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As Indo-European languages, English and Persian have many words of common Proto-Indo-European origin, and many of these cognate words often have similar forms. However, this article will be concerned with loanwords, that is, words in English that derive from Persian, either directly, or more often, via one or more intermediary languages. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken in by one language from another. ...

Many words of Persian origin have made their way into the English language through different, often circuitous, routes. Some of them, such as "paradise", date to cultural contacts between the Persians and the ancient Greeks or Romans and through Greek and Latin found their way to English. Persian as the second important language of Islam has influenced many languages in the Muslim world, and its words have found their way beyond the Muslim world. Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Paradise, Jan Bruegel Paradise is an English word from Persian roots that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...

Persia remained largely impenetrable to English-speaking travellers well into the 19th century. Persia was protected from Europe by overland trade routes that passed through territory inhospitable to foreigners, while trade at Persian ports in the Persian Gulf was in the hands of locals. In contrast, intrepid English traders operated in Mediterranean seaports of the Levant from the 1570s, and some vocabulary describing features of Ottoman culture found their way into the English language. Thus many words in the list below, though originally from Persian, arrived in English through the intermediary of Turkish. For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: /ləvænt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... Significant Events and Trends Transition from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan Categories: 1570s ... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ...

Some words also came into English through Hindi during the British Raj. Persian was the lingua franca in India before British rule. Hindi ( , Devanagari: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the official language of the Union along with English. ... The flag of British India British India, circa 1860 The British Raj (Raj in Hindi meaning Rule; from Sanskrit Rajya) was the British rule between 1858 and 1947 of the Indian Subcontinent, which included the present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma (Myanmar), whereby these lands were under the colonial...

Other words of Persian origin found their way into European languages— and eventually reached English at second-hand— through the Moorish-Christian cultural interface in the Iberian peninsula during the Middle Ages thus being transmitted through Arabic. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

A

Abbasi

A Persian coin or unit of weight; an Afghan coin. Etymology: Abbas plus Persian suffix i; literally, "of Abbas", with reference to Abbas I (died 1628), shah of Persia.^[1] Not to be confused with the Abbasi family or the Abbasid dynasty.

Abkar

A wine manufacturer or seller, whose trade is subject to abkari tax. Etymology: Persian abkar, from ab "water, liquid" (from Old Persian pi-) + kar, "doer" (from Middle Persian).^[2]

Abkari

Etymology: "abkari." manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors or drugs.^[3]

Absinthe

Etymology: Perhaps from Persian aspand. alcoholic liqueur distilled from wine mixed with wormwood.^[4]

Achaemenid

Etymology: Greekified of Old Persian Hakhaamanesh. The Old Persian Achaemenid empire from 559 B.C to 330 B.C.^[5]

Achar

Etymology: Persian achar. a pickled article of food as prepared in India : a pickle or relish^[6]

Afreet

Etymology: Arabic ifrit, probably from Persian afarida created being. a powerful evil jinni, demon, or monstrous giant in Arabic mythology.^[7]

Afghanistan

Afghan combined with Persian suffix stan.^[8] Literally meaning "Land of Afghans" in Persian.

Ahriman

from Persian Ahriman. Zoroastrian conception of evil.

Ahu

Etymology: Persian ahu, from Middle Persian ahuk. the common gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) of central Asia.^[9]

ahung

Etymology: Chinese a-hong from Persian akhun. theologian, preacher.^[10]

Ahura Mazda 

from Old. Pers Auramazdâ. Zoroastrian conception of God literally meaning wise lord. Old Persian Inscriptions http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm

Akhundzada

Etymology: Hindi akhundzada, from Persian, from akhund teacher + zada son. In India the son of a head officer -- used as a title^[11]

Algorithm 

from the name of the Persian scientist Khwarazmi.^[12][13]

Alkenkengi

from Arabic al-kakanj the ground-cherry originally from Persian kakunaj.^[14]

Amani

Etymology: Hindi & Persian aman, from Arabic amanah security. The aman+i(where the suffix i is Persian).^[15]

Angra Mainyu 

older version of Ahriman.

Angaria 

Etymology: Late Latin, from Greek angareia, from angaros royal (Persian) courier. In Roman and civil law : a compulsory service exacted by the government, a lord, or the church^[16]

Angel

Etymology: Middle English angel, from Old French angele, from Late Latin angelus, from Greek angelos (translation of Hebrew mal'kh), literally, messenger, probably of Iranian origin; akin to the source of Greek angaros imperial Persian courier; perhaps akin to Sanskrit angiras one of a group of luminous divine beings. a supernatural spirit especially in Persian, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic theologies that is commonly depicted as being winged and serving as God's messenger and divine intermediary and as special guardian of an individual or nation.^[17]

Apadana

Etymology: Old Persian apadana palace, from apa- away + dana container. the great hall in ancient Persian palaces.^[18]

Armenia

etymology not necessarily Persian although first mentioned in the Old Persian inscription of the Achaemenids as Armina. Arman.^[19][20][21]

arsenic 

from zarnig.^[22]

Arya 

from Ariya.^[23]

Aryan 

from Old Persian Ariya.^[24]

As

Etymology: Persian. a Persian card game similar to poker and by some thought to be its progenitor.^[25]

Asafetida

Etymology: Persian aza (mastic) + Latin foetida. tTe fetid gum resin of various Persian and East Indian plants of the genus Ferula occurring in the form of tears and dark-colored masses, having a strong odor and taste, and formerly used in medicine as an antispasmodic^[26]

Asmodeus 

evil spirit, prince of demons, from L. Asmodaeus, from Gk. Asmodaios, from Talmudic Heb. Ashmeday, from Avestan (Old-Iranian) Aesh-ma-dæva, lit. "Aeshma the deceitful."^[27]

Assassin

Sometimes considered a Persian word; see Assassin and Hashshashin for discussion.

aubergine 

from Persian بادنجان Bâdinjân itself maybe originally from Sanskrit.^[28]

Aumildar

Etymology: from Arabic 'amal work + Persian -dar (agent suffix). A revenue collector in India.^[29]

Avesta

see next entry.

Avestan

Etymology: Avesta, sacred books of the ancient Zoroastrian religion (from Middle Persian Avastik) + English -an. of or relating to the Avesta or to Avestan.^[30]

Azadirachta

Etymology: New Latin, from Persian azad dirakht, literally, free or noble tree.^[31]

Azedarach

Etymology: French azédarac, from Persian azad dirakht, literally, free or noble tree^[32]

Azha 

from Persian Ashiyana (آشیانه)

Azure (color) 

from Medieval Latin azura, from Persian lājaward^[33]

Abbas I, Shah of Persia (born 1557, died 1629) Abbas I, Hereditary Wali (Governor) of Egypt (born 1816, died 1854) Abbas I, Invader of Iran of the Mongol Empire This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Shah or Shahzad is a Persian term for a monarch (ruler) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Abbasi (Arabic:عباسی) is a prominent Muslim family name. ... Abbasid Caliphate (Abbasid Khalifat) and contemporary states and empires in 820. ... A reservoir glass filled with a naturally colored verte next to an absinthe spoon. ... Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... Achar (also written as Achaar) is the Hindi word for the pickle. ... Ifrit, also spelled efreet, also ifreet, afrit (Arabic: Afreet:عفريت, pl, Afareet: عفاريت), are a kind of Jinn from Arabic mythology. ... Angra Mainyu or Ahriman was the evil spirit in the dualistic strain of Zoroastrianism. ... Ahura Mazda is the Avestan language name for an exalted divinity of ancient proto-Indo-Iranian religion that was subsequently declared by Zarathustra (Zoroaster) to be the one uncreated creator of all (God). ... In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related disciplines, an algorithm is a finite list of well-defined instructions for accomplishing some task that, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state. ... Soviet postage stamp commemorating the 1200th anniversary of Muhammad al‑Khwarizmi in 1983. ... Amani is an Arabic name which is the plural of Amal, which means wishes in arabic. ... Angra Mainyu is the Avestan language name of the hypostasis of the destructive spirit. The Middle Persian equivalent is Ahriman. ... Angaria (from ἄγγαροσ, the Greek form of a Babylonian word adopted in Persian for mounted courier), a sort of postal system adopted by the Roman imperial government from the ancient Persians, among whom, according to Xenophon (Cyrop. ... The Archangel Michael by Guido Reni wears a late Roman military outfit in this 17th century depiction An angel is a supernatural being found in many religions. ... See Apadāna for the Pali texts. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... Ä€rya is a Sanskrit (आर्य) and Avestan word used by Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Buddhists. ... Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /ɑːrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... // AS, As, aS, or as may stand for: AS Acquisition strategy, a High-level business and technical management approach designed to achieve program objectives within specified resource constraints. ... Binomial name Ferula assafoetida L. Asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida, family Apiaceae) is a species of Ferula native to Iran. ... Asmodeus (Asmodeus, Asmodaeus, pronounced Ashmed or Ashmedeus in Hebrew, also Chammadai, Sydonai) is a semi-Biblical demon mostly known thanks to the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit; he is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends and in demonology, as he is a leading figure in the construction efforts of the Temple... Jack Ruby murdered the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner. ... Jack Ruby murdered the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner. ... The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin or Assassins) was a religious sect of Ismaili Muslims from the Nizari sub-sect. ... Binomial name L. The aubergine, eggplant or brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a solanaceous plant bearing a fruit of the same name, commonly used as a vegetable in cooking. ... See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ... Yasna 28. ... Binomial name Azadirachta indica A.Juss. ... Azha (the breeding place) is the name of the star eta Eridani in the constellation river Eridanus. ... Categories: Stub | Colors ...

B

Babouche 

Etymology: from Persian papoosh (پاپوش), from pa "foot" + poosh "covering." a chiefly oriental slipper made without heel or quarters.^[34][35]

Babul

Etymology: Persian babul; akin to Sanskrit babbula, babbla (Acacia arabica). an acacia tree (Acacia arabica) that is probably native to the Sudan but is widespread in northern Africa and across Asia through much of India^[36]

Badian

Etymology: French badiane, from Persian baadiaan anise.^[37]

Baghdad 

From Middle Persian Bhagadad "Gifted by God"

Bakhtiar

Etymology: Persian Bakhtyr, perhaps from bakhtyr fortunate, rich, from bakht fortune, prosperity. a member of the Bakhtiari people.^[38]

Baksheesh 

from Persian bakhshesh (بخشش), lit. "gift," from verb bakhshidan "to give.". a gift of money^[39][40]

Balaghat

Etymology: probably from Hindi, from Persian baalaa above (from Middle Persian) + Hindi gaht pass. tableland above mountain passes.^[41]

Baluchi

Etymology: Persian Baluch, Baluchi. an Indo-Iranian people blended from a mixture of the Veddoid type isolated in the Hadhramaut and of the Irano-Afghan type and located in Baluchistan in the southwestern part of Pakistan.^[42]

Baluchistan

Etymology: from Baluchistan, country of western Asia, from Persian Baluchistaan. a rug in somber colors (as mulberry and deep blue) woven by nomad tribes in Baluchistan and especially Seistan.^[43]

Ban (title) 

"governor of Croatia," from Serbo-Croat. ban "lord, master, ruler," from Persian baan (بان) "prince, lord, chief, governor"^[44]

Barbican

possibly from Persian (khāneh "house").^[45]

Barsom

Etymology: Persian barsam, from Middle Persian barsum, from Avestan barsman. a bundle of sacred twigs or metal rods used by priests in Zoroastrian ceremonies.^[46]

Bas

Etymology: Hindi bas, from Persian. The word means Enough, Stop.^[47]

Bazaar 

from Persian بازار bāzār (="market"), from Middle-Persian bahâ-zâr ("The Place of Prices").^[48]

Bazigar

Etymology: Hindi bazigar, from Persian. literally means a player and it refers to a gypsylike nomadic Muslim people in India.^[49]

Bedeguar

Etymology: Middle French bedegard, from Persian baadaaward. gall like a moss produced on rosebushes (as the sweetbrier or eglantine) by a gall wasp (Rhodites rosae or related species)^[50]

Begar

Etymology: Hindi begaar, from Persian bi-kaar. forced labor.^[51]

Begari

Etymology: Hindi begaar, from Persian. a forced laborer.^[52]

Beige

Etymology: French, perhaps from Italian bambagia cotton, from Medieval Latin bambac-, bambax, from Middle Greek bambak-, bambax, probably from a Turkish word represented now by Turkish pamuk cotton, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian pamba cotton. cloth (as dress goods) made of natural undyed wool. a variable color averaging light grayish yellowish brown. a pale to grayish yellow.^[53] "beige" /bazh/ may derive from "camBYSES" (Gk. "byssos" fine cloth, "bysses.byses" fine threads. Persian princes' robe)<Persian "kamBUJIYA"<Babylonian "kamBUZI" title of kings of Babylon who wore the robe each New Year.

