Several linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals. The official spelling of the euro according to the ECB, as it appears (in capitals) on the banknotes, is "euro" in the Latin script and "ΕΥΡΩ" in the Greek script. The proposed official spelling by the ECB in the Cyrillic script is "еуро". However, the new EU member Bulgaria proposes "евро", the spelling that is currently used in Bulgaria. "Eвро", as well as "evro", although official spellings in some countries using the euro, are therefore currently not supported by the ECB. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... For the topic in theoretical computer science, see Formal grammar Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. ... Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ...

In each country but Greece, which uses λεπτό (leptό, Singular) and λεπτά (leptá, Plural) on its coins, the form "cent" is officially required to be used in legislation in both the singular and in the plural. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU legislation (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation on the banknotes), but the "unofficial" practice concerning the mutability (or not) of the words differs between the member states and their languages. The subject has led to debate and controversy. In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ... Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ... Legislation (or statutory law) is law which has been promulgated (or enacted) by a legislature or other governing body. ...

The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve of the twenty-five nations that form the European Union (and four outside it, as well as Montenegro and Kosovo), which form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). ...

Bulgarian

Bulgarian uses the Cyrillic alphabet. The current design of euro banknotes has the word euro written in both the Latin and Greek alphabets, and it is reasonable to expect that design will be modified to add a Cyrillic inscription. The same is true of euro coins, but if the Greek model is followed, the alternative spelling will go on the national (obverse) side. In popular Bulgarian usage the currency is referred to as евро /ˈɛv.ro/; (from Bulgarian Европа /ɛv.'ro.pa/, meaning Europe) the plural varies in spoken language – евро, евра /ɛv.ˈra/, еврота /ˈɛv.ro.ta/ – but the most widespread form is евро – without inflection in plural. The word for euro, though, has a normal form with the postpositive definite article – еврото (the euro). This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The euro sign in its official logo form. ... The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BCE. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant alike. ... In logic (and usually without being paired with reverse), obverse has a meaning close to contrapositive. ... Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzards 1996 performance released on video and CD. The video/DVD and CD performances were both recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, England. ...

The word for eurocent is евроцент /ˈɛv.ro.ʦɛnt/ and most probably that, or only цент /ʦɛnt/, will be used in future when the European currency is accepted in Bulgaria. In contrast to euro, the word for "cent" has a full inflection both in the definite and the plural form: евроцент (basic form), евроцентът (full definite article – postpositive), евроцентове (plural), 2 евроцента (numerative form – after numerals).

The ECB and the EU Commission have insisted that Bulgaria change the official name of the currency from ЕВРО to ЕУРО, claiming the currency should have a standard spelling and pronunciation across the EU. However, critics in Bulgaria contend that a new standard would appear foreign to most Bulgarians (mainly because of the connection with Европа), thus defeating the purpose of adding a Cyrillic inscription on the euro notes.^{[citation needed]} ECB is an abbreviation for: European Central Bank, other important central banks include the FED, BOE and BOJ England and Wales Cricket Board Electronic codebook mode in data encryption using block ciphers Environment Campus Birkenfeld, a university of applied sciences in Birkenfeld, Germany. ... The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive of the European Union. ...

Bulgarian is currently the only EU language written in the Cyrillic alphabet, but the spelling евро is also common in other Slavic languages, including Russian, Macedonian and Serbian. Ukrainian uses євро and Belarusian еўра. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ...

Catalan

In Catalan, the official plural is the same as its natural plural "euros". In Eastern Catalan, despite the fact that its natural and official pronunciation is euro /ˈɛu.ɾu/, euros /ˈɛu.ɾus/ many people pronounce it /ˈeu.ɾo/, /ˈeu.ɾos/ as in Spanish language. For the cent, the word "cèntim" (plural "cèntims") is used. The fraction of the peseta was also called cèntim, but it was withdrawn from circulation decades ago. Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia (in the latter with the name of Valencian), and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of... Dialectal map of Catalan Language Eastern Catalan is a set of Catalan language dialects spoken in lAlguer, Balearic Islands, Eastern Catalonia and Northern Catalonia. ... This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... ISO 4217 Code ESP User(s) Spain, Andorra Inflation 1. ...

Croatian

The spelling euro is used in Croatia.

Czech

In Czech, the words euro and cent are spelt the same as in English. Occasionally the word eurocent is used instead of cent to distinguish the euro denomination versus its foreign counterparts, but the spelling is not in accordance with the word Europe in Czech (Evropa).

