Lissamphibia Fossil range: (Early) Triassic - Recent
The Fire Salamander
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia Haeckel, 1866
Orders
Anura Caudata Gymnophiona The Early Triassic (also known as Lower Triassic, Buntsandstein, or Scythian) is the first of three epochs of the Triassic period. ... The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 ± 0. ... The Holocene epoch is a geological period that extends from the present day back to about 10,000 radiocarbon years, approximately 11,430 ± 130 calendar years BP (between 9560 and 9300 BC). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) The Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is probably the most well-known salamander species in Europe. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ... Classes Synapsida Sauropsida Amphibia A tetrapod (Greek tetrapoda, four-legged) is a vertebrate animal having four feet, legs or leglike appendages. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... Ernst Haeckel. ... Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frogs and toads. ... Suborders Cryptobranchoidea Salamandroidea Sirenoidea Salamander is the common name applied to approximately 500 amphibians with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. ... Families Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlidae Scolecomorphidae Typhlonectidae Caeciliidae The Caecilians are an order (Gymnophiona or Apoda) of amphibians which resemble earthworms or snakes. ...

The subclass Lissamphibia includes all recent amphibians. In biology, a subclass is one level below a class. ... Subclasses and Orders    Order Temnospondyli - extinct Subclass Lepospondyli - extinct Subclass Lissamphibia    Order Anura    Order Caudata    Order Gymnophiona Amphibians (class Amphibia; from Greek αμφις both and βιος life) are a taxon of animals that include all living tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) that do not have amniotic eggs, are ectotherms, and generally spend part...

Extant amphibians fall into one of three orders - the anurans (frogs and toads), the urodeles or caudata (newts and salamanders), and the caecilians (limbless forms). Although the ancestry of each group is controversial, all share certain common characteristics, which indicates they evolved from a common ancestor and so form a clade. Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frogs and toads. ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frog is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ... Families At least 9, see article. ... Families Salamander is the common name applied to approximately 350 amphibian vertebrates with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails (order Caudata or Urodela). ... “Eft” redirects here. ... Suborders Cryptobranchoidea Salamandroidea Sirenoidea Salamander is the common name applied to approximately 500 amphibians with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. ... Families Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlidae Scolecomorphidae Typhlonectidae Caeciliidae The Caecilians are an order (Gymnophiona or Apoda) of amphibians which resemble earthworms or snakes. ... Missing link is a term for a transitional form from the fossil record that connects an earlier species to a later one, or which connects two different species to an earlier ancestor. ... A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...

Relationships and Controversy

Whilst the monophyly of the Lissamphibia is accepted by many herpetologists and paleontologists, the origin and relationships of the various Lissamphibian groups both with each other and among other early tetrapods remains controversial. Not all paleontologists are convinced that the lissamphibia are indeed a natural group, as the various characteristics are also shared with some Paleozoic amphibians, and it is still possible that these characteristics evolved independently. Herpetology (Greek herpeton = to creep, to ramp and logos = in this context explanation or reason) is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians. ... A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... Groups See text. ... The Palaeozoic is a major division of the geologic timescale, one of four geologic eras. ...

Currently there are three prevailing theories of Lissamphibian origin: monophyletic within the temnospondyli, monophyletic within lepospondyli, and diphyletic (two separate ancestries) with apodans within the lepospondyls and salamanders and frogs within the temnospondyli. Groups Edopoidea Edopidae Cochleosauridae Euskelia Eryopoidea Eryopidae Zatrachydidae Dissorophoidea Limnarchia Dvinosauria Archegosauridae Stereospondyli Trematosauroidea Capitosauroidea Metoposauroidea Plagiosauroidea Rhytidosteidae Brachyopoidea Brachyopidae Chigutosauridae Temnospondyli are an important and extremely diverse taxon of small to giant labyrinthodont amphibians that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods. ... Groups Acherontiscidae Adelospondyli Aïstopoda Lysorophia Microsauria Nectridea Lepospondyli are a group of small but diverse Carboniferous to early Permian tetrapods. ... In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic (Greek para = near and phyle = race) if the group contains its most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor. ... Families Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlidae Scolecomorphidae Typhlonectidae Caeciliidae The Caecilians are an order (Gymnophiona or Apoda) of amphibians which resemble earthworms or snakes. ... Families Salamander is the common name applied to approximately 350 amphibian vertebrates with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails (order Caudata or Urodela). ... Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frogs and toads. ...

