Lionel-Adolphe Groulx photo from ca. 1925 - 1935

Lionel-Adolphe Groulx (January 13, 1878 - May 23, 1967), called Abbé Groulx (Canon Groulx), was a Roman Catholic priest, historian, nationalist, and traditionalist. Image File history File links Lionel_Groulx_c019195. ... Image File history File links Lionel_Groulx_c019195. ... January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Groulx was born at Chenaux, Quebec, Canada, the son of a farmer and lumberjack, and died in Vaudreuil, Quebec. After his seminary training and studies in Europe he taught at Valleyfield College, then the Université de Montréal. In 1917 he co-founded a monthly journal called Action Française, becoming its editor in 1920. The journal took its title from a journal in France of the same name founded and edited by the right-wing anti-democratic nationalist Charles Maurras, but the Quebec journal later changed its name to L'action canadienne-française after Maurras' movement was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church in 1927. In the inter-war period, Groulx was an avowed admirer of António de Oliveira Salazar and Benito Mussolini and hoped Quebec would find strong leadership. The occupation of that role by a politician like Duplessis was for him a bitter disappointment. Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Flower Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor Linné) Tree Yellow Birch Bird Snowy Owl Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of... Vaudreuil-Dorion is a city (ville) in southwestern Quebec in Vaudreuil-Soulanges on the Ottawa River (Riviere des Outaouais). ... Salaberry-de-Valleyfield is a city in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the south shore of the St. ... The Université de Montréal (UdeM) (translated into English commonly as (the) University of Montreal) is one of six universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... LAction nationale is a monthly published in Quebec, Canada. ... LAction nationale is a monthly published in Quebec, Canada. ... Doutor António de Oliveira Salazar (April 28, 1889—July 27, 1970) was the President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (Prime Minister) and the de facto dictator of the Portuguese Republic from 1932 to 1968. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown from power. ...

In 1928, the University of Montreal insisted that Groulx sign a paper saying that he would respect Confederation and English-Canadian susceptibilities as a condition of receiving a respectable salary for his teaching work. He would not sign, but finally agreed to a condition that he would limit himself to historical studies; he resigned from the editorship of L'action canadienne-française soon after, and the magazine ceased publication at the end of the year.^[1]

Lionel Groulx called the Canadian Confederation of 1867 a failure and espoused the theory that Quebec's only hope for survival was to bolster a French State and a Roman Catholic Quebec as the means to emancipate the nation and a bulwark against English power. He believed the powers of the provincial State of Quebec could and should be used, within Confederation, to better the lot of the French Canadian nation, economically, socially, culturally and linguistically. We dont have an article called Canadian-confederation Start this article Search for Canadian-confederation in. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

He also developed a Quebec history curriculum that emphasized the heroism of New France, the challenge British Conquest posed to the survival of the "Canadiens", and how this challenge was met by lengthy political struggles for democratic rights. He particularly insisted, as had many before him, on the Quebec Act of 1774 as the official recognition of his nation's rights. He bore particular affection for the undertaking of Baldwin and La Fontaine, that in 1849 successfully restored the rights of the French language along with the obtention of responsible government, thus thwarting the assimilation plans of Lord Durham's policiy of forced Union between Upper and Lower Canada. (See Lord Elgin). New France (French: ) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763. ... Baldwin can refer to: Place Baldwin is the name of some places in Canada: Baldwin (community), Ontario Baldwin, Ontario Baldwin, Quebec Baldwin Mills, Quebec Baldwin Road, Prince Edward Island Baldwins Bridge, Ontario Baldwinton, Saskatchewan Baldwin is the name of some places in the United States of America: Baldwin, Florida Baldwin... Jean de La Fontaine (July 8, 1621 – April 13, 1695) is the most famous French fabulist and probably the most widely read French poet of the 17th century. ... John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham (12 April 1792 - 28 July 1840), was a British Whig statesman and colonial administrator, Governor-General and high commissioner of British North America. ... James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine (July 20, 1811 - November 20, 1863) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat, best known as Governor General of the Province of Canada and Viceroy of India. ...