These words are pronounced as it is usual in Czech /ɛʊ.ɾɔ/, /ʦɛnt/. The plural is not the same for all numerals – for the numerals 2, 3 and 4 (and rarely 21, 22, 23, 24, 31 etc.) many use eura and centy. For the other numerals it is eur and centů, as it is usual in many other Czech words.

Danish

The word euro is included in the 2002 version of Retskrivningsordbogen,^[2] which is the authoritative source for the Danish language (according to Danish law). Two plurals are given, euro when used about an amount, and euroer when used about coins. Both cent and eurocent are mentioned, the plural and singular forms are identical.

Dutch

Plural: In Dutch, most abstract units of measurement are not pluralised, causing an amount such as €5 to be pronounced as 5 euro, as was previously the case with the Dutch gulden and the Belgian franc. This coincides with EU legislation stating that euro and cent should be used as both singular and plural.[1] In Dutch, the words are however pluralised as euro's and centen when referring to individual coins. The former Weights and Measures office in Middlesex, England. ... ISO 4217 Code NLG User(s) The Netherlands Inflation 2. ... ISO 4217 Code BEF User(s) Belgium, Luxembourg ERM Since 13 March 1979 Fixed rate since 31 December 1998 Replaced by €, non cash 1 January 1999 Replaced by €, cash 1 January 2002 € = 40. ...

Like the euro, the gulden was divided into 100 cent. The Belgian franc was divided into 100 centiemen.

Pronunciation: The word euro is pronounced in different ways. Most commonly, it's pronounced as /ʏroː/, /ʏ/ being the standard way to pronounce the eu digraph before an r in Dutch (and the same sound as the /eu/ in Europa ("Europe")). Alternatively, some people say /œyroː/, using a pronunciation of the /eu/ common in Dutch words of Greek origin, as in euthanasie ("euthanasia").^{[citation needed]}

Slang terms: In the Netherlands, slang terms that were peviously applied to guilder coinage and banknotes are applied to euro currency. Examples in the Netherlands include stuiver for 5 cents, dubbeltje for 10 cents.^{[citation needed]} The stuiver was a coin used in the Netherlands until the Napoleonic Wars. ...

In Belgium, some Flemings refer to the 1, 2 and 5 cent coins as koper, which is the Dutch word for copper, the metal these coins are made of (compare nickel); in the Netherlands it is often called "kopergeld" – 'copper money'. Another nickname is ros which means redhead, referring to the colour of the coins. Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen) are inhabitants of Flanders in the widest sense of the term, i. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... The United States five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a unit of currency equaling one-twentieth, or five hundredths, of a United States dollar. ... Redhead may refer to: A person with red hair The North American Redhead (duck), Aythya americana A colloquial name for the immatures and adult females (i. ...

Typography: In the Dutch language, the euro sign is chiefly placed before the amount, from which it is often separated by a (thin) space.^[3] This was also the case with the florin sign (ƒ). The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve of the twenty-five nations that form the European Union (and four outside it, as well as Montenegro and Kosovo), which form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). ... Æ’ The florin sign (Æ’) is a symbol that is used for the currencies florin, also called a gulden and guilder. ...

English

Official practice followed in English-language EU legislation is to use the words euro and cent as both singular and plural. [2] This practice originally arose out of legislation intended to ensure that the banknotes were uncluttered with a string of plurals (as the Soviet ruble notes were). Because the s-less plurals had become "enshrined" in EU legislation, the Commission decided to retain those plurals in English in legislation even while allowing natural plurals in other languages, but the Directorate-General for Translation strongly recommends that in all material intended for the general public, the regular plurals, euros and cents, be used. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... ISO 4217 Code SUR User(s) Soviet Union Subunit 1/100 kopek (копейка) Symbol руб kopek (копейка) к Plural rublya (gen. ... The Directorate-General for Translation (DGT), located in Brussels and Luxembourg, provides translation of written text into and out of the European Unions twenty official languages. ...

In Ireland

As the euro was being adopted in Ireland the Department for Finance decided to use the word euro as both the singular and plural forms of the currency^{[verification needed]}, and because Irish broadcasters took their cue from the Department, the "legislative plurals" tend to also be used on the news and in much Irish advertising. This has the effect of reinforcing the s-less plurals, although advertisements made in the UK for broadcast in Ireland tends to use the plurals euros and cents (see below). The Minister for Finance is the senior minister at the Department of Finance (An Roinn Airgeadais) in the Irish Government. ...