Belleric

Etymology: French, from Arabic balilaj, from Persian balilah. the fruit of the bahera. compare to MYROBALAN.^[54]

Bellum

Etymology: modification of Persian balam. a Persian-gulf boat holding about eight persons and propelled by paddles or poles.^[55]

Benami

Etymology: Hindi benaam, from Persian banaam in the name of + i. made, held, done, or transacted in the name of.^[56]

Bezoar 

from pād-zahr (پادزهر) antidote. Also used in the following words BEZOAR, ORIENTAL BEZOAR, PHYTOBEZOAR, TRICHOBEZOAR, WESTERN BEZOAR. any of various concretions found in the alimentary organs (especially of certain ruminants) formerly believed to possess magical properties and used in the Orient as a medicine or pigment --^[57][58]

Bheesty 

Etymology: from Persian bihisht heavenly one. India : a water carrier especially of a household or a regiment.^[59]

Bhumidar 

Etymology: Hindi bhumidar, from bhumi earth, land (from Sanskrit also Persian Bumi and Old Persian Bum) + dar holder (from Persian). India : a landholder having full title to his land.^[60]

Bibi 

Etymology: Hindi bibi, from Persian.^[61]

Bildar 

Etymology: Hindi beldar, from Persian bildaar, from bil spade + -dar holder. Digger, Excavator.^[62]

Biryani 

Etymology: Hindi, or Urdu biryaan from Persian beryaan. roasted, grilled. Also an Indian dish containing meat, fish, or vegetables and rice flavored with saffron or turmeric.^[63][64]

Bobachee 

Etymology: Hindi babarchi, from Persian baawarchi. India : a male cook^[65]

Bombast 

Etymology: modification of Middle French bombace, from Medieval Latin bombac-, bombax cotton, alteration of Latin bombyc-, bombyx silkworm, silk, from Greek bombyk-, bombyx silkworm, silk garment, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian pamba cotton. 1) obsolete : cotton or any soft fibrous material used as padding or stuffing 2) a pretentious inflated style of speech or writing.^[66]

Borax 

Etymology: from Persian burah. the best-known sodium borate Na2B4O7.10H2O^[67][68]

Bostanji 

Turkish bostanci, literally, gardener, from bostan garden, from Persian bustaan flower or herb garden, from bo fragrance + -stan place. one of the imperial guards of Turkey whose duties include protecting the palace and its grounds, rowing the sultan's barge, and acting as imperial gardeners^[69]

Bronze 

Etymology : Perhaps ultimately from Pers. birinj "copper.".^[70]

Brinjal 

Etymology: from Persian badingaan, probably from Sanskrit vaatingana. Eggplant.^[71]

Buckshee 

Etymology: Hindi bakhsis, from Persian bakhshish.^[72]

Budmash 

Etymology: Persian badma'sh immoral, from bad bad (from Middle Persian vat) + ma'sh (Arabic) living, life. India : a bad character : a worthless person.^[73]

Bukshi 

Etymology: Persian bakhshi, literally, giver, from bakhshidan to give. India: a military paymaster.^[74]

bulbul 

Etymology: Persian originally borrowed from Arabic. a Persian songbird frequently mentioned in poetry that is a nightingale. a maker or singer of sweet songs.^[75]

Bund 

Etymology: Hindi band, from Persian. An embankment used especially in India to control the flow of water.^[76]

Bunder Boat 

Etymology: Hindi bandar harbor, landing-place, from Persian. a coastal and harbor boat in the Far East.^[77]

Bundobust 

Etymology: Hindi band-o-bast, literally, tying and binding, from Persian. India : arrangement or settlement of details.^[78]

Burka 

Etymology: Russian, probably from buryi dark brown (of a horse), probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur red like a fox; the Turkic word probably from Persian bur reddish brown;^[79]

Burkundaz 

Etymology: Hindi barqandz, from Persian, from barq lightning (from Arabic) + andz thrower. an armed guard or policeman of 18th and 19th century India.^[80]

Buzkashi 

from Persian buz "goat" + kashi "dragging"^[81]

Baabul is a 2005 Bollywood movie, directed by Ravi Chopra. ... Badian may mean: Badian, Cebu, Philippines Ernst Badian, Austrian classical scholar This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Bakhtiar may refer to: Shapour Bakhtiar, Iranian politician and Prime Minister of Iran (1979) Rudi Bakhtiar, Iranian-American newswoman Teymur Bakhtiar, Iranian general A common Iranian surname, indicating descent from the Bakhtiari tribe This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The Bakhtiari (or Bakhtiyari) are a group of southwestern Iranian people. ... Baksheesh is a term used to describe both charitable giving and certain forms of political corruption and bribery in the Middle East and Southwest Asia. ... Balaghat is a city in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. ... When referring to central asian peoples, Baluchi is an alernative spalling of Balochi (qv). ... Major ethnic groups in Pakistan and surrounding areas, in 1980. ... Ban is a title of either Avar or Illyrian origin, the title was used in some states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century. ... Barbican in Kraków Barbican (from mediæval Latin barbecana) - a fortified outpost or gateway, such as an outer defence to a city or castle and any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defence purposes. ... BAS may stand for: Most commonly: BASIC programming language (file extension) DONKEY.BAS, a computer game written in 1981 and included with early versions of the PC-DOS operating system Societies: Baltimore Appliqué Society Barbados Agricultural Society Barbados Astronomy Society Belize Audubon Society Biblical Archaeology Society (bib-arch. ... The Grand Timcheh of Qoms Bazaar. ... Middle Persian or Pahlavi is the Iranian language spoken during Sassanian times. ... Bazigars, a nomad gipsy-folk of India, found throughout the peninsula, and variously known as Bazigars, Panchpiri, Nats, Bediyas, &c. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. ... Beige is a light yellowish gray color. ... Look up antebellum, bellum, postbellum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A bezoar or enterolith is a sort of calculus or concretion, a stone found in the intestines of mostly ruminant animals. ... Bheesty (from the Persian bihisti, paradise), the Hindustani name for a water carrier, the native who supplies water from a pigskin or goat-skin bag. ... â–¶ (help· info) (Hebrew: בִּנְיָמִין נְתַנְיָהוּ (without niqqud: בנימין נתניהו), Hebrew transliteration written in English: Binyamin Netanyahu, nicknamed Bibi) (born October 21, 1949, Tel Aviv) was the 9th Prime Minister of Israel. ... Iraqi Biryani (as served in Amman, Jordan) The name biryani or biriani (Urdu بریانی ;Hindi बिरयानी) is derived[1] from the Persian word beryā(n) (بریان) which means fried or roasted. Biryani is a family of Middle Eastern, Southern Asian dishes made from a mixture of spices, rice (usually basmati), meat/vegetables and... Borax from Persian burah. ... Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... Binomial name Solanum esculentum Drege ex Dun. ... Genera See text. ... Look up Bund in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Afghan woman wearing Afghan burqa Two different items of traditional Muslim womens clothing are known as a burqa, (sometimes misspelled as burka or burqua). ... Game of Buzkashi in Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan Buzkashi, Kok-boru or Oglak Tartis (Persian: بزکشی buzkashÄ«: goat grabbing) (Uzbek, Tatar, Turkmen: kökbörü, kök blue + börü wolf, Kazakh: көкпар, Kyrgyz: улак) is a traditional Central Asian team sport played on horseback. ...

C

Caftan 

Etymology: Russian kaftan, from Turkish, from Persian qaftan. an ankle-length coatlike garment, usually of cotton or silk, often striped, with very long sleeves and a sash fastening, common throughout the Levant.^[82]

Calabash 

possibly from Persian kharabuz, Kharbuzeh (خربزه) melon.^[83]

Calean 

Etymology: Persian qalyaan. a Persian water pipe.^[84]

Calender 

Etymology: Persian qalandar, from Arabic, from Persian kalandar uncouth man. one of a Sufic order of wandering mendicant dervishes.^[85]

Camaca

Etymology: Middle English, from Middle French camocas or Medieval Latin camoca, from Arabic & Persian kamkha, kimkha. a medieval fabric prob. of silk and camel's hair used for draperies and garments.^[86]

Candy

from Arabic qandi "candied," derived from Persian qand, meaning "sugar." ^[87]

Carafe 

from Arabic gharafa (قرافه), "to pour"; or from Persian qarabah, (قرابه) "a large flagon"^[88]

Caravan 

Etymology: Italian caravana, carovana, from Persian kārawān. a company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants on a long journey through desert or hostile regions : a train of pack animals.^[89]

Caravansary

Etymology: modification of Persian kārwānsarā, from kārwān caravan + sarā palace, large house, inn; an inn in eastern countries where caravans rest at night that is commonly a large bare building surrounding a court.^[90]

Carcass

Etymology: Etymology: Middle French carcasse, alteration of Old French carcois, perhaps from carquois, carquais quiver, alteration of tarquais, from Medieval Latin tarcasius, from Arabic tarkash, from Persian tirkash, from tir arrow (from Old Persian tigra pointed) + -kash bearing (from kashdan to pull, draw, from Avestan karsh-);^[91]

Carcoon

Etymology: Marathi kaarkun, from Persian kaarkon manager, from kaar work, business + -kon doer. India : CLERK.^[92]

Cash

Etymology: from Sanskrit karsa, a weight of gold or silver but akin to Old Persian karsha-, a weight. a unit of value equivalent to one cash coin.^[93]

Cassock 

Etymology: Middle French casaque, from Persian kazhaghand padded jacket, from kazh, kaj raw silk + aaghand stuffed. a long loose coat or gown formerly worn by men and women.^[94][95]

Caviar 

from Fr. caviar, from It. or Turk., from Pers. khaviyar (خاویار), from khaya "egg"+ dar "bearing, holder".^[96][97]

Ceterach 

Medieval Latin ceterah, from Arabic shtaraj, from Persian shitarakh. A small genus of mainly Old World ferns (family Polypodiaceae) typified by the scale fern^[98]

Chador 

Hindi caddar, from Persian chaddar. a large cloth used as a combination head covering, veil, and shawl usually by women among Muslim and Hindu peoples especially in India and Iran.^[99]

Chakar 

Hindi chakor, from Persian chaker. India : a person in domestic service : SERVANT; also : a clerical worker.^[100]

Chakari

From Chakar. India : domestic or more commonly clerical service.^[101]

Chakdar

From Panjabi chakdar, from chak tenure (from Sanskrit cakra) + Persian -dar having. a native land tenant of India intermediate in position between the proprietor and cultivator.^[102]

Chalaza

Old Slavic zledica frozen rain, Persian zhaala hail. Either of a pair of spiral bands of thickened albuminous substance in the white of a bird's egg that extend out from opposite sides of the yolk to the ends of the egg and are there attached to the lining membrane.^[103]

Chappow

Persian Chapu pillage or Chapaul raid. Word is Mongolian in Origin. Pillage/Raid.^[104]

Charka

Hindi carkha, from Persian charkha, charkh wheel, from Middle Persian chark; akin to Avestan chaxra- wheel, Sanskrit cakra. Wheel. a domestic spinning wheel used in India chiefly for cotton.^[105]

Charpoy

From Persian Char-pai. Literally meaning four-footed. a bed consisting of a frame strung with tapes or light rope used especially in India.^[106]

Chawbuck

Hindi cabuk, from Persian chabuk archaic, chiefly India : a large whip.^[107]

Cheque

from Persian 'chek' (چك). Iranian invented cheque 1st . Sassanid Empire. During the first century A.D., banks in Persia and other territories in the Persian empire under Sassanid Empire issued letters of credit known as 'chek'. They are considered the basis for the modern cheque.