Characteristics

The following characteristics are shared by some, most, or all Lissamphibia. Some of these apply to the soft body parts and hence not present in fossils. Those which refer to the skeleton and are fossilisable are also known from several types of Palaeozoic amphibians - most )

• Two types of skin glands (mucous & granular)
• Fat bodies associated with gonads
• Double-channeled sensory papillae in the inner ear
• Green rods (a special type of visual cell, unknown in caecilians)
• Ribs do not encircle body
• Ability to elevate the eye (with levetator bulbi muscle)
• Forced pump respiratory mechanism
• Cylindrical centra (the main body of the vertebra; cylindrical centra are also found in several groups of early tetrapods)
• Pedicellate teeth (the crown of the teeth is separated from the root by a zone of fibrous tissue; also found in some Dissorophoidea; the teeth of some fossil salamanders are not pedicellate)
• Bicuspid teeth (two cusps per tooth, also found in juvenile dissorophoids)
• Operculum (small bone in the skull, linked to shoulder girdle by the opercularis muscle; perhaps involved in hearing and balance; absent in caecilians and some salamanders, fused to the stapes (ear bones) in most anurans)
• Loss of posterior skull bones (also in Microsauria and Dissorophoidea)
• Small, widely separated pterygoids (also found in Temnospondyli and Nectridea)
• Wide cultriform process of the parasphenoid (also found in some Microsauria (Rhynchonchos) and Lysorophia)
• Double or paired occipital condyle

Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Bat ears come in different sizes and shapes The ear is the sense organ that detects sound. ... The human rib cage. ... A human eye. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ... Groups See text. ... Genera Dissorophidae Trematopsidae Doleserpeton Micropholis Tersomius Dissorophoidea are a clade of medium-sized, temnospondyl amphibians that appeared during the Late Pennsylvanian in Euramerica, and continued through to trhe late Permian and even possibly the Early Triassic of Gondwana (if Micropholis belongs here). ... Suborders Cryptobranchoidea Salamandroidea Sirenoidea Salamander is the common name applied to approximately 500 amphibians with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. ... Cusp may refer to any of the following: In common parlance, a cusp is an important moment usually regarded as a decision point upon which consequent events are determined. ... Genera Dissorophidae Trematopsidae Doleserpeton Micropholis Tersomius Dissorophoidea are a clade of medium-sized, temnospondyl amphibians that appeared during the Late Pennsylvanian in Euramerica, and continued through to trhe late Permian and even possibly the Early Triassic of Gondwana (if Micropholis belongs here). ... The operculum (plural : opercula or operculums) of gastropods is a corneous plate at the opening of the shell, attached dorsally to the foot. ... It has been suggested that temporal fenestra be merged into this article or section. ... families Microbrachidae Pantylidae Microsauria is an extinct Order of lepospondyl amphibians from the Carboniferous period. ... Genera Dissorophidae Trematopsidae Doleserpeton Micropholis Tersomius Dissorophoidea are a clade of medium-sized, temnospondyl amphibians that appeared during the Late Pennsylvanian in Euramerica, and continued through to trhe late Permian and even possibly the Early Triassic of Gondwana (if Micropholis belongs here). ... Pterygoid can refer to: a plate near the Vomer bone a muscle such as Lateral pterygoid muscle or Medial pterygoid muscle This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Groups Edopoidea Edopidae Cochleosauridae Euskelia Eryopoidea Eryopidae Zatrachydidae Dissorophoidea Limnarchia Dvinosauria Archegosauridae Stereospondyli Trematosauroidea Capitosauroidea Metoposauroidea Plagiosauroidea Rhytidosteidae Brachyopoidea Brachyopidae Chigutosauridae Temnospondyli are an important and extremely diverse taxon of small to giant labyrinthodont amphibians that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods. ... familia Keraterpetontidae Nectridea is an extinct order of lepospondyl amphibians from the Carboniferous period. ... families Microbrachidae Pantylidae Microsauria is an extinct Order of lepospondyl amphibians from the Carboniferous period. ... Genera Cocytinus Lysorophus Molgophis ? Brachydectes ? Megamolgophis Lysorophia are an order of aquatic Carboniferous and Permian amphibians, which resembled small snakes. ... The lateral parts of the occipital bone are situated at the sides of the foramen magnum; on their under surfaces are the occipital condyles for articulation with the superior facets of the atlas. ...

External links

• Biology 356 - Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution by Dr. Robert Reisz, University of Toronto
• Lissamphibia (cladogram)

Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ...

References

• Benton, M. J. (2005), Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd
• Carroll, RL (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co.
• San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences, Marina Alcobendas, Rafael Zardoya and Axel Meyer (May 2005). "Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea". American Naturalist 165: 590-599.