Many people in Ireland (especially in the Republic of Ireland) use the natural plurals euros and cents. At the time the s-less plurals were introduced, at least some complained that the EU ought not attempt to "change English grammar". (This was a misunderstanding of the "legislative plural" policy. The Commission has made it clear that local conventions for plural formation should apply in most contexts and the "legislative plural" is expected only in a narrow range of contexts—that is, only in legislation. On the other hand, it remains the case that Irish broadcasters are not following the Commission's recommendations.) People who have become accustomed to what they hear on daily television and radio use the s-less plurals. These are also seen written on the notes and coins, though this is less likely to influence usage than broadcasting.

Any number of rationales were subsequently applied to explain why the s-less plural might be acceptable, but these are generally folk etymologies. Long-standing plurals in -s for currencies that have singular forms ending in -o, like pesos and escudos, are relevant when considering the plural of the euro currency. (Compare also the plural of the name of the marsupials known as euros.) While it is true that s-less plurals exist in English for some other currencies (such as the yen, won, rand and baht), this usage is not the reason that the s-less plural for the euro was introduced. When (as noted above) people initially complained that the EU had no business changing English grammar, they were certainly not taking these unusual plurals as "natural"; they expected 5 euros and balked at 5 euro. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways: A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word, a false etymology. ... The peso is a unit of currency. ... The escudo is a unit of currency. ... Species Macropus robustus Macropus bernardus Macropus antilopinus A Wallaroo is any of three closely related species of moderately large macropod, intermediate in size between the kangaroos and the wallabies, but it is not a cross between the two. ... Japanese 10 yen coin (obverse) showing Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Yen is the currency used in Japan. ... World Opponent Network or WON was an online gaming service, created by Sierra Games as the Sierra Internet Gaming System (SIGS). ... ISO 4217 Code ZAR User(s) Common Monetary Area: Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland Inflation 5. ... Thai banknotes and coins. ...

Australia, Canada, UK, USA

Common usage in the rest of the English-speaking world is to use the natural plurals. The media in the UK prefer euros and cents as the plural forms. Broadcasts of currency exchange rates outside of the European Union tend to use the plural in -s, with NPR in the United States and CBC in Canada being two examples. The term euro-cent is sometimes used in countries (such as Australia, Canada, and the United States which also have "cent" as a currency subdivision), to distinguish them from their local coin. This usage, though unofficial, is perhaps understandable since the coins themselves have the words "EURO" and "CENT" displayed on the common side. The terms "eurodollar", which commonly refers to U.S. dollar deposits outside the United States, or "euro dollar" which is the spoken form of the EUR/USD currency pair in the foreign exchange markets, have occasionally been used, confusingly, to refer to the euro in other parts of the world, particularly non-EU countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United States. NPR logo For other meanings of NPR see NPR (disambiguation) National Public Radio (NPR) is a private, not-for-profit corporation that sells programming to member radio stations; together they are a loosely organized public radio network in the United States. ... The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), a Canadian crown corporation, is the country’s national public radio and television broadcaster. ... In finance, the prefix euro as in eurodollars or euroyen refer to currency deposited outside the country of their origin. ... A currency pair depicts a quotation of two different currencies. ... The foreign exchange (currency or forex or FX) market exists wherever one currency is traded for another. ...

Slang terms

In Ireland, the slang term quid has been transferred from the Irish pound to the euro, with widespread usage. The terms fiver and tenner (originally for 5 pound- and 10 pound-notes respectively) have carried over as reference to euro notes, and grand for a thousand of any currency is also commonly used. In the younger population the terms 'yo(s)' and 'yoyo(s)' are also said to be in common usage.^{[citation needed]} ISO 4217 Code IEP User(s) Ireland ERM Since 13 March 1979 Fixed rate since 31 December 1998 Replaced by €, non cash 1 January 1999 Replaced by €, cash 1 January 2002 € = £0. ...

Esperanto

In Esperanto, the currency is called "eŭro", similar to the Esperanto word for the continent "Eŭropo." A cent is cendo, as is commonly used for subunits of all centimalized currency (cents, centimes, etc). The o ending in euro conveniently accords with the standard -o noun ending in Esperanto, but rather than sound out e and u separately, Esperanto speakers elected to use the diphthong eŭ making the Esperanto name of the currency not identical with what is written on the currency.   is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. ... In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...

Plurals are formed in accordance with Esperanto rules, eŭroj and cendoj. The words are also declined as any Esperanto noun (eŭro/eŭroj in the nominative, eŭron/eŭrojn in the accusative). The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ... The term accusative may be used in the following contexts: A form of morphosyntactic alignment, as found in nominative-accusative languages. ...

Esperanto speakers are unlikely to call a cent cento, since cento means 100, rather than a hundredth. The alternative word would be centono, literally, "one-hundredth part".

Finnish

The pronunciation is [ˈɛu.ɾo].