Check 

check (n.) from O.Fr. eschequier "a check at chess," from eschec, from V.L. *scaccus, from Persian shah "king," the principal piece in a chess game (see shah). When the king is in check a player's choices are limited. Meaning widened from chess to general sense of "adverse event, sudden stoppage" and by c.1700 to "a token used to check against loss or theft" (surviving in hat check) and "a check against forgery or alteration," which gave the modern financial use of "bank check, money draft" (first recorded 1798), probably influenced by exchequeur. Check-up "careful examination" is 1921, American English, on notion of a checklist of things to be examined.^[108][109]

Checkmate 

from Middle French eschec mat, from Persian shâh mât (="the King cannot escape")^[110][111]

Chess 

from Russian Shach, from Persian shah ("the King"), an abbreviation of Shâh-mât (Checkmate).^[112]

Cheyney 

Etymology: probably from Persian chini literally meaning Chinese. a woolen fabric in use during the 17th and 18th centuries.^[113]

Chick

Hindi ciq, from Persian chiq. a screen used in India and southeast Asia especially for a doorway and constructed of bamboo slips loosely bound by vertical strings and often painted.^[114]

Chillum

Etymology: Hindi cilam, from Persian chilam.^[115]

Chilamchi

Etymology: Hindi cilamci, from Persian chilamchi. India : a metal wash basin.^[116]

China

Modification (influenced by China, the country) of Persian chn(Chinese) porcelain.^[117]

Chinar

Hindi chinar, from Persian chanar. A type of Oriental Tree.^[118]

Chobdar

Hindi cobdar. From Persian chubar. from chub, chub staff, wood (from Middle Persian chup wood) + -dar having.^[119]

Cinnabar 

probably from Persian zanjifrah^[120]

Coomb

Middle English combe, from Old English cumb, a liquid measure; akin to Middle Low German kump bowl, vessel, Middle High German kumpf bowl, Persian gumbed(Gonbad). an English unit of capacity equal to 4 imperial bushels or 4.13 United States bushels.^[121]

Culgee; Etymology

Hindi kalg, from Persian kalgi jeweled plume. a jeweled plume worn in India on the turban.^[122]

Cummerbund 

from Hindi kamarband (كمربند), from Persian, from kamar (="waist") + band (="band")^[123]

Cushy 

modification of Hindi khush pleasant, from Persian khush.^[124]

This kaftan was a gift from Venicians to Sultan Suleyman The Magnificent in the 16th Century. ... Binomial name (Molina) Standl. ... The calender is a series of rolls in a stack, at the end of a paper machine (on-line) or separate from it (off-line). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Confectionery. ... A decanter is a vessel used for holding the results of decantation, in which liquid from another vessel is poured into the decanter in order to separate a small volume of liquid containing sediment (such as wine) from a larger volume of clear liquid (i. ... The Sukhoi Su-15 (NATO reporting name Flagon) was a twin engined interceptor aircraft developed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s to replace the Sukhoi Su-11. ... Look up caravan and Caravan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A caravanserai (also spelt caravansarai, caravansary Persian كاروانسرا, Turkish: kervansaray), means home or shelter for caravans (caravan meaning a group or convoy of soldiers, traders or pilgrims engaged in long distance travel). ... Carcass of a chicken after cooking Carcass may refer to: A carcass (or carcase) is a term for a dead body, typically that of an animal. ... For other uses, see Cash (disambiguation). ... A Roman Catholic priest from Belgian Congo wearing the Roman cassock. ... ... A chador (Persian چادر) is an outer garment worn by some Iranian women when they venture out into public; it is one possible way in which a Muslim woman may follow the Islamic ħijāb dress code. ... Chakari is a village in the province of Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. ... A greek word - from khalaze - meaning hailstone. It is composed of one or two spiral bands of tissue that suspends the yolk in the center of the white. ... Obsolete Russian weights and measures were used in Imperial Russia and after the Russian Revolution until they were replaced in the Soviet Union by a metric system in 1924. ... The Manjaa is a traditional Punjabi bed. ... Example of a Canadian cheque. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... The word check has these meanings: In finance, a cheque (spelt check in American English) is an order for transfer of money. ... Checkmate (frequently shortened to mate) is a situation in chess (and in other boardgames of the chaturanga family) in which one players king is under attack and there is no way to meet that threat; it is a check from which there is no escape. ... Chess is a recreational and competitive game for two players. ... A baby chicken Look up chick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... There is also a Chillum, Maryland, a suburb North of Washington, D.C. Two small glass chillums, with bottle cap for size comparison. ... Species See text The genus Platanus is a small genus of trees native to the Northern Hemisphere. ... Cinnabar, sometimes written cinnabarite, is a name applied to red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion, the common ore of mercury. ... Coomb may refer to: Coomb, a rare Celtic Brythonic survival word; meaning a small deep dry valley, easily defended. ... Orange cummerbund A cummerbund is a broad waist sash, usually pleated, which is often worn with black tie. ...

D

Daeva

daeva, deva from Avestan daevo; dev from Persian deev. Zoroastrianism : a maleficent supernatural being : an evil spirit.^[125]

dafadar

From Persian Daf'adaar. from Arabic daf'ah time, turn + Persian -dar holder.^[126]

Daftar

Hindi, record, office, from Persian Daftar, from Arabic daftar, diftar, from Greek diphthera prepared hide, parchment, leather.^[127]

Daftardar

Etymology: Hindi daftardar, from Persian, finance officer, from daftar + -dar holder.^[128]

Dakhma

Etymology: Persian, from Middle Persian dakhmak, from Avestan daxma- funeral place.^[129]

Daroga

Etymology: Hindi daroga, from Persian daaroga. India : a chief officer; especially : the head of a police, customs, or excise station.^[130]

Darvesh

Persian darvish.^[131]

Darzi

Hindi darzi, from Persian Darzi. A tailor or an urban caste of tailors in Hindu society in India.^[132]

Das

Sanskrit daasa demon, enemy, infidel, slave; probably akin to Persian daah servant, Avestan dahyn-, dainhu-, danghu- land, Old Persian dahyn- land, province, Sanskrit dasyu demon, barbarian. a Hindu slave or servant.^[133]

Dastur

Hindi dastur custom, from Persian Dastur. customary fee.^[134]

Dastur

From Persian Dastur. a Parsi high priest.^[135]

Dasturi

Hindi Dasturi from Persian Dastur. Gratuity.^[136]

Defterdar

Turkish, from Persian daftardar finance officer. a Turkish government officer of finance; specifically : the accountant general of a province.^[137]

Dehwar

Persian dehwar=Dih(land)+war(having possession of).  : a member of the Dehwar racial type usually having the status of a laborer or slave.^[138]

• del , delta heart, in Persian language

Dervish 

from Persian Darvish Middle Persian Darweesh. a member of any Muslim religious fraternity of monks or mendicants noted for its forms of devotional exercises^[139][140]

Dewan

Etymology: Hindi diwan, from Persian, account book.^[141]

Demitasse 

from Fr., lit. "half-cup," from demi- + tasse, an O.Fr. borrowing from Arabic tassah, from Pers. tasht "cup, saucer".

Div

See the Entry Daeva above.^[142]

Divan

from Persian dēvān (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian dipi (="writing, document") + vahanam (="house")^[143][144]

Doab

Etymology: Persian doab, from do two (from Middle Persian) + -ab water. a tract of land between two rivers : INTERFLUVE.^[145]

Dogana

Etymology: from Persian, account book. an Italian customhouse.^[146]

Douane

Etymology: from Persian Divan. CUSTOMHOUSE.^[147]

Dubber

Etymology: from Persian Dabba. a large globular leather bottle used in India to hold ghee, oil, or other liquid.^[148]

Duftery

Etymology: from Dafter (Record)+i. A servant in an office whose duty is to dust and bind records, rule paper, make envelopes. An office boy.^[149]

Dumba

Etymology: Persian, from dumb tail. a fat-tailed sheep of Bokhara and the Kirghiz steppe that furnishes astrakhan.^[150]

Durbar

Etymology: Persian, from dar door + baar door, admission, audience. admission, audience of the King.^[151]

Durwan

Etymology: Persian darwan, from dar door (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian duvar-) + Persian -wan keeping, guarding.^[152]

Dustuck

Etymology: Hindi dastak, from Persian Dastak (handle, related to hand).^[153]

The Daeva are a fictional clan of vampires in the role-playing game Vampire: The Requiem, published by White Wolf Game Studio . ... One of the two Towers of Silence no longer in use on the outskirts of the city of Yazd, Iran. ... DAS can mean: A code for Decimal Adjust after Subtraction, an Intel 80x86 processor instruction Direct Attached Storage Data Acquisition System Distributed Annotation System Distributed Antenna System, in which a radio signal (such as a signal from a cellular-phone base station) received by a main antenna in a building... A dastūr is a Zoroastrian high priest who has authority in religious matters and ranks higher than a Mobad or Herbad. ... A dastūr is a Zoroastrian high priest who has authority in religious matters and ranks higher than a Mobad or Herbad. ... Dehwar is a Baloch tribe in Balochistan province of Pakistan. ... In vector calculus, del is a vector differential operator represented by the nabla symbol: ∇. Del is a mathematical tool serving primarily as a convention for mathematical notation; it makes many equations easier to comprehend, write, and remember. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... A is a small cup (typically about 2 or 3 fl oz / 60 ml) used to serve turkish coffee or espresso. ... Look up div in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article should be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... A Doab, meaning two waters in Persian, is a term used in India and Pakistan for a tract of land between two confluent rivers. ... Dogana is a town in the north-eastern corner of San Marino, a small country in southern Europe. ... Douanes were a system of taxation through custom duties in France in King Louis XIVs reign. ... DUMBA was a collective living space and anarchist, queer, all-ages community center and venue in Brooklyn, New York. ... Durbar is a term in India for a court or levee, from the Persian darbar. ...

E

Emblic

New Latin emblica, from Arabic amlaj, from Persian aamlah. an East Indian tree (Phyllanthus emblica) used with other myrobalans for tanning.^[154]

Enamdar

Hindi in'aamdaar, from Persian, from ina'm (originally Arabic meaning Gift) + -dar holder. the holder of an enam (Gifts).^[155]

Euphrates

From OLd Persian Ufratu "Good to cross over"

Binomial name Phyllanthus emblica Gaertn. ... Surfer Rosa The Euphrates (IPA: /juːˈfreɪtiːz/; Greek: Euphrátēs; Akkadian: Pu-rat-tu; Hebrew: פְּרָת Pĕrāth; Syriac: Prâth; Arabic: الفرات Al-Furāt; Turkish: Fırat; Kurdish: فرهات, Firhat, Ferhat, Azeri: Fərat) is the western of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (the other...