Groulx was one of the first Quebec historians to study Confederation: he insisted on its recognition of Quebec rights and minority rights, although he believed a combination of corrupt political parties and French Canadian minority status in the Dominion had failed to deliver on those promises, as the Manitoba conflict exposed. Groulx believed that only through national education and the Quebec government could the economic and social inferiority of French Canadians be repaired. Groulx was quite successful promoting his brand of ultramontanism. Ultramontanism literally alludes to a policy supporting those dwelling beyond the mountains (ultra montes), that is, beyond the Alps—generally referring to the Pope in Rome. ...

Through his writings and teaching at the university, and his association with the intellectual elite of Quebec he had a profound influence on many people including Michel Chartrand and Camille Laurin although the many intellectual youth he influence often did not share his conservative leanings, such as his personnalist successor at the Université de Montréal, Guy Frégault. Some historians have claimed that, while studying in Europe between 1906 and 1909, Groulx fell under the influence of disciples of the prominent 19th century French racist Joseph de Gobineau^[2] (author of An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, the first systematic presentation of general racist theory, who had a strong influence on German and French anti-semitism), although later in his life Groulx denied any such influence. During the period he was studying in Europe, he wrote letters to his family in which he asserted that everything possible should be done to keep Jews out of Quebec. Michel Chartrand (born in Montréal, Québec on June 16, 1916), is a former Quebec militant union leader and politician. ... Dr. Camille Laurin (May 6, 1922 - March 11, 1999) was a psychiatrist and Parti Québécois (PQ) politician in the Province of Quebec, Canada. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...

Groulx's conservative Catholicism was not very appreciative of other religions, although he also acknowledged that racism wasn't Christian, and that Quebec should aspire to be a model society by Christian standards, including intense missionary action. [Le Canada français missionnaire, Montreal, Fides, 1962].

His main focus was to restore Quebecker's pride in their identity by knowledge of history, both the heroic acts of New France and the French Canadian and self-government rights obtained through a succession of important political victories: 1774, the Quebec Act recognized the rights of the Quebec province and its people with respect to French law, Catholic religion and the French language; in 1848, responsible government was finally obtained after decades of struggle, along with the rights of the French language; in 1867, the autonomy of the province of Quebec was restored as Lower Canada was an essential partner in the creation of a new Dominion through Confederation [La Confederation canadienne, Montreal, Quebec 10/10, 1978 (1918)]. In order to inculcate such pride in a nation he considered degraded by Conquest, he engaged in national myth-making, celebrating the days of New France as a golden age and elevating Dollard Des Ormeaux into a legendary hero. He has been described as the first French-Canadian historian to consider the period of the French regime superior to that of the English rule that followed it, evaluating the Conquest as a disaster rather than the common nineteenth century view of it as a blessing that saved Quebec from the atheist terror of the French Revolution.^[3] Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Flower Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor Linné) Tree Yellow Birch Bird Snowy Owl Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of... A dominion, often Dominion, is the territory or the authority of a dominus (a lord or master). ... A confederation is an association of sovereign states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, (1635 – May, 1660), usually known simply as Dollard des Ormeaux, was a colonist of New France who, as garrison commander, led his companions from the fort of the newly founded town of Ville Marie (also known as Montreal) in 1660 to ambush a larger force of...

At the Ligue d'Action française, Groulx and his colleagues hoped to inspire revival of the French language and French Canadian culture, but also to create a think tank and public space of reflection, so that the French Canadian nation's elites would find was to remedy French Canada's underdevelopement and exclusion from big business.

Some collaborators of the review thus actively participated in the development of the HEC business school. Others yet were actively involved in the promotion of the Church's Social doctrine, an official Catholic answer to socio-economical distress that was meant to prevent the appeal of socialism and improve capitalism.