Finnish does not have irregular plurals, so euro and sentti are naturally regular and decline accordingly. With singular numerals, the partitive singulars euroa and senttiä are used, e.g. 10 euroa. This is abbreviated 10 €, where the € symbol takes the role of the word euroa (never *€10 or *10€). The colon notation is not used with the partitive (never *10 €:a). The basic meaning of the Partitive case is partialness, without result or without specifying identity. In the Finnish language, its used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. ...

In other grammatical cases, the word declines accordingly: "the euros" is eurot, "into euros" is euroiksi, "with euros" is euroilla, etc. Using the colon notation to mark the case is not common, and used mainly to prevent ambiguity. For example, kymmenen euron seteli "note of ten euro", is usually abbreviated 10 € seteli, although 10 €:n seteli is also found.

Despite the confusion by foreigners, the "plural" of euro is not "eurot", since this is a nominative plural and would refer to a known set of euros, i.e. "the euros".

Sentti is problematic in that its primary meaning is "centimeter". Thus, the officially recommended abbreviation of sentti is snt, although Finnish merchants generally use a decimal notation (for example 0,35 €).

Slang terms: In Finland, one of the most common slang words for euro is ege. It depends greatly on region. This comes from huge, the slang word for the now defunct Finnish markka. The etymology and origin of huge are obscure, but it may be a derivation from the common slang word for the one hundred markka bill, huntti, which again is a slang loanword from the Finland-Swedish hundra (one hundred). The markka or mark was the currency used in Finland from 1861 until January 1, 1999 (in practice on January 1, 2002), when it was replaced by the euro (€). The currency code used for the markka was FIM, and the usual familiar notation was a postfix mk. ... A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... ...

Cents are sometimes called penni, which was also 1/100th of the markka. Euros are also known as eki, eero, eekkenbäri, or erkki, which are also Finnish male first names. Another slang name is jörö, the Finnish name of the dwarf Grumpy, because jörö and the English language pronunciation of euro sound similar. A given name specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name. ... Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 animated feature, the first produced by Walt Disney. ...

French

In French, the official plural is the same as the natural plural euros. The Académie Française, which is regarded as an authority for the French language in France, stated this clearly [3], following French legislation in this regard. [4]. The Académie française In the French educational system an académie LAcadémie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. ...

The term cent/cents [sɛnt]/[sɛnt] is official in France and Belgium, but is in competition (mainly in France) with centime/centimes (the French name for one one-hundredth of the former French or Belgian franc), in part to avoid confusion^{[citation needed]} with the word cent [sɑ̃], meaning 'hundred'. However, the two words are pronounced differently, and a parallel situation in Canada (the French word for a hundredth of a Canadian dollar is "cent" [sɛnt]) has long existed without attracting attention. Before its use in relation to the euro, the word "cent" pronounced [sɛnt] was best known to European Francophones as a hundredth of a dollar (U.S., Canadian, etc.) Centime is French for cent, and is used in English as the name of the fraction currency in several Francophone countries (including Switzerland and formerly France), where it is one hundredth of a franc. ...

In France, the word centime, or centime d'euro, is far more common than cent. According to the Académie Française, "the hundredth of a euro is to be referred to as centime". [5]

French-speaking Belgians use more often cent than centime (beacause of the Dutch influence).

Informal terms: In France, the informal term balles (appearing only in the plural and after a numeral) was commonly used (50 balles = 50 francs). Since the introduction of the euro the use of the term 'balles' has decreased. However, this term still means francs rather than euros, particularly in Switzerland, where it refers to the Swiss franc. Similarly, the slang term brique (ten thousand French francs) is not often heard any more. ISO 4217 Code CHF User(s) Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Campione dItalia Inflation 1. ...

German

Plural: In German, Euro and Cent are used as both singular and plural when following a numeral, as is the case with all units of measurement of masculine or neuter gender (e.g. Pfund, Kilo(gramm), Dollar, etc.). However, when talking about euros or cents in the sense of individual coins, the plurals Euros and Cents are used.

The only other marked case is the genitive singular, which is (des) Euros or, alternatively, des Euro.

Pronunciation: The beginning of the word Euro is pronounced in German with the diphthong [ɔʏ], which sounds similar to the 'oi' in the English word "oil".

The spelling of the word Cent is not well adapted to German spelling conventions because these strive to avoid ambiguous letter-sound correspondences. Initial letter C is often used in loanwords and pronounced in various ways depending on the language of origin (e.g. [s] in Centime, [ʧ] in Cello, [ʦ] in Celsius and [k] in Café). Most of these words are therefore eventually spelled phonetically (e.g. Kaffee, Kadmium, Zentimeter). A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ...