F

Farsakh 

Arabic Farsakh from Persian Farsang. a Persian metric unit equal to 10 kilometers or 6.21 miles.^[156]

Farsi 

the name for Persian in Arabic. Standard Arabic lacks the /p/ phoneme, as a result, the Arabs who invaded Persia slowly began to refer to the language and the people as "Farsi", rather than "Parsi".^[157][158]

Faujdar 

Hindi Fawjdaar from Persian, from Arabic Fawj Host (troops) + Persian daar (holder). petty officer (as one in charge of police).^[159]

Faujdari

from Persian, from fawjdar. a criminal court in India.^[160]

Ferghan

from Persian Ferghana. a region in Central Asia. a usually small heavy Persian rug chiefly of cotton having usually a web and a fringed end, a deep blue or rose field with an allover herati sometimes guli hinnai design and a main border with a turtle design, and being highly prized if antique.^[161]

Feringhee 

from Persian 'Farangi': from the word Frankish: a person from Europe. The first encounter with Western Europe was during Charlemagne who was King of Franks. From that time the word Farangi means European, especially Western European. Also after the first Crusade this word appeared frequently in Persian and Arabic literature. (in Arabic as 'Faranji' because they could not pronounce /g/) . The Ottoman Turks pronounced it as Feringhee.^[162]

Fers

Middle English, from Middle French fierce, from Arabic farzan, from Persian farzin. obsolete : a chess queen.^[163]

Fida'i

Arabic fida (sacrifice) plus Persian suffix 'i'. a member of an Ismaili order of assassins known for their willingness to offer up their lives in order to carry out delegated assignments of murdering appointed victims.^[164]

Firman

from Persian ferman, from Old Persian framaanaa. a decree or mandate, order, license, or grant issued by the ruler of an Oriental country.^[165][166]

Farsi may refer to: The name of the the Persian language among native speakers Farsi Island, an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf The Jafari Shia Tajiks of Central Asia Salman al-Farsi, one of the prophet Muhammads companions Al-Farisi (1260-1320), Persian mathematician and physicist Jalaleddin Farsi... Faujdar was a title awarded by Muslim rulers to people who had responsibility of protecting some territory. ... Charlemagne and Pippin the Hunchback. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... Shatranj: The position of the pieces at the start of a game. ... Firman refers to a royal mandate or decree issued from a sovereign in Western Asian countries such as Iran under the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi or the Ottoman rulers. ...

G

Gatch 

from Persian گچ (Gach), a plaster used especially in Persian architectural ornamentation.^[167]

Ghee 

from Persian grdan to mix

Galingale 

from Persian خلنجان khalanjan, a plant.^[168]

Gherkin 

probably from Middle Persian angArah watermelon. a small oblong prickly cucumber of West Indian origin that is used chiefly for pickling -- called also bur gherkin^[169]

Ghorkhar 

from Persian گوره خر (Gureh Khar). a wild ass of northwestern India believed to be identical with the onager.^[170]

Giaour 

from Pers. gaur, variant of gabr "fire-worshipper"^[171][172]

Gigerium

from Latin gigeria, plural, entrails of fowl, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian jigar liver.^[173]

Gizzard

earlier gysard, alteration of gysar, from Middle English giser, gyser, from Old North French guisier liver (especially of a fowl), gizzard, modification of Latin gigeria (neuter plural) cooked entrails of poultry, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian jigar liver;^[174]

Gul

Etymology: Persian Gol/Gul گل. Rose.^[175]

Gulhinnai

Etymology: Persian guli hinna, from Persian gul flower, rose + Arabic hinna/henna. a Persian rug design consisting of a plant with central stem and attached star flowers.^[176]

Gulmohar

Etymology: Hindi gulmohur, from Persian gul rose, flower + muhr seal, gold coin.^[177]

Gunge

Etymology: Hindi gãj, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ganj treasure.^[178]

Gymkhana

Etymology: probably modification (influenced by English gymnasium) of Hindi gend-khana racket court, from Persian khana house. a meet or festival featuring sports contests or athletic skills: as a : a horseback-riding meet featuring games and novelty contests (as musical chairs, potato spearing, bareback jumping).^[179]

Ghee in a jar Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Ghee Ghee (Hindi घी from Sanskrit ghṛta घृत sprinkled ) is a type of clarified butter important in Indian cuisine. ... Galingale is more popularly known as galanga or galangal. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Cucumis anguria. ... Giaour (a Turkish adaptation of the Persian gdwr or gbr, an infidel), a word used by the Turks to describe all who are not Moslems, with especial reference to Christians. ... The gizzard is an adapted stomach that is found in birds, earthworms, and other animals. ... Gul can refer to several things: Designs used in producing Turkmen rugs. ... Binomial name (Boj. ... Look up gunge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Gymkhana is an Indian term for a place where sporting events take place and refers to any of various meets at which contests are held to test the skill of the competitors, such as in the sports of equestrianship, gymnastics, or sports car racing. ...

H

Halalcor 

Hindi halalkhor, from Persian, from Arabic halal + Persian khor eating. a person in Iran and India to whom any food is lawful.^[180]

Havildar 

Hindi hawaldar, from Arabic 'hawala' charge + Persian 'dar' having. a noncommissioned officer in the Indian army corresponding to a sergeant.^[181]

Hyleg 

modification of Persian hailaj 'material body'. The astrological position of the planets at the time of birth^[182]

Hindi 

Hind India, from Persian. literary language of northern India usually written in the Devanagari alphabet that is the official language of several states in India and is scheduled to become the official language of the republic.^[183]

Hindu 

from medieval Persian word Hindu (mod. Hendi),from ancient Avestan hendava ultimately from Sanskrit saindhava. "Indian"^[184][185]

Hindustan 

Hindi Hindustan, from Persian Hindustan (mod. Hendustan) India.^[186]

Hircarrah 

Persian harkara, from har every, all (from Old Persian haruva-) + kaar work, deed, from Middle Persian, from Old Persian kar- to do, make.^[187]

Homa

hom from Persian hom, from Avestan haoma. a stylized tree pattern originating in Mesopotamia as a symbol of the tree of life and used especially in Persian textiles.^[188]

Havildar was the equivalent rank to Sergeant in the British Indian Army, next above Naik, and is still used in the modern Indian Army and Pakistan Armys. ... In Hellenistic astrology, the hyleg is the Arabic term for the planet with the greatest essential dignity in five important natal chart positions (according to Ptolemys Tetrabiblos): the degree of the Sun the degree of the Moon the Ascendant the Lot of fortune the pre-natal syzygy (that is... Hindi ( , Devanagari: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the official language of the Union along with English. ... A Hindu ( , Devanagari: हिन्दु), as per modern definition, is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, and the religious, philosophical and cultural system that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... An Iranair Boeing 747-100 lands over the houses at London (Heathrow) Airport IRAN AIR is the national and international airline of Iran. ...

I

India

from Persian Hind.^[189]

Iran

from Middle Persian Ir (Ary) + an (plural suffix)^[190]

Ispaghol

literally, horse's ear, from asp horse (from Middle Persian) + ghol ear. an Old World plantain (Plantago ovata) with mucilaginous seeds that are used in preparing a beverage.^[191]

J

Jackal 

from Persian shaghāl, Any of several doglike mammals of the genus Canis of Africa and southern Asia that are mainly foragers feeding on plants, small animals, and occasionally carrion.^[192][193]

Jagir 

from Persian Ja (place) + gir (keeping, holding). a grant of the public revenues of a district in northern India or Pakistan to a person with power to collect and enjoy them and to administer the government in the district;^[194]

Jama 

from Persian Jama (garment). a long-sleeved cotton coat of at least knee length worn by men in northern India and Pakistan. Also used as suffix in the word Pajama.^[195]

Jasmine 

from yasmin, the name of a climbing plant with fragrant flowers.^[196][197]

Jemadar 

Hindi jama'dar, jam'dar (influenced in meaning by Persian jam'at body of troops), from Arabic jam' collections, assemblage + Persian dar having. an officer in the army of India having a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. any of several police or other officials of the government of India.^[198]

Jezail 

Persian jaza'il. a long heavy Afghan rifle .^[199]

Jujube 

Greek zizyphon, Persian zayzafun, an Asiatic tree with datelike fruit.^[200]

Julep 

from gulab (rose(gul)-water(ab)).^[201][202]

Species Canis aureus Canis adustus Canis mesomelas A jackal (from Turkish çakal, via Persian shaghal ultimately from Sanskrit sṛgālaḥ [1][2]) is any of three (sometimes four) small to medium-sized members of the family Canidae, found in Africa, Asia and Southeastern Europe. ... A Jagir is a small territory granted by a ruler to an army chieftain (called a sardar in Marathi language) in recognition of his military service. ... JAMA is the acronym for the Journal of the American Medical Association, a leading medical journal. ... Categories: Stub | Clothing ... Jasminum. ... Jemadar was a rank used in the British Indian Army, where it was the was the lowest rank for a Viceroys Commissioned Officer (VCO). ... The Jezail (Sometimes Jezzail from the Pashto language) is an Afghan matchlock or flintlock musket fired from a forked rest. ... Binomial name (L.) H. Karst. ... The Mint Julep is a mixed alcoholic drink, or cocktail, distinctive to the southern U.S., and well-known as the official drink of the Kentucky Derby. ...

K

Kabob 

or kebab, possibly from Persian kabab کباب, or from identical forms in Arabic and Urdu^[203]

Kabuli 

 : Persian kabuli, of or belonging to Kabul, Afghanistan.^[204]

Kaftan 

from Persian خفتان khaftân.^[205]

Kajawah

from Persian کجاوه (Kajavah/Kajawah). a pannier used in pairs on camels and mules especially in India .^[206]

Kala-Azar

from Hindi kala (black) + Persian āzār (disease, pain). a severe infectious disease chiefly of eastern and southern Asia that is marked by fever, progressive anemia, leukopenia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver and is caused by a flagellate (Leishmania donovani) which is transmitted by the bite of sand flies (genus Phlebotomus) and which proliferates in reticuloendothelial cells -- called also visceral leishmaniasis.^[207]

Kamboh

Etymology: Unabridged Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Kamboh as "a member of a low caste in the Punjab engaged chiefly in agriculture".^{[208] [209]} This definition of Webster for Kamboh is based on a Persian proverb, reportedly of modern origin, according to which, the Afghans, the Kambohs and the Kashmiris are all rogues. This proverb, though very popular, also has several versions, across the length and breadth of north-west region, some of which name the Sindis and/or the Jatts in place of Kambohs.^[210] According to H. Blochman, this proverb is of recent origin since it was indeed a matter of honour to belong to the Kamboh lineage during the reigns of Mughal emperors like Akbar and Jahangir etc.^{[211] [212] [213]} According to Encylopedia Britannica, the Sayyids and the Kambohs, from among the Indians, were specially favored for high civil and military positions during muslim rule in India.^[214]

The Kambohs are modern representatives of ancient Kambojas (q.v.),^[215] a famous Kshatriya (warrior) clan of Indo-Iranian affinities^[216] who find numerous references in ancient Sanskrit and Pali tesxts as well as in many ancient inscriptions, including those of king Ashoka.