This Catholic social doctrine later became part of the 1930s Action liberale nationale (ALN) party, a new party that intellectuals close to Groulx and the defunct Action française appreciated. When Maurice Duplessis's victory became apparent, some instead accepted to cooperate with his government and its reforms. But Groulx, and with him a large number of intellectuals, chose to oppose him. This led to their partial alliance with Liberal Party of Quebec Leader Adelard Godbout, who served as Premier from 1939 to 1944. They soon broke with him on account of his submission to the Federal Liberals. Yet in 1944 they opposed Duplessis yet again, this time placing their hopes in another new party, the Bloc populaire canadien, lead by André Laurendeau. Future Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau was part of this young party, who soon suffered the same fate as the previous third party, the ALN. After the 1948 election, the Bloc populaire canadien disappeared. The Action libérale nationale was a short-lived political party in Quebec, Canada, led by Paul Gouin and founded by dissident Liberal party members in 1934. ... Duplessis campaigning in the 1952 election. ... The Parti libéral du Québec (Liberal Party of Quebec), or PLQ, is a liberal political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. ... Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montréal Jean Drapeau CC , GOQ (February 18, 1916 – August 12, 1999) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as mayor of Montréal from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986. ...

Groulx was later remembered both for his strong case in favour of economic reconquest of Quebec by French Canadians, defense of the French language, pioneer work as the first chair of Canadian history in Quebec (Universite de Montreal; see Ronald Rudin, Making History in Twentieth Century Quebec, Toronto University Press, 1997). Rudin underscores Groulx's founding role in scholarly History with the development of the Montréal History Department. Groulx founded the Institut d'histoire d'Amérique française in 1946, an institute located in Montreal that is devoted to the historical study of Quebec and of the French presence in the Americas and the publication of La revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française, still today arguably the main publication for professionnal historians in Quebec. His main intellectual contribution was to create a rapprochement between nationalism and the Catholic religion, blunting the hostility between them that had existed in the nineteenth century. 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Motto: Concordia Salus Coordinates: Country Canada Province Quebec Founded 1642 Established 1832 City Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area    - City 366. ...

Antisemitism

Groulx's antisemitism has made him a controversial figure. Those who have championed his ideas, principally members of Quebec's national movement that seeks separation from Canada, have sought to minimize his life-long, openly expressed, antisemitism. Groulx's supporters have declared that his antisemitism has to be understood in the context of his conservative Catholic beliefs. Groulx perceived that adherents of religions different from his own Catholic church opposed his religion. While Groulx was opposed to all non-Catholics, Groulx had expressed a particular hatred of Jewish people and Judaism in particular. Groulx opposed immigration to Canada by Jews, Mennonites, Mormons, and other non-Catholics. This article is becoming very long. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations based on the teachings and tradition of Menno Simons. ... The term Mormon is a colloquial name, most-often used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). ...

While studying in Europe, between 1906 and 1909, Groulx openly expressed his hatred of Jews in correspondence with his family in which he asserted that everything possible should be done to keep Jews out of Quebec. Groulx was opposed to admitting, even temporarily, Jews fleeing the Holocaust in Europe; as outlined by historians Abella and Troper in their study None is Too Many. World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... None is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1933-1948 is a book co-authored by Canadian historians Irving Abella and Harold Troper. ...

The writings of Lionel Groulx also espoused the idea of ethnic superiority. His pedagogical novel, L'Appel de la race (The Call of Race) taught that "the children of ethnically mixed marriages suffer from a form of schizophrenia because they are inhabited by two different souls." A character in Father Groulx's book exclaims: "So it is really true that the mixing of races produces cerebral disorders." ^[4] His writings contained vehement denials of any possibility that the French-Canadian race had been tainted by metissage with the blood of native Indians or African slaves. Lionel Groulx also espoused his l'achat chez nous policy that warned French Canadians not to shop at Jewish-owned stores. ^[5] This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ...

Groulx's conception of the French Canadians as a race resembles his Roman Catholic conception of the Jews as a Holy Nation and God's Chosen People, and he transferred his understanding of Jews and Judaism to advance the existence of a French-Canadian "nation" in the province of Quebec. Groulx was by no means the first to describe French Canadians as a nation; most famously, in 1839 the English Lord Durham had described Canada as two nations, English and French, warring within the bosom of a single state, and Confederation had been seen by some as a union of "deux nations". However, Groulx added to this conception a sense of religious and racial destiny. The Jews of the Bible could be seen as a race whose ancient kingdom had been conquered by others, who at various times in their history had been tempted into the worship of foreign gods, but who nonetheless remained God's chosen people, their suffering part of a divine plan. Groulx similarly posited the existence of the French-Canadians as a race who were descended from heroes, who had been degraded by conquest and foreign influences, the negative aspects of which he identified with Jews and others, yet whose suffering, Groulx conceived, had been ordained by God as part of a divine plan to bring the "true faith" of Roman Catholicism to the rest of the North American continent.