Latin words beginning with "ce" such as centum (hundred) are traditionally pronounced [ʦ] in German, and German words derived from these have therefore for a long time already been spelled with a Z, which is pronounced [ʦ] (as in Zentrum (centre), Zentimeter (centimetre), etc.). Equivalently, most German speakers pronounce the beginning of the word "Cent" [ʦ], but since they are familiar with the English pronunciation of the American unit cent from television, some people pronounce it [s]. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

As these are nouns, both Euro and Cent are capitalised in German.

Slang terms: In Austria and Germany, the euro has also been called teuro, a play on the word teuer, meaning 'expensive'. The Deutsche mark by comparison was worth half as much as the euro (a ratio of almost 2:1) and some grocers and restaurants are accused of taking advantage of the smaller numbers to increase their actual prices with the changeover. In some areas, it is almost automatic for Germans to calculate the price of something in terms of marks and the apparent frugality in a statement such as "I got a haircut for 13 euro!" is quickly dissolved with an almost bitter reply of "That's 26 mark." The Deutsche Mark (DM, DEM) was the official currency of West and, from 1990, unified Germany. ...

In Germany, the nickname of Groschen (formerly used for the 0.10 Mark coin) has been adopted for the 10 cent coin, as for the former 10 Pfennig. Sechser (actually a 6er, but for 0.05 Mark or 5 cent) is still in rare use, too.

In youth culture also the plural-only word Euronen is sometimes used; many people see this as a parody of technology or science fiction vocabulary, after a Star Trek internet parody introduced also the race of the Euronen (Euronians). Alternatively, Euronen is thought of as a bastardization of Neuronen, which means neurons. No convincing explanation of how either term could have developed is usually given. The current Star Trek franchise logo Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment series and media franchise. ...

In the eastern part of Austria the word Eumeln (meaning "twerps") (also plural-only) is occasionally used. It combines the word euro with a typical Austrian-German ending (like the word Semmeln, Austrian for "bun" or "roll") and gives the word a more casual and familiar touch.

Also, Öre is occasionally used, from the Swedish currency. Öre is the one-hundredth subdivision of the Swedish krona currency unit. ...

In German Internet culture, the name Fragezeichen (question mark) is occasionally used in reference to the widespread problems with the Euro sign which was often rendered as question mark. The term is most often written using the mock currency code FRZ. The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve of the twenty-five nations that form the European Union (and four outside it, as well as Montenegro and Kosovo), which form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). ...

Greek

In the Greek language the immutable word ευρώ ([e̞v.ˈɾoˑ]) is used as the currency's name. It was decided to use omega rather than omicron as the last letter of the word, partly because a noun ending with omicron would encourage mutability, and partly to stress the origin of the euro in the Greek word Ευρώπη (Europe) which is also spelled with omega and it is actually written on the euro notes in Greek as ΕΥΡΩ. Also, the spelling ΕΥΡΟ (resulting in a plural ΕΥΡΑ) on the notes could have confused other Europeans. Greek ( IPA: (with a palatalized k as a rule) or simply IPA: — Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language in that language family. ... Look up Ω, ω in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Ο, ο in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

For the cent, the terms used are λεπτό, plural λεπτά (leptó, plural leptá), a name used for small denominations of various ancient and modern Greek currencies, including the drachma (which the euro replaced). Lepton pl. ... Drachma, pl. ...

Although the official term "ΕΥΡΩ" is indeclinable, many people in spoken Greek say "ΕΥΡΑ" (evra) in plural. Additionally, the 2 euro ("ΔΥΟ ΕΥΡΩ") coin is usually referred to as "ΔΙΕΥΡΟ" (δievro) by Greeks.

In Cyprus, however, the cent will be called officially 'cent' both in singular and plural. This is the name used now for the 1/100th of the Cyprus pound chosen for its neutrality to both official languages of the Republic (82% of population are Greeks and 18% Turks). The Cyprus Pound, also known unofficially as the Cyprus Lira (from Greek Λίρα, pl. ...

Hungarian

In Hungarian the currency (expected to be introduced in 2011) is named euró and cent (as in Hungarian no plural is used after numbers), the former with a long ó, as decided by the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, since Hungarian words cannot end in short o either in writing or in speech (except for one or two interjections), see these international words as examples: fotó, videó, sztereó. The spelling is also in accordance with the word "Europe" in Hungarian ("Európa"). The plural is not normally marked in Hungarian after numerals, but both names can take suffixes like euróval, euróért, euróból, etc. ("with a euro", "for a euro", "from a euro", etc.). The Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Nyelvtudományi Intézete (Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) was founded in 1949. ...

As of October 2004, Hungary is struggling, along with Lithuania, Latvia, and Slovenia, for the euro to be written in its official documents according to its own usage and spelling, in contrast with a 1998 EU decree which would call for a single name throughout the Union. 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, signed in 2005, contains the following declaration from Hungary and Latvia: The constitutional treaty as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the EU member states The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TECE), commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an international treaty intended to create a new constitution for the European Union. ...

50. Declaration by the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Hungary on the spelling of the name of the single currency in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

Without prejudice to the unified spelling of the name of the single currency of the European Union referred to in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe as displayed on the banknotes and on the coins, Latvia and Hungary declare that the spelling of the name of the single currency, including its derivatives as applied throughout the Latvian and Hungarian text of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, has no effect on the existing rules of the Latvian and the Hungarian languages.

Icelandic

In Iceland the euro is called evra, derived from the Icelandic name of Europe, Evrópa. The plural is formed regularly: evrur. The cents are often called sent which is a neuter word and has the same form in the nominative singular. However, a more common usage is to refer to, say, 20 cent as 0,20 evrur.

Irish

In Irish, the English words euro and cent are used, as foreign borrowings without change in spelling or pronunciation, and immune to the natural rules of Irish mutation after numbers. The masculine noun eoró (plural eorónna) has been coined from the word Eoraip ('Europe'), and ceint (plural ceinteanna) has been in the lexicon since at least 1959. The words eoró and ceint are attested in printed literature, though the foreign borrowings tend to be more frequent, again due to a lack of coordinated language planning^{[citation needed]}. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... Proper spelling is the writing of a word or words with all necessary letters and diacritics present in an accepted standard order. ... Look up pronunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Initial consonant mutation is the phenomenon in which the first consonant of a word is changed according to a certain grammatical environment. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Italian

In Italian the word euro is used, as both singular and plural. Rarely the word euri is used for plural. No slang replacement exists. However the issue of whether the correct plural form would be euri or euro remained open for a long time, predating the actual introduction of the currency and leaving a relative uncertainty among speakers. The Accademia della Crusca assigned to Severina Parodi, lexicographer, and to Luca Serianni, language historian, the task to give a response. They deliberated in favour of euri in 1999 with the motivation that "euro is a masculine noun". But the issue was then re-examined many times. Finally, the consensus of the Accademia was in favour of invariability and appeared, with an articulate rationale, on issue 23 (October 2001) of La Crusca per voi (Gli euro e le lingue, (Italian)). In the 306th session of the Senate of the Italian Republic, December 18, 2002, an amendment to the financial act was proposed to adopt euri as the plural form for public official deeds but was quickly rejected (See Amendment 62.5, (Italian)). The Accademia della Crusca is an Italian institution that brings together scholars and experts in Italian linguistics and philology. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Budget generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues. ...

The word cent is in practical use always replaced by the word centesimo, which simply means "hundredth" (also see centime in French); its plural form is centesimi. Cent only appears on documents such as electricity and telephone bills; in any case it is rather perceived by native speakers as an abbreviation of "centesimo" (and in fact often followed by a period and pronounced [ʧent]) than as an autonomous proper name. Centesimo (plural centesimi) is an Italian word derived from the Latin centesimus meaning hundredth. It was one hundredth of currencies named lira. ... Centime is French for cent, and is used in English as the name of the fraction currency in several Francophone countries (including Switzerland and formerly France), where it is one hundredth of a franc. ...

Latvian

In Latvian there are still at least two concurrent usages. The majority say and write 'eiro' (which somewhat resembles the West European euro, but has also taken its sound from Eiropa, the Latvian word for Europe). [6]

Purists insist that standardised usage is eira – a word that is declinable according to the normal and convenient Latvian pattern. Eirai clearly means for the euro, eirās means in euros, and so forth. In contrast, eiro, like all Latvian words ending in an '-o', is unable to take on inflections therefore it results in ambiguous phrases like "samainīt eiro", which can be interpreted in a variety of ways: to exchange into euros, to exchange euros [for something else], to exchange one euro – and this limits the fluency of communication. In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives to indicate such features as number (typically singular vs. ... Inflection of the Spanish lexeme for cat, with blue representing the masculine gender, pink representing the feminine gender, grey representing the form used for mixed-gender, and green representing the plural number. ...

The official usage of eira has been affirmed by Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, with the argument that a potentially frequently used term needs to fit especially well in the structure of grammar. However, some media outlets and banks have preserved a habit of using eiro. Latvian language routinely adapts foreign words by adding declinable endings (like Ņujorka for New York, freska for fresco), although internationalisms ending in '-o' (like foto, auto) are common as well. (See also the article on the euro in the Latvian Wikipedia, and the section above about Hungarian.) For the topic in theoretical computer science, see Formal grammar Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. ...

Lithuanian

In Lithuanian the euro and cent are called euras and centas (in common language usually eurocentas, to distinguish from the cents of the current Lithuanian currency, Litas), while plural forms are eurai and centai (eurocentai). The Lithuanian language routinely adapts foreign words by re-spelling them according to Lithuanian phonetic rules and adding standardised endings, resulting in words like kompiuteris or Tonis Bleiras. Lithuania is expected to join the eurozone in 2008. The NASA Columbia Supercomputer. ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... The Eurozone (also called Euro Area, Eurosystem or Euroland) refers to the European Union member states that have adopted the euro currency union. ...

Maltese

In Maltese euro is spelt ewro, as was announced in December 2005.[7] Ewro is spelled with w instead of u due to the fact that it is derived from the Maltese word Ewropa (Europe), also written with w and because in Maltese spelling rules one does not write two vowels next to each other.[8] The plural is unchanged. The cent is to be known as the ċenteżmu, plural ċenteżmi, both abbreviated to ċ.

Norwegian

In Norwegian there could be a problem concerning the spelling, since euro is masculine and would normally take a plural -ar ending in Nynorsk and -er in Bokmål. But since words for foreign currencies (like dollar and yen) normally do not have the endings -ar or -er in Norwegian the Norwegian Language Council reached a decision in 1996 that the proper conjugation of the word euro should be [9] In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... Norsk språkråd (The Norwegian Language Council) is the Norwegian governments advisory body in matters pertaining to the Norwegian language and language planning. ...

in Nynorsk:

ein euro – euroen – euro – euroane

in Bokmål:

en euro – euroen – euro – euroene

The declensions are respectively: The two first in Singular, and the two last in Plural, while the first of each category are indefinite, the last of each category are definite nouns. The word cent is an old loan word in Norwegian – and it is conjugated the same way: In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ... Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ... An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ... An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ...

in Nynorsk:

ein cent – centen – cent – centane

in Bokmål:

en cent – centen – cent – centene

The pronunciation of the two words in Norwegian are [ˈɛv.ɾu] and [sɛnt].

Polish

In Polish euro is spelled euro in both singular and plural, and pronounced /ˈew.ɾo/. On the other hand cent is declinable, being cent (/ʦɛnt/) in singular and centy (/ˈʦɛn.tɪ/) or centów (/ʦɛn.tuf/) in plural.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, euro passes as a Portuguese word and thus is used in the singular form, with euros as the common plural form. Cent, which does not conform to Portuguese word-forming rules, is commonly converted to cêntimo (singular) and cêntimos (plural).

The term cêntimo might have been adopted to distinguish it from the fractional value of the Portuguese escudo, which was called centavo. The escudo was the official currency of Portugal prior to the introduction of the euro in 1 January 1999 (euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002). ...

Pronunciation for euro in Portuguese is still not standardized, either [ˈew.ɾɔ] or [ˈew.ɾu], with the former being more widespread in the south of the country, as the latter is in the north.

The euros are also rarely called always in a joking way aérios because they vanish from the wallets very quickly as if they were made of air.

Some people also call them ouros or oiros meaning gold, because all prices rose since the introduction of the euro.

Romanian

In Romanian the euro and cent are called euro and cent (plural cenți). The official plural of euro is also euro, and this official form was readily adopted by speakers.

Serbian

In Serbian the euro and cent are called evro (pl. evra) and cent (pl. centi). Evro is spelled with v instead of u due to the fact that it is derived from the word Evropa (Europe), also written with v. Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ...

The c in cent is pronounced as /ʦ/ in accordance with pronunciations in the Serbian language. Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ...

Both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets are used officially. Therefore, the above spellings may also appear in Cyrillic (евро, евра, цент, центи). The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

Slovenian

This section is missing citations and/or footnotes. This section contains insufficiently sourced phrases. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. You may improve the article or discuss this issue on its talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. This article has been tagged since July 2007. Image File history File links Information. ...

In Slovenian the euro and cent are called evro and cent, the dual form is 2 evra/centa and the plural forms are 3 evri/centi and 5 evrov/centov. Evro is spelled with v instead of u due to the fact that it is derived from the word Evropa (Europe), also written with v.

However, the v in the word evro is not pronounced as v, but as w (see Slovenian phonology). The c in cent is pronounced as ʦ. Slovenian or Slovene (slovenski jezik or shortly slovenščina) belongs to the family of South Slavic languages. ...

In laws and regulations, though, the word ‘evro’ is replaced with the word ‘euro’ in all grammatical cases in accordance with an agreement between Slovenia and the European Union. [10]

Spanish

In the Spanish language, the official plural is the same as its natural plural euros. For the cent, the word céntimo (plural céntimos) is used. The fraction of the peseta was also called céntimo, but it was out of circulation since decades before. This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... The céntimo was a currency unit of Spain and other countries which were historically influenced by Spain. ... ISO 4217 Code ESP User(s) Spain, Andorra Inflation 1. ...

Slang terms: Although Spanish was rich in slang terms for pesetas, the official forms are generally used when referring to euro even in very informal contexts.^{[citation needed]} Only 500 euro banknotes are rarely called binladens, because, as a joke says, "everybody knows about their existence, but nobody knows where they're hidden". Leru and leuro are sometimes used among the youth, and in the Internet, allegedly from a Flash toin called El Señor de los lerus (The Lord of the Lerus) [11], which used a broken euro coin as a ring, paroding the famous The Lord of the Rings film. Eypo (/ˈei.po/) (a humorous interpretation of the Greek transcript ΕΥΡΩ in bank notes) and Aurelio (related to "aureum", the Latin word for "gold", and also a Spanish first name) can also be found, but, again, not very often.^{[citation needed]} Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... Adobe Flash, or simply Flash, refers to both the Adobe Flash Player, and to the Adobe Flash Professional multimedia authoring program. ... The Lord of the Rings, an epic high fantasy novel by the British author J. R. R. Tolkien, set in his world of Middle-earth (a fictional past version of our Earth), has been adapted for various media multiple times. ... Aurelius (Spanish: ) (c. ...

Swedish

In Swedish writing, euro(s) as an amount of money is spelt euro (and cent is spelt cent) both in singular and plural. The currency "the euro" is spelt "euron" following Swedish grammar rules.

Officially and used in TV and radio news, it is pronounced [ˈɛv.ɾu], in order to distinguish it clearly from "öre" [øːrɛ] which is 1/100 krona. People have often not accepted this, but are pronouncing it in a more English way [ˈjʊː.ɹo] (no "s" in plural). The latter usage is unpopular among purists, who believe English has too much influence on the Swedish language. There was a debate about this issue at the time of the introduction of the euro in Europe, but this debate had died out in Sweden after 2003, when the country voted against abandoning the krona in favour of adopting the euro. In Sweden there are no widespread slang terms since the euro is just a foreign currency. See TV (disambiguation) for other uses and Television (band) for the rock band European networks National In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. ... ISO 4217 Code SEK User(s) Sweden Inflation 2. ...

In Finland Swedish is spoken as a minority language, and the country has adopted the euro as currency. The same spelling is used (officially Swedish in Finland is spelt as in Sweden). The pronunciation, however, is [ˈɛu.ɾu], which has some similarities to Finnish pronunciation. ...

Turkish

Turkey and Northern Cyprus continue to use New Turkish Lira as their official currency, but the euro is popularly used, particularly by individuals wanting to convert their savings into a more stable currency. The euro has colloquially been pronounced in the English fashion since its inception. Anthem Ä°stiklâl Marşı(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1  -  President Mehmet Ali Talat  -  Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Sovereignty from Cyprus   -  Proclaimed November 15, 1983   -  Recognition Only by Turkey  Area  -  Total 3,355 km² (not ranked) 1,295 sq mi   -  Water (%) 2. ... TRY banknotes and coins The new Turkish lira is the current currency of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ...

In response to criticism of widespread English pronunciation of euro, the Turkish Language Association officially introduced avro into Turkish ("av" being the first syllable of the Turkish word for Europe, Avrupa) in 1998. A concerted campaign by the Turkish Language Association has begun to blossom in recent years, with most sections of the Turkish media now using the new word. It has yet to enter widespread colloquial use, however. The word avro could cause problems in the event that Turkey becomes an EU member, and joins euro as the European Commission has refused to allow local variants, unless they are in a different script. Logo of the Turkish Language Association The Turkish Language Association (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu - TDK) is the official regulatory body of the Turkish language, founded on July 12, 1932 and headquartered in Ankara, Turkey. ...

Notes

December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... ▶ (help· info) (Danish: Danish Language Committee) is the official regulatory body of the Danish language as a part of the Danish Ministry of Culture, and resides at the University of Copenhagen. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

External links

Look up euro in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Evertype: Michael Everson: The euro and standardization
• Spelling of the words “euro” and “cent” in the official Community languages - to be used when drawing up Community Legislative acts
• Local Display Formats

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