson is opposed to the 1991 Civil Rights Act because she feels it fails to recognize the innate differences in the abilities of people of different races. She said "We now have out there what I call the egalitarian fiction that all groups are equal in intelligence...differences in intelligence have real world effects, whether we think they're there or not, whether we want to wish them away or not. And we don't do anybody any good, certainly not the low-IQ people, by denying that those problems exist..."^[2] Keith Booker, president of the Wilmington, Del., chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, says that Gottfredson's research "... is being done in the name of white supremacy... the Pioneer Fund supports only research that tends to come out with results that further the division between races...by justifying the superiority of one race and the inferiority of another."^[3] The general intelligence factor (abbreviated g) is used in the field of psychology (see also psychometrics) to quantify what is common to the scores of all intelligence tests. ... The University of Delaware (UD or UDel) is the largest university in the U.S. state of Delaware. ... The general intelligence factor (abbreviated g) is a controversial construct used in the field of psychology (see also psychometrics) to quantify what is common to the scores of all intelligence tests. ... The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ...

In 1988 Gottfredson received the first of many grants from the Pioneer Fund for work on educational differences and occupational policy. In 1989, University of Delaware's promotion and tenure committee denied Gottfredson promotion to full professor, citing "flawed" and "unscholarly" research. She was promoted to full professor the next year. The Pioneer Fund is a foundation that claims to have played a significant role in research on heredity and human personality differences since its 1937 founding, particularly in intelligence. ...

Gottfredson's research and views have stirred considerable controversy, especially her testimony on public affirmative action policy and her defense of The Bell Curve, especially "Mainstream Science on Intelligence," an editorial written by her, signed by 52 colleagues, and published in the Wall Street Journal. ^[4] Since that time she has written a number of articles on race and intelligence, especially as it applies to occupational qualification. The Bell Curve is a controversial, best-selling 1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray exploring the role of genes in American life. ... Mainstream Science on Intelligence is a 1994 editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal on December 13. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ... Throughout the history of psychology, no question has been so persistent or so resistant to resolution as that of the relative roles of nature and nurture in causing individual and group differences in cognitive ability. ...

The main points of controversy are the generally accepted facts that there are no biological races of modern humans because of the lack of genetic diversity, a fact again recently underscored by the findings of the Human Genome Project; that the authors of the book "The Bell Curve" avoided peer review and announced their findings as part of a media blitz; that Herrnstein and Murray cooked the books in among other things using aptitude tests to stand in for iq tests; that they ignored contradictory evidence, mainly the Flynn Effect, which proves that iq scores worlwide are rising at a rate that cannot be explained by changes in genetics. The Flynn effect is the rise of average Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test scores, an effect seen in most parts of the world, although at greatly varying rates. ...

See the article The Bell Curve Flattened by Nicholas Lemann. [3] or the updated version of Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure Of Man, which specifically deals with The Bell Curve and Herrnstein and Murray's manipulation of data.

Professional service

• Board of Directors, International Society for the Study of Individual Differences, 2005-present.
• Editorial Board, Learning and Individual Differences, 2004-present.
• Editorial Board, Intelligence, 2004-present.
• Advisory Board, International Society for Intelligence Research, 2000-present (Founding Member).
• Board of Editorial Advisors, Society, 1997-present.
• Editorial Board, The Psychologist-Manager, 1997-2000.
• National Council, Federation of American Scientists, 1995-1999.
• Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Oversight hearing on the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, Washington, DC, May 20, 1997.
• Board of Directors, Society of Psychologists in Management, 1994-1997.
• Board of Directors, Society for the Study of Social Biology, 1990-1994.
• Editorial Board, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1983-1990.
• Consultant, Department of Labor (DOT revision [APDOT, contract to American Psychological Association], implementation of "Goals 2000" [contract to Institute for Educational Leadership]), 1992-1995.
• Consultant, Department of Defense Student Testing Program contract awarded to Booz-Allen, Inc. 1989-1991.
• Panel member, Advisory Panel on the Identification of Alternative Approaches for reporting Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) scores. U.S. Manpower Entrance Processing Command, San Antonio, TX, November, 1987.
• Consultant, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1987-1989.

Honors

• Mensa Press Award, 2005.
• Mensa Award for Excellence in Research, 2005.
• Faculty Senate Commendation for Extraordinary Leadership and Service, University of Delaware, awarded May 2, 2005.
• Mensa Research Foundation Award for Excellence in Research, 1999-2000.
• Fellow, Association for Psychological Science, elected 1998.
• Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars, elected 1995.
• Fellow, American Psychological Association, elected 1994.
• Fellow, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, elected 1994.

Selected articles

• The General Intelligence Factor: Despite some popular assertions, a single factor for intelligence, called g, can be measured with IQ tests and does predict success in life. Scientific American Presents, Winter, 1998. (original in PDF; German PDF)
• Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life (1997). Intelligence, 24(1), 79-132.
  • Received a 1999-2000 Mensa Research Foundation Award for Excellence in Research.
  • Reprinted in G. J. Boyle & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), (2003), Psychology of Individual Differences. Vol. 1: Individual Differences. London: Sage.
  • Currently listed as the 6th most downloaded article in Intelligence at ScienceDirect (Jan. - March 2006).[4]
• Egalitarian Fiction and Collective Fraud (1994), Society (issue on fraud).
• Circumscription and compromise (2006), Encyclopedia of Career Development. (Based on her much cited work on the subject.)^[5]
• Intelligence: Is It the Epidemiologists’ Elusive “Fundamental Cause” of Social Class Inequalities in Health? (2004), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ... Elseviers logo. ...

References

Mainstream Science on Intelligence is a 1994 editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal on December 13. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ... A citation index is an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. ...

External links

• Linda S. Gottfredson homepage (with online prints of publications)
• Gottfredson profile from Institute for the Study of Academic Racism
• Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography - published in Intelligence in 1997.