Numerous Indologists have connected name Kamboja to royal name Cambyses or Kambujiya (q.v.) of the Old Persian Inscriptions.^[217]

The Manusmriti,^[218] and Indian epic Mahabharata ^[219] etc. attest that the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas etc were originally noble Kshatriyas, but on account of their defiance of Brahmanical authority and their refusal to follow Hindu rituals & codes of conduct, these foreign conquerors were socially punished by the wrathful Brahmananical clergy who assigned them to a degenerate Kshatriya status (i.e. vrishaltam) in the Brahmanical caste system of India.^{[220] [221]}. Brahmanical text Harivamsa ^[222] and numerous Puranas^[223] also attest that the Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Pahlavas etc were originally high-class Kshatriyas, but it was Vedic king Sagara, the ruler of Kosala, who had forbidden these invaders from performing "Svadhyayas" and "Vasatkaras" (Vedic rituals) and thereby, divested them off their noble Kshatriya status, because these Kshatriyas had wrested Kosala kingdom from his father, king Bahu ^[224]. Harivamsa rather, describes these Kshatriya invaders as Kshatriya pungavas i,e foremost among the Kshatriyas. Bhishama Parava of Mahabharata delineates the Kamboja lineage as a very high lineage ^[225]. Bombay Gazetteer maintains that the Kambojas etc lost their original high Kshatriya status because of their famed staunchness to Buddhism over Brahmanism ^[226]. Dr Romila Thapar maintains that the Kamboj etc clans lost their noble Kshatriya status because of their switching to republican constitution ^[227].

A section of Kambojas or Kambohs ruled in Saurashtra, Bengal, and also colonised Sri Lanka & Cambodia. See: Kamboja Colonists of Sri Lanka & Kambojas and Kambodia.

Karez

Etymology: kârez an underground irrigation tunnel bored horizontally into rock slopes in Baluchistan. a system of irrigation by underground tunnels.^[228]

Kemancha

Etymology: from Persian Kamancheh. a violin popular in Middle East, Caucus and Central Asia. It has usually a single string and a gourd resonator and is held vertically when played.^[229]

Kerana 

Etymology: modification of Persian karranâi کرنای, from nâi, reed, reed pipe. a long Persian trumpet.^[230]

Kenaf 

Etymology: Persian. a valuable fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus) of the East Indies now widespread in cultivation.^[231]

Khaki 

from khaki (="made from soil", "dusty" or "of the colour of soil"), from khak (= "soil")^[232]

Khakhsar 

Etymology: Hindi khâksâr, from Persian khâkâsr خاکسار humble, probably from khâk dust + -sâr like. a member of a militant Muslim nationalist movement of India.^[233]

Khan

Arabic khân, from Persian. (not to be confused by the Altaic Khan). a caravansary or rest house in some Asian countries .^[234]

Khankah

Etymology: Hindi khânaqâh, from Persian khâna house + gâh place.^[235]

Khidmatgar

from Arabic khidmah service + Persian -gar (suffix denoting possession or agency). In India: a male waiter^[236]

Khoja

Etymology: originally from Persian khâwja خواجه. used as a title of respect.^[237]

Khuskhus

Etymology: Persian & Hindi khaskhas. an aromatic grass (Andropogon zizamoides) whose especially fragrant roots yield an oil used in perfumery and are also made into mats in tropical India -- called also vetiver.^[238]

Kincob

Etymology: Hindi kimkhab, kamkhwab, from Persian. an Indian brocade usually of gold or silver or both.^[239]

Kiosk 

from kushk (="palace, portico, pavilion") or Middle Persian gōšak "corner"^[240][241]

Koftgari

Hindi koftgar, from Persian koftgari, from koft blow, beating + -gar doing. Indian damascene work in which steel is inlaid with gold.^[242]

Koh-i-noor 

from Pers. koh کوه "mountain" + Arabic Noor (light)." famous diamond that became part of the British crown jewels after the annexation of Punjab by Great Britain in 1849, from Persian Kh-i-nr, literally, mountain of light^[243][244]

Kotwal 

Hindi kotwal, from Persian. a chief police officer or town magistrate in India .^[245]

Kotwalee

Hindi kotwal, from Persian, from kotwalee. a police station in India.^[246]

Kran

Persian qran. the basic monetary unit of Persia from 1826 to 1932. a silver coin representing one kran.^[247]

Kurta 

Hindi & Urdu kurta, from Persian kurtâ. a loose-fitting collarless shirt.^[248]

Kusti 

Persian kusti, kushti, from kusht waist, side, from Middle Persian kust, kustak. the sacred cord or girdle worn by Parsis as a mark of their faith -- compare.^[249]

Kebab (kabab in India/Pakistan, also spelled kebap, kebob, kabob) means grilled meat in Turkish. ... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... This kaftan was a gift from Venetians to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century. ... Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly. ... Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 Punjab (Persian: ‎, meaning Land of the five Rivers) (c. ... Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ... Look up proverb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation) Kashmiri is a Dardic language spoken primarily in Kashmir, an Asian region now split between India, Pakistan and China. ... County Pärnu County Mayor Mati Mettus Area km² Population (as of 2005)  - Density 4,322 /km² Time zone  - Summer (DST) EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) Coordinates [1] [[Image:|250px|Location of Sindi]] Location of Sindi Sindi is a town in Pärnu County, Estonia with a population of... Jatt refers to group of people who mainly lived in Punjab. ... It has been suggested that Kinship be merged into this article or section. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... n ... 1913 advertisement for the 11th edition, with the slogan When in doubt - look it up in the Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica (properly spelt with æ, the ae-ligature) is the oldest English-language general encyclopedia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... For the Bollywood film of the same name see Kshatriya Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is one of the four varnas in Hinduism, the other three being Brahmins, Vaishyas and Shudras. ... drawing of a Thracian peltast of 400 BC A warrior is a person habitually engaged in warfare. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Indo-Iranian can refer to: The Indo-Iranian languages The prehistoric Indo-Iranian people, see Aryan This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Pali (IAST: ) is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: अशोक(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BC–232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... Indologist is a derivative of the word indology, which refers to study of India, particulary ancient India. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Cambyses (or Cambese) is the Greek version of the name of several monarchs of Achaemenid line of ancient Persia. ... Cambyses II (Persian Kambujiya (&#1705;&#1605;&#1576;&#1608;&#1580;&#1740;&#1607;), d. ... The Manu Smriti or Laws of Manu, is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or laws of righteous conduct), written c. ... The ancient Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, laid the cornerstone for much of Hindu religion. ... For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Saka is also the name of a town in Hiroshima, Japan; for information on this town, see Saka, Hiroshima. ... ... A Kshatriya is a member of the military or reigning order, according to the law-code of Manu the second ranking caste of the Indian varna system of four castes, the first being the Brahmin or priestly caste, the third the Vaishya or mercantile caste and the lowest the Shudra. ... The Brahmana (Sanskrit ब्राह्मण) are part of the Hindu Shruti; They are composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and the period of their composition is sometimes referred to as the Brahmanic period or age (approximately between 900 BC and 500 BC). ... A Hindu ( , Devanagari: हिन्दु), as per modern definition, is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, and the religious, philosophical and cultural system that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... For the Bollywood film of the same name see Kshatriya Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is one of the four varnas in Hinduism, the other three being Brahmins, Vaishyas and Shudras. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social restriction and social stratification, enforced by law or common practice, based on endogamy, occupation, economic status, race, ethnicity, etc. ... The Harivamsha (also Harivamsa; Sanskrit the lineage of Hari (Vishnu)) is an important work of Sanskrit literature, containing 16,375 verses. ... Purana (Sanskrit: , meaning tales of ancient times) is the name of an ancient Indian genre (or a group of related genres) of Hindu or Jain literature (as distinct from oral tradition). ... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... ... Saka is also the name of a town in Hiroshima, Japan; for information on this town, see Saka, Hiroshima. ... ... Vedic may refer to: Ancient India the Vedic civilization the Vedas, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan texts Vedic Sanskrit, their language (see also Vedic meter, Vedic accent, Vedic chant and Shrauta) the historical Vedic religion traditional Hindu culture: Vedic astrology the Ayurveda (Vedic medicine) Ancient Vedic weights and measures modern... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Kosala was an ancient Indian Aryan kingdom, corresponding roughly in area with the region of Oudh. ... For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... The term lineage can refer to several things. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... in particular, for the archaizing senses of republic, as a translation of politeia or res publica Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on consent of the governed... Saurashtra in between Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambat. ... Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গ Bôngo, বাংলা Bangla, বঙ্গদেশ Bôngodesh or বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh), is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon or Lanka) is a tropical island nation off the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent, about 31 kilometres (18. ... Cambodia or Kambodia is the English transliteration of the French name Kambodge, which name stands for Sanskrit Kamboja (Persian Kambujiya or Kambaujiya). ... A qanat, also known as karez, is a farming technology known to have developed in ancient Persia, and then spread to other cultures, especially along the Silk Road. ... Binomial name Hibiscus cannabinus L. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a species of Hibiscus, probably native to southern Asia, though its exact natural origin is unknown. ... Khaki is a common material in military uniforms Khaki is a type of fabric or the colour of such fabric. ... Altaic is a putative language family which would include 60 languages spoken by about 250 million people, mostly in and around central Asia. ... The Khwajahs or officially Khojas (Urdu: خوجہ) are a (mostly Muslim) community that are mainly concentrated in South Asia, but due to migrations over the centuries have spread to many parts of the globe. ... a pagoda-like kiosk in Lausanne. ... The Koh-i-Noor (Telugu: కోహినూరు; Persian: ,Urdu: کوہ نور ,Hindi: कोहिनूर Mountain of Light; also spelled Kohinoor, Koh-e Noor or Koh-i-Nur) is a 105 carat (21. ... A kurta (or sometimes kurti, for women) is a traditional piece of clothing worn in Afghanistan, northern India, and Pakistan. ... Kusti may refer to: Kusti, a major city in Sudan Kusti, the sacred girdle worn by Zoroastrians Category: ...

L

Lac

Persian lak and Hindi lakh. Resinous substance secreted by the lac insect and used chiefly in the form of shellac. any of various plant or animal substances that yield hard coatings resembling lac and shellac.^[250]

Lamasery

French lamaserie, from lama + -serie (from Persian sarāi palace, large house).^[251]

Larin

Etymology: Persian lārī. a piece of silver wire doubled over and sometimes twisted into the form of a fishhook that was formerly used as money in parts of Asia.^[252]

Lascar

Urdu lashkarī < Pers, equiv. to lashkar army + -ī suffix of appurtenance]. an East Indian sailor. Anglo-Indian. an artilleryman.^[253]

Lasque

Etymology: perhaps from Persian lashk bit, piece. a flat thin diamond usually cut from an inferior stone and used especially in Hindu work .^[254]

Leucothoe

legendary Persian princess supposed to have been changed by Apollo into a sweet-scented shrub. a large genus of American and Asiatic shrubs of the family Ericaceae with herbage that contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in shrubs of the genus Kalmia and with flowers in terminal and axillary one-sided racemes.^[255]

Lemon 

Origin: 1350–1400; 1905–10 for def. 4; < ML lemōnium; r. ME lymon < ML līmō, (s. līmōn-) < Pers līmū, līmun. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.^[256]. the yellowish, acid fruit of a subtropical citrus tree, Citrus limon. According to www.dictionary.com: Although we know neither where the lemon was first grown nor when it first came to Europe, we know from its name that it came to us from the Middle East because we can trace its etymological path. One of the earliest occurrences of our word is found in a Middle English customs document of 1420-1421. The Middle English word limon goes back to Old French limon, showing that yet another delicacy passed into England through France. The Old French word probably came from Italian limone, another step on the route that leads back to the Arabic word laymūn or līmūn, which comes from the Persian word līmūn.

Lilac 

from Pers. lilak, variant of nilak "bluish," from nil "indigo"^[257]

Lungī

Hindi lungī, from Persian. a usually cotton cloth used especially in India, Pakistan, and Burma for articles of clothing (as sarongs, skirts, and turbans).^[258]

Laari

Etymology: probably from Divehi (Indo-Aryan language of the Maldive Islands), from Persian lr piece of silver wire used as currency, from Lārī, town in S Persia where the currency was first minted. a Maldivian monetary unit equal to 1/100 rufiyaa. a coin representing one laari.^[259]

Lac is the scarlet resinous secretion of the insect Laccifer lacca. ... Buddhist monastery near Tibet A monastery is the habitation of monks. ... Lascars is a now outmoded word that comes from an ancient Persian word Lashkar. ... The word Leucothoe can mean several things: Leucothoe is a plant genus in family Ericaceae. ... Binomial name (L.) Burm. ... Look up lilac in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Maldivian Two Rufiyah Coin Laari is the subdenomiation of the Maldivian Rufiyah (ISO 4217 MVR). ...

M

Magic

Middle English magik, from Middle French magique, from Latin magicus, from Greek magikos, from magos magus, wizard, sorcerer (of Iranian origin; akin to Old Persian magush sorcerer). of or relating to the occult : supposedly having supernatural properties or powers .^[260]

Magus, magi 

from magus, from Old Persian maguš "mighty one", Priest of Zoroastrianism. A member of the Zoroastrian priestly caste of the Medes and Persians. Magus In the New Testament, one of the wise men from the East, traditionally held to be three, who traveled to Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus.^[261][262]

Malguzar 

Hindi malguzar, from Arabic mal property, rent + Persian guzar payer. Equivalent to Malik in India.^[263]

Manichean

Latin Manichaeus member of the Manichean sect (from Late Greek Manichaios, from Manichaios Manes died ab276A.D. Persian sage who founded the sect) + English -an. of or relating to Manichaeism or the Manichaeans. characterized by or reflecting belief in Manichaeism. Manicheanism was founded by Mani.^[264]

Manticore 

from O. Pers. word for "man eater," cf. martiya- "man" + root of khvar- "to eat". a legendary animal having the head of a man often with horns, the body of a lion, and the tail of a dragon or scorpion.^[265][266]

Markhor 

Persian mār(snake)+khōr(eating),consuming (from khōrdan to eat, consume). a wild goat (Capra falconieri) of mountainous regions from Afghanistan to India.^[267]

Mazdak

Name of Persian reformer of Zoroastrian Faith.

Mazdakite

from Mazdak (of belonging to Mazda), 5th century A.D. Persian religious reformer + English ite. a member of the sect of Mazdak.^[268]

Mazdoor

Hindi mazdur, from Persian muzdur. an Indian laborer.^[269]

Mehmandar

Persian mihmāndār, from mihmān guest (from Middle Persian mehmān) + -dār holder. an official in India, Persia, or Afghanistan appointed to escort an ambassador or traveler .^[270]

Mehtar

Persian mihtar prince, greater, elder, from mih great (from Middle Persian meh, mas) + -tar, comparative suffix (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian -tara-). A groom^[271]

Mesua

New Latin, from Johannes Mesuë (Arabic Yuhanna ibn-Masawayah) died 857 Persian Christian physician Masawayah in the service of the Caliph. a genus of tropical Asiatic trees (family Guttiferae) having large solitary flowers with a 2-celled ovary.^[272]

Mezereon

Middle English mizerion, from Medieval Latin mezereon, from Arabic mazariyun, from Persian. a small European shrub (Daphne mezereum) with fragrant lilac purple flowers that appear before the leaves, an acrid bark used in medicine, and a scarlet fruit sometimes used as an adulterant of black pepper.^[273]

Mirza

Persian mirza, literally, son of a lord. a common title of honor in Persia prefixed to the surname of a person of distinction.^[274]

Mithra

from the name of the Persian God Mithra.^[275]

Mithraeum

from Persian Mithra^[276][275]

Mithraism

from Persian Mithra^[277][275]

Mobed

a Parsi priest. The word is cognate with Magian and Magus.^[278]

Mogul 

from mughul (="Mongolian")^[279]

Mohur

Hindi muhur, muhr gold coin, seal, from Persian muhr; an old gold coin of the Moguls that circulated in India from the 16th century. any one of several gold coins formerly issued by Indian states (as Bikaner, Gwalior, Hyderabad) and by Nepal and Tibet.^[280]

Mummy

Middle English mummie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic mumiyah mummy, bitumen, from Persian mum wax. a concoction formerly used as a medicament or drug containing powdered parts of a human or animal body.^[281]

Murra

Etymology: Latin, probably of Iranian origin like Greek morrhia murra; akin to Persian mori, muri little glass ball. a material thought to be of semiprecious stone or porcelain used to make costly vessels in ancient Rome.^[282]

Musk 

ultimately from Middle Persian musk, from Sanskrit muska (="testicle") from diminutive of mus (="mouse"). a substance that has a penetrating

persistent odor, that is obtained from a sac situated under the skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer, that when fresh in the pods is brown and unctuous and when dried is a grainy powder, that varies in quality according to the season and age of the animal, and that is used chiefly in the form of a tincture as a fixative in perfumes^[283][284] Look up magic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Three Wise Men are given the names Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthasar in this Romanesque mosaic from the Basilica of St Apollinarius in Ravenna, Italy. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Manichaeism was one of the major ancient religions. ... Mani may refer to: Mani Peninsula in Greece Maní, Yucatán, a small city in Yucatán, Mexico Mani, Evros, a town in the northeastern part of the Evros Prefecture in Greece Mani (prophet), a third-century Persian prophet, the founder of the dualistic Manichaean religion, which borrowed eclectically from... Manticore illustration from The History of Four-footed Beasts (1607) by Edward Topsell For other uses, see Manticore (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Capra falconeri (Wagner, 1839) The Markhor (Capra falconeri) is a goat-antelope found in sparse woodland in the Western Himalayas. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Mazdoor is a 1983 Hindi film. ... Mehtar (Urdu: مھتار ) The term Mehtar is a Persian word meaning Mighty. It is the title of the ruler of the former State of Chitral. ... Species Mesua ferrea Mesua ferruginea Mesua lepidota Mesua nervosa Mesua is a small genus of three or four species of flowering plants in the family Clusiaceae, native to tropical southern Asia. ... Binomial name L. Daphne mezereum is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to most of Europe and western Asia, north to northern England and central Scandinavia. ... The term Mirza, is used for a member of a royal family or a member of the highest aristocracy. ... Mithra (Avestan Miθra, modern Persian مهر Mihr, Mehr, Meher) is an important deity or divine concept (so called Yazata) in Zoroastrianism and later Persian mythology and culture. ... A mithraeum found in the ruins of Ostia Antica, Italy. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A mobed or mobad is a Zoroastrian cleric of a particular rank. ... Mogul may mean: a bump in the snow in alpine skiing, a Mongolian the Mughal empire, or any member of its ruling dynasty by extension, any ruler or powerful person, such as a industrial mogul or media mogul a railroad steam locomotive type called the Mogul the largest size light... A mohur is a gold coin that was formerly minted by several governments including British India, the Moghul Empire, Nepal, and Afghanistan. ... A mummy is a corpse whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or airlessness. ... Murra is a municipality in the Nueva Segovia department of Nicaragua. ... Musk is the name originally given to a perfume obtained originally from the strong-smelling substance secreted by a gland in the abdomen of the male musk deer, and hence applied to other animals, and also to plants, possessing a similar odor. ...

Musth 

Hindi mast intoxicated, ruttish, from Persian mast; akin to Sanskrit madati he rejoices, is drunk . a periodic state of murderous frenzy of the bull elephant usually connected with the rutting season and marked by the exudation of a dark brown odorous ichor from tiny holes above the eyes- on must also in must : in a state of belligerent fury -- used of the bull elephant.^[285]

Mussulman 

from Persinan musulman (adj.), from Arabic Muslim (q.v.) + Persian adj. suffix -an.^[286]

Musth is a periodic condition in bull elephants, characterized by a thick, tar-like secretion from the temporal ducts and, far more notably, by highly aggressive behaviour. ... Mussulman, Musselman, Mussulmann, Musselmann, Musulman, Muselman, Musulmann, Muselmann may have one of the following meanings. ...

N

Nakhuda 

Etymology: Persian nākhudā, from nāv boat (from Old Persian) + khudā master, from Middle Persian khutāi. a master of a native vessel.^[287]

Namaz 

Etymology: Persian namāz. akin to Sanskrit namas obeisance . Islamic worship or prayer.^[288]

Naphtha 

Latin, from Greek, of Iranian origin; akin to Avestan napta moist, Persian neft naphtha; from Persian naft "naphtha". perhaps akin to Greek nephos cloud, mist. petroleum especially when occurring in any of its more volatile varieties.^[289]

Nargil

Origin: 1830–40; < Turk nargile < Pers nārgīleh, deriv. of nārgīl coconut, from which the bowl was formerly made.^[290][291]

Nauruz

Persian nauruz. literally, new day, from nau new + ruz. the Persian New Year's Day celebrated at the vernal equinox as a day of great festivity.^[292]

Nay

Etymology: Arabic nay, from Persian. a vertical end-blown flute of ancient origin used in Muslim lands .^[293]

Neftgil

Etymology: German, from Persian naftdagil naphtha clay^[294]

Numdah

Etymology: Hindi namda, from Persian namad, from Middle Persian namat; akin to Avestan namata. a thick felted rug of India and Persia usually made of pounded goat's hair and embroidered with bird or floral designs in colored wool yarn ^[295]

Naan

Etymology: Hindi + Urdu + Persian nan bread; Hindi + Urdu nan, from Persian nan; akin to Baluchi nayan bread, Sogdian nyny. a round or oblong flat leavened bread especially of the Indian subcontinent .^[296]

Nuristani

Etymology: Persian nuristan (Arabic Nur+Persian Istan(Place)), from Nuristan, region of northeastern Afghanistan.^[297][298]

Nakhuda - is an originally Persian word meaning captain of a ship and is widely used in other Eastern languages including Gujarati, Urdu, Punjabi and Arabic (coastal dialects). ... Salah (other terms and spellings exist) (Arabic: &#1589;&#1604;&#1575;&#1607; , Old (Quran) Arabic: &#1589;&#1604;&#1608;&#1577; ) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. ... Naphtha (CAS No. ... Look up Nay, nay in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A bakery near Kabul, Afghanistan Naan (Hindi: नान, Urdu: نان, IPA: [næn] or [nan]) is a round flatbread made of wheat flour. ... The Nuristani are a religious/ethnic group in the Nurestan Province of Afghanistan. ...

O

orange  

from Milanese narans, from Arabic nāranj, from Persian nārang, from Sanskrit nāraṅga, from some Dravidian language, possibly Tamil or Malayalam^[299]

Look up orange in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, and eastern and central India. ... Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...

P

Padishah

Origin: 1605–15; < Pers (poetical form), equiv. to pādi- (earlier pati) lord + shāh. More on Etymology:Persian pādishah, from Middle Persian pātakhshah, from Old Persian pati + xshay- to rule; akin to Avestan xshayeti. great king; emperor (a title applied esp. formerly to the shah of Iran, the sultan of Turkey, and to the British sovereign as emperor in India).^[300][301]

Pagoda 

via Portuguese pagode, from a corruption of Pers. butkada, from but "idol" + kada "dwelling."^[302]

Pahlavi 

Etymology: Middle Persian Pahlavi. The Middle Persian language of Sassanid Persia. a script used for writing Pahlavi and other Middle Iranian languages.^[303]

Pajama

from Hindi paajaama, from Persian pāë (pāÿ) jāmah, from pAy (="leg") + jAma (="garment"). of, pertaining to, or resembling pajamas: a pajama top; a lounging outfit with pajama pants^{[304][305][306]}

Paneer

Hindi & Urdu panir, from Persian (Cheese). a soft uncured Indian cheese .^[307]

Papoosh

earlier papouch, from French, from Persian pāpush. BABOUCHE .^[308]

Para

Etymology: Turkish, from Persian pārah. a Turkish monetary unit equal in modern Turkey to 1/4000 of a lira. any one of several units of value formerly used in countries at one time under the Turkish Empire.^[309]

Paradise 

from Greek paradeisos (=enclosed park"), from the Avestan word pairidaeza (a walled enclosure), which is a compound of pairi- (around), a cognate of the Greek περί peri-, and -diz (to create, make), a cognate of the English dough. An associated word is the Sanskrit word paradesha which literally means supreme country.^[310][311]

Parasang 

Latin parasanga, from Greek parasanges, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian farsung parasang

any of various Persian units of distance; especially : an ancient unit of about four miles (six kilometers)^{[312][313][314]}

Pargana 

Etymology: Hindi pargana, from Persian. a group of towns in India constituting an administrative subdivision of the zillah.^[315]

Parsee 

Etymology: from O.Pers. parsi "Persian." In M.E., Parsees from Pârsi. Meaning Persian. Also Zoroastrian of India descended from Persian refugees fleeing Muhammadan persecution in the 7th century and settling principally at Bombay^[316][317]

Parthia 

from Latin< Old Persian parthava-, variant form of the stem Parsa-, from which Persia derives^[318]

Parthian 

see Parthia

Parting Shot 

from Parthian Shot, originally a reference to the Parthian tactic of firing arrows at the enemy even when retreating. It has come to mean a verbal salvo given by the person leaving the area.

Pasar

 : Malay, from Persian bāzār. See bazar. an Indonesian public market .^[319]

Pasha 

Turkish paşa possibly from Persian pādshāh; see Padishah.^[320]

Pashm 

Etymology: pashm, pashim from Persian pashm wool; pashmina from Persian pashmn woolen, from pashm. the under fleece of upland goats of Kashmir and the Punjab that was formerly used locally for the production of rugs and shawls but is now largely exported.^[321]

Pashmina 

from Pashmineh, made from pashm; pashm (= "wool"). the fine woolly underhair of goats raised in northern India.^[322]

Pashto

Persian pashtu, from Afghan. According to Morgenstein the word is akin to Parthava,Persian, Pahlav. The Iranian language of Pathan people and the chief vernacular of eastern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, and northern Baluchistan^[323]

Peach 

a corruption of the Latin word "Persicum." Peaches are called in Latin malum Persicum (Persian apple) prunum persicum (Persian plum), or simply persicum (pl. persici). This should not be confused with the more modern Linnaean classification Prunus persica, a neologism describing the peach tree itself (from the Latin prunus, -i which signifies "plum tree").^[324][325]

Percale

Persian pargālah. a firm smooth cotton cloth closely woven in plain weave and variously finished for clothing, sheeting, and industrial uses

.^[326] History of Islamic monarchies Padishah, Badishah, or Badshah is a very prestigious title derived from the Persian word Pādishāh, which is based on the better-known title Shāh King, assumed by several Islamic monarchs, notably these rulers, the first three commanding major Muslim empires: The Shahanshah of... A pagoda at Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia This article is about the building style. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... Categories: Stub | Clothing ... Paneer (, from Persian پنير sometimes spelled Panir or Paner), is the most common Indian form of cheese. ... Look up para in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Paradise, Jan Bruegel Paradise is an English word from Persian roots that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. ... Yasna 28. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... The parasang (Persian &#1601;&#1585;&#1587;&#1606;&#1711; farsang) is an ancient Persian unit of itinerant distance corresponding to approximately 3. ... A pargana is a former administrative unit of the Indian Subcontinent, used primarily, but not exclusively, by the Muslim kingdoms. ... a person from Pars (the middle-Persian word for Fars), a region now within the geographical boundaries of Iran, and is roughly the original homeland of the Persian people. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paÅŸa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Pashto (&#1662;&#1690;&#1578;&#1608;; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan. ... Binomial name (L.) Batsch Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Species See text. ... Percale refers to a closely woven fabric often used for bed linens. ...

Percaline

French, from percale (from Persian pargālah) + -ine. a lightweight cotton fabric made in plain weave, given various finishes (as glazing, moiré), and used especially for clothing and linings; especially : a glossy fabric usually of one color used for bookbindings.^[327]

Peri 

Persian peri fairy, genius, from Middle Persian parik. Persian folklore : a male or female supernatural being like an elf or fairy but formed of fire, descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is accomplished, and originally regarded as evil but later as benevolent and beautiful . Also a beautiful and graceful girl or woman .^[328]

Persepolis 

from Pârsa+ Greek polis.

Persia

from Old Persian Pârsa

Persis 

from Old Persian Pârsa

Peshwa

Hindi & Marathi pesva, from Persian peshwa leader, guide, from pesh before. the chief minister of a Maratha prince .^[329]

Pilaf Origin

1925–30; < Turk pilâv < Pers pilāw. a Middle Eastern dish consisting of sautéed, seasoned rice steamed in bouillon, sometimes with poultry, meat or shellfish.^[330]

Pir 

Etymology: Persian Pir (Old Man). a religious instructor, esp. in mystical sects.^[331][332]

Pistachio 

from Latin pistācium, from Greek πιστάκιον, from Persian pistah. small tree (Pistacia vera) of southern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with 3 to 5 broad leaflets, greenish brown paniculate flowers, and a large fruit. the edible green seed of the pistachio tree .^[333]

Posteen

Persian pustin of leather, from pust skin, from Middle Persian. an Afghan pelisse made of leather with the fleece on.^[334]

Popinjay 

from O.Fr. papegai (12c.), from Sp. papagayo, from Ar. babagha', from Pers. babgha "parrot,"

Prophet Flower

translation of Persian guli paighmbar flower of the Prophet (Muhammad died A.D.632 Arabian prophet and founder of Islam). an East Indian perennial herb (Arnebia echioides) having yellow flowers marked with five spots that fade after a few hours; also : a related annual^[335]

Punjab 

via Hindi Panjab, from Pers. panj "five" + ab "water.". of or relating to the Punjab or its inhabitants.^[336]

Purwannah

Hindi parwana, from Persian. a written pass or permit.^[337]

Pyke

Hindi pāyik, pāyak messenger, from Persian dialect England : a civilian at whose expense a soldier is treated or entertained.^[338]

Doctor Who character, see Peri Brown. ... Persepolis aerial view. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... External links Official website of Fars Governorship Categories: Iran geography stubs | Provinces of Iran ... The Maratha Empire at its peak in 1760 The Peshwa(Marathi:पेशवे or पेशवा) (also known in Marathi as Peshwe) were Brahmin Prime Ministers to the Maratha Chattrapatis (Kings), who began commanding Maratha armies and later became the hereditary rulers of the Maratha empire of central India from 1749 to 1818. ... Chicken Tikka Jalfrezi, pulao rice, and cucumber raita Pilaf, (Turkish pilav, Azeri plov, Bosnian pilav, Serbian pilav, Armenian pilav, Romanian pilaf, Persian polow, Afghanistan palow, Greek πιλάφι, India/Pakistan pulav/ pulao, Uzbek and Russian plov, Kazakh palaw) also spelled pilau, perloo, perlau, plaw, pilaw, and pilaff is a Middle Eastern and... Look up pir in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name L. The pistachio (Pistacia vera L., Anacardiaceae; sometimes placed in Pistaciaceae) is a small tree up to 10 m tall, native to mountainous regions of Iran, Turkmenistan and western Afghanistan. ... The Popinjay or Popingo (signifying a painted bird) is a popular diversion in Denmark; a Scottish variant is also known. ... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 Punjab (Persian: ‎, meaning Land of the five Rivers) (c. ... Pyke is a surname, and may refer to Don Pyke Geoffrey Pyke George Alexander Pyke, Lord Tilbury, fictional character Hy Pyke Joseph Pyke Josh Pyke Lionel Edward Pyke Magnus Pyke Stuart Pyke Pike Categories: | ...

R

roc 

from Persian rukh (name of a legendary bird)

rook 

from Middle English rok, from Middle French roc, from Arabic rukhkh, from Persian رخ rukh (=chess piece)^[339]

rose 

from Latin rosa, probably from ancient Greek rhodon, possibly ult. from Pers. *varda-. Zie.^[340]

roxanne 

fem. proper name, from Fr., from L. Roxane, from Gk. Rhoxane, of Pers. origin (cf. Avestan raoxšna- "shining, bright").^[341]

ROC, Roc, roc, R.O.C, The R.O.C. or R.o. ... A rook (♖ ♜,borrowed from Persian رخ rokh, Sanskrit roth, chariot) is a piece in the strategy board game of chess. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Roxanne is a female given name. ...

S

Sabzi

Etymology: Hindi sabz, literally, greenness, from Persian. a green vegetable^[342]

Saffian

Etymology: Russian saf'yan, from Turkish sahtiyan, from Persian sakhtiyn goatskin, from sakht hard, strong. a leather made of goatskins or sheepskins tanned with sumac and dyed with bright colors.^[343]

Samosa

Etymology: Hindi samosa from Persian sambusa. a small triangular pastry filled with spiced meat or vegetables and fried in ghee or oil^[344]

Sandal

Etymology: Arabic sandal, from Persian sandal skiff.^[345]

Saoshyat

Etymology: Avestan, savior. one of three deliverers of later Zoroastrian eschatology appearing at thousand year intervals and each inaugurating a new order of things and a special period of human progress.^[346]

Sapindales 

from Persian Spand (اسپند)

Sarangousty

Etymology: Persian sar-angushti thin paste for painting the tips of fingers, from sari angusht fingertip, fromsar head + angusht finger, toe. stucco made waterproof for protection against dampness.^[347]

Sard from Persian زرد Zard.

Sarod

Etymology: Hindi sarod, from Persian.^[348]

Sarwan

Etymology: Persian saarbaan. a camel driver.^[349]

Satrap

governor of a province of ancient Persia, from Latin satrapes, from Greek satrapes, from Old Persian kshathrapavan-, lit. "guardian of the realm,"^[350]

scarlet 

from Pers. saqalat "a type of red cloth". a rich cloth of bright color. a vivid red that is yellower and slightly paler than apple red^[351]

Scimtar

Etymology: Middle French cimeterre, from Old Italian scimitarra, perhaps from Persian shamshir. a type of blade.^[352]

Sebesten

Etymology: Middle English, from Arabic sibistn, from Persian segpistan. an East Indian tree (Cordia myxa) with white flowers in loose terminal panicles.^[353]

Seer

Etymology: Hindi ser; perhaps akin to Persian seer. a unit of weight.^[354]

Seerpaw

Etymology: Sar(head)+paa(feet). head to foot.^[355]

Seersucker 

from Hindi sirsakar, E. Indian corruption of Pers. shir o shakkar "striped cloth," lit. "milk and sugar".^[356]

Sepoy

Etymology: modification of Portuguese sipai, sipaio, from Hindi sipah, from Persian, horseman, soldier of the cavalry, from sipah army. a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power; especially : one serving in the British army.^[357]

Serai

Etymology: from Persian saraay, palace, mansion, inn.^[358]

Seraglio 

from sarây "inn"^[359]

Serang

Etymology: Persian sarhang commander, boatswain, from sar chief + hang authority. boatswain. the skipper of a small boat.^[360]

Serdab

Persian sardab ice cellar, from sard cold + ab water. a living room in the basement of a house in the Near East that provides coolness during the summer months^[361]

Serendipity 

from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip سه شاهزاده‌ى سرانديپ, from Persian Sarandip سرانديپ(="Sri Lanka"),

Sesban

Etymology: French, from Arabic saisabaan, from Persian sisabaan. Either of two East Indian plants of the genus Sesbania (S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca).^[362]

Setwall

Etymology: from Persian zaadwar.^[363]

Shabundar/Shabandar

Etymology: From Persian shahbandar, from shah King + bandar city, harbor.^[364]

Shah 

Etymology: from shāh, from Old Persian χšāyaþiya (="king"), from an Old Persian verb meaning "to rule"^[365]

Shahi

Etymology: Persian shahi. a former Persian unit of value equal to 1/20 silver kran; also : a corresponding coin of silver or copper or nickel^[366]

Shahidi

Etymology: Arabic Shahid (one who bears witness) + Persian suffix i.^[367]

Shahin

Etymology: Persiah Shahin (Falcon). an Indian falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) having the underparts of a plain unbarred ferruginous color, being related to the peregrine falcon, and used in falconry^[368]

Shahzada

Etymology: Hindi shah-zada, from Persian, from shah king + zada son. The son of a Shah.^[369]

Shamiana

Etymology: Hindi shamiyana, from Persian shamyanah. a cloth canopy^[370]

Shawl 

Etymology: from Persian shāl.^[371]

Sherristar

Etymology: from Hindi sarrishtadr, from Persian sarrishta(sarreshteh) record office + daar having. Registar.^[372]

Sherry 

According to one theory, it is from Jerez in Spain, which itself comes from Pers Shiraz during the time of Rustamid empire in Spain.^[373] The theory is also mentioned by Professor. T.B. Irving in one of his book reviews^[374]

Sherryvallies

Etymology: modification of Polish szarawary, from Russian sharavary, from Greek sarabara loose trousers, probably of Iranian origin; akin to Persian shalwar, shulwar loose trousers. overalls or protective leggings of thick cloth or leather formerly worn for riding on horseback^[375]

Shikar

Etymology: Hindi sikar, from Persian shikaar, Middle Persian shkaar. The word means hunting.^[376]

Shikargah

Etymology: Hindi sikaargaah, from Persian shikrgaah, from shikaar hunting + -gah place. A grame preserve.^[377]

Shikari

Etymology: From Persian Shikar+Persian suffix (i) denoting possession. a big game hunter.^[378]

Shikasta

Etymology: Persian shikasta broken, from shikastan شكستن to break, from Middle Persian shikastan.^[379]

Shikra

Etymology: from Persian shikara bird trained to hunt. a small Indian hawk (Accipiter badius) sometimes used in falconry.^[380]

Simurgh 

Etymology: from Pers. simurgh, from Pahlavi sin "eagle" + murgh "bird." Cf. Avestan saeno merego "eagle," Skt. syenah "eagle," Arm. cin "kite.". a supernatural bird, rational and ancient, in Pers. mythology.^[381]

Sipahis

See Spahi and Sepoy.

Sircar

Etymology: Hindi sarkaar, from Persian sarkaar. a district or province in India under the Mogul empire. the supreme authority . used also as a title of respect. in Bengal a domestic servant having the functions of a steward.^[382]

Sitar 

Etymology: via Hindi sitar, from Pers. sitar "three-stringed," from sih/seh "three" (O.Pers. thri-) + Persian. tar "string". a Indo-Iranian lute with a long broad neck and a varying number of strings whose various forms are used in Iran, Afghanistana and the Indian subcontinent.^[383]

Softa 

Etymology: Turkish, from Persian sukhtah burnt, kindled (with love of knowledge).^[384]

Sogdian 

Etymology: Latin sogdianus, from Old Persian Sughuda. of, relating to, or characteristic of ancient Sogdiana.^[385]

Soorki

: Etymology: Hindi surkh, from Persian surkh, literally, redness, from surkh red, from Middle Persian sukhr; akin to Avestan suXra- bright, Sanskrit sukra^[386]

Sowar

Etymology: Persian suwar rider, from Middle Persian asbar, aspwar, from Old Persian asabra- horseman, from asa- horse + -bra- carried by, rider. a mounted orderly. Lancer.^[387]

Spahi

Etymology: Middle French spahi, from Turkish sipahi, from Persian سپاه from Pahlavi spāh, from Old Persian taxma spāda, from Avestan spādha, meaning army, military. one of a corps of Algerian native cavalry in the French army normally serving in Africa. one of a corps of largely irregular Turkish cavalry disbanded after the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826.^[388][389]

Spinach 

Etymology: Middle French espinache, espinage, from Old Spanish espinaca, from Arabic isbnakh, isfinaakh, from Persian aspanakh.^[390]

-Stan 

meaning "land" or "country", source of place names such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, etc., from Pers. -stan "country," from Indo-Iranian *stanam "place," lit. "where one stands,"^[391]

Subahdar

Etymology: Persian subadar, from suba province + -dar having, holding, from Old Persian dar- to hold. the chief native officer of a native company in the former British Indian army having a position about equivalent to that of captain^[392]

Sugar 

Etymology: The word is Sanskrit which is an Indo-Iranian language of the Indo-Aryan branch but Persian played a role in transmitting it. Middle English sugre, sucre, from Anglo-French sucre, from Medieval Latin saccharum, from Old Italian zucchero, from Arabic sukkar, from Pahlavi shakar, ultimately from Sanskrit sarkara^[393][394]

Suclat

Etymology: Hindi suqlaa, from Persian saqalaat a rich cloth. In India any of various woolens; specifically European broadcloth.^[395]

Surma

Etymology: Persian Surma. native antimony sulfide used in India to darken the eyelids.^[396]

Surnay

Etymology: Persian Surnaay. a Middle Eastern and Central Asian oboe.^[397]

syagush

Persian siyah-gush, literally, black ear. Caracal.^[398]

Samosa

Etymology: Hindi samos & Urdu samosa, sambsa, from Persian sambusa.^[399]

A triangular Samosa A samosa is a common snack in South Asia, in countries such as India and Pakistan. ... Modern multi-colored Sandalette Yoga sandals In some parts of the United States, this type of sandal is referred to in slang as the mandal in that it is worn primarily by men. ... Families See text Sapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. ... Sard is a reddish-brown chalcedony, SiO2, much used by the ancients as a gemstone. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ramnaresh Ronnie Sarwan (born June 23, 1980, Guyana) is a West Indian cricketer. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Scarlet was a type of fine and expensive woolen cloth common in mediaeval England. ... Species Cordia abyssinica Cordia africana Cordia alliodora Cordia boisseri Cordia buddeloides Cordia collococca Cordia crenata Cordia croatii Cordia cymosa Cordia dentata Cordia dichotoma(?) Cordia eleagnoides Cordia gerascanthus Cordia globosa Cordia guanacastensis Cordia linnaei Cordia lutea Cordia macleodii Cordia martinicensis Cordia millenii Cordia nesophila Cordia nodosa Cordia obliqua(?) Cordia panamensis Cordia... Seer has several possible meanings: A fortune teller or prophet The fictional character on the television series Charmed The Seasonal energy efficiency ratio standard for air conditioning appliances This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A sepoy (from Persian سپاهی Sipâhi meaning soldier) was a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, usually of the United Kingdom. ... A seraglio is the sequestered living quarters used by wives and concubines in a Turkish household, from an Italian variant of Turkish saray, meaning palace, enclosed courts. In the context of the turquerie fashion, the seraglio became the subject of works of art, the most famous perhaps being Mozarts... Serang is the capital town of Banten province in Indonesia. ... Look up Serendipity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Shah or Shahzad is a Persian term for a monarch (ruler) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ... Shahidi is a common surname in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and may refer to: Jafar Shahidi Ghavam Shahidi Ziyodullo Shahidi Tolib Shahidi Category: ... Shahin (Persian شاهین, Šāhīn meaning Peregrine falcon), (died c. ... The term prince (the female form is princess), from the Latin root princeps, when used for a member of the highest aristocracy, has several fundamentally different meanings - one generic, and several types of titles. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Sherry solera For other uses, see Sherry (disambiguation). ... A hunter on horseback shoots at deer or elk with a bow. ... Shikari can refer to: a Hindi word for hunter (may develop other functions), from shikar hunt, also commonly used in other eastern languages. ... Shikasta is the title of a science fiction novel by author Doris Lessing and also the name of a fictional planet in this book. ... Binomial name Accipiter badius Gmelin, 1788 The Shikra (Accipiter badius) is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers. ... Sassanid silk twill textile of a Simorgh in a beaded surround, 6-7th c. ... Spahis (also spelled as Sipahis, Sepahis or Spakh, in Turkish sipahi) were an elite mounted force within the Six Divisions of Cavalry of the Ottoman Empire. ... Diagram of some sitar parts. ... The Sogdians were an ancient people of Central Asia, who inhabited the region known to the West as Sogdiana. ... We dont have an article called Sowar Start this article Search for Sowar in. ... Spahis (also spelled as Sipahis, Sepahis or Spakh, in Turkish sipahi) were an elite mounted force within the Six Divisions of Cavalry of the Ottoman Empire. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... Yasna 28. ... Binomial name Spinacia oleracea L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... The suffix -stan (spelled ـستان in the Perso-Arabic script) is Persian for place of, and -sthan (स्थान in the Devanāgarī script) is a cognate Sanskrit suffix with the same meaning. ... Subahdar was a title given to governors of provinces in the times of the Mughal dynasty, now bestowed upon native officers in the Indian army holding rank equivalent to an English captaincy. ... Magnification of grains of sugar, showing their monoclinic hemihedral crystalline structure. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... The Surma are a tribal people in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. ... A surnay (surla, zurna, zournas) is a traditional folk shawm, developed in ancient Egypt. ... A triangular Samosa A samosa is a common snack in South Asia, in countries such as India and Pakistan. ...

T

Tabasheer

Etymology: Hindi tabshr, from Persian. a siliceous concretion in the joints of the bamboo valued in the East Indies as a medicine.^[400]

Tabor

Etymology: Middle English tabur, from Old French, alteration of tambur. See tambour.^[401]

Taffeta 

Etymology: from Persian taftah meaning woven.^[402]

Tahsildar

Etymology: Hindi tahsildar, from Persian, from Arabic tahsil + Persian -dar. a revenue officer in India.^[403]

Taj

Etymology: Arabic taj, from Persian taj, crown, crest, cap. a cap worn in Muslim countries; especially : a tall cone-shaped cap worn by dervishes.^[404]

Taj Mahal 

from Pers., lit. "the best of buildings;" or "the Crown's Place".

Tajikistan 

Tajik combined with Persian suffix -stan.^[8] Literally meaning "Land of Tajiks" in Persian.

Talc 

from Pers. talk "talc."

Tambour

Etymology: French, drum, from Middle French, from Arabic tanbur, modification (influenced by tunbur, a lute) of Persian tabir.^[405]

Tambourine 

See above.

Tanbur

Etymology: Persian Tambur.^[406]

Tangi

Etymology: Persian Tangi. a narrow gorge^[407]

Tandoori 

from tannur "oven, portable furnace,"+Persian suffix i.

Tapestry 

probably from an Iranian source (cf. Pers. taftan, tabidan "to turn, twist").^[408]

Tar

Etymology : Persian. An oriental lute.^[409]

Tarazet 

from (Shahin-e Tarazu) شاهین ترازو

Tass

Etymology: Middle French tasse, from Arabic tass, tassah, from Persian tast. a drinking cup or bowl.^[410]

Tebbad

Etymology: perhaps from Persian tab fever + bad wind, from Middle Persian vat; akin to Avestan vata- wind, Sanskrit vata.^[411]

Temacha

Etymology: Persian tamakhra joke, humor. a Persian comic or farcical interlude performed by traveling players.^[412]

Thanadar

Etymology: Hindi thandar, from than + Persian -dar having. the chief officer of a thana.^[413]

Tiara 

via Latin tiara from Persian تاره tara

Timar

Etymology: Turkish timar attendance, care, timar, from Persian tmr sorrow, care. a Turkish fief formerly held under condition of military service.^[414]

Tiger 

via Greek tigris from an Iranian source

Tigris 

From Middle Persian Tigr "arrow", originally from Old Persian Tigra "pointed" or "sharp"

Toque 

from O. Pers. taq "veil, shawl."

Trabant

Etymology: German trabant, drabant, from Czech drabant, from Persian darwan porter, doorkeeper.^[415]

Tranky

Etymology: Persian dialect tranki. an undecked bark used