In her 1993 book, The Traitor and the Jew: Anti-Semitism and the Delirium of Extremist Right-Wing Nationalism in French Canada from 1929-1939, (Antisémitisme et nationalisme d'extrême-droite dans la province de Québec 1929-1939), French-Canadian historian and political theorist Esther Delisle documented Lionel Groulx's antisemitism as expressed in his writings from 1929 to 1939. Delisle exposed that Groulx's writings were rampant with various attacks against the Jewish people; blaming Jews for what Groulx viewed as his own society's social, and other, ills. However, Delisle's work has also been criticized for altering or misquoting many of her actual citations of Groulx's work, criticisms with which Delisle has strongly disagreed. One such critic is Gérard Bouchard, who agrees with the basic premise that Groulx expressed antisemitic opinions, but who strongly disagrees with Delisle over the importance of Groulx' antisemitism to his over-all body of thought. Delisle's work linked Groulx to the race-based, authoritarian ideology of European fascism, not just for its antisemitism, but also for his nationalist myth-making, his contempt for the current state of his people's culture, his admiration for dictators of the right in Europe and his desire for a strong authoritarian leader, and his condemnation of French-Canadian opponents as traitors to their race. French Canadians or (normally only in French) Canadiens historically refers to inhabitants of Canada who can trace their ancestry to the original French settlers of what is now the Province of Quebec. ... Esther Delisle (born 1954) is a French-Canadian political scientist and author of historical works. ... Gérard Bouchard (December 26, 1943 – ) is a historian, sociologist, and writer from Quebec, Canada. ...

Groulx's writings and views were virtually unknown outside of Quebec; however, he has been recognized as having a profound influence on French Quebec, its representatives, and its politicians. The reminders of Groulx's openly expressed hatred of Jewish people by scholars and other writers raised the issue of the appropriateness of having a prominent Montreal Metro station—-serving a city with Canada's oldest Jewish community—-named after Groulx. Consequently, in November 1996, a request was made to the Executive Committee of the Montreal Urban Community to remove Groulx's name from the Lionel Groulx Metro station. This prominent Metro station, a hub in the city's subway network, continues, however, to bear Groulx's name. Place-Saint-Henri station The Montreal Metro is the main form of public transportation within the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... We dont have an article called Montreal Urban Community Start this article Search for Montreal Urban Community in. ...

Other writing

In November 2005, Michel Bock won the Governor General’s Literary Award in the category of Non-fiction for the book Quand la nation débordait les frontières : les minorités françaises dans la pensée de Lionel Groulx (When the nation overflowed its borders: the French minorities in the thoughts of Lionel Groulx). Gérard Bouchard's Les deux chanoines is another important recent study of one of Canada's most important intellectuals of the XXth century. Two of his contemporaries, Andre Laurendeau and Olivar Asselin, have written studies of him. Michel Bock, is the winner of the 2005 Governor Generals Literary Awards in the French, non fiction category. ... Gérard Bouchard (December 26, 1943 – ) is a historian, sociologist, and writer from Quebec, Canada. ...

Lionel Groulx's major writings include "Histoire de la Confédération", "Notre grande aventure", Histoire du Canada français (1951), and Notre maître le passé. 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ...

References

1. ^ Mason Wade, The French-Canadians 1760-1967, vol. 2, p. 894
2. ^ Mason Wade, The French-Canadians 1760-1967, vol. 2, p. 867
3. ^ Olivar Asselin, L'Oeuvre de l'abbe Groulx, 1929
4. ^ Nemni, Max, & Nemni, Monique. Young Trudeau: 1919-1944: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada p. 15. (2006) Douglas Gibson Books. ISBN 0-7710-6749-6
5. ^ Nemni, Max, & Nemni, Monique. Young Trudeau: 1919-1944: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada p. 58. (2006) Douglas Gibson Books. ISBN 0-7710-6749-6

McClelland and Stewart is a Canadian publishing company. ... McClelland and Stewart is a Canadian publishing company. ...

External links

• Bibliography on Lionel Groulx, largely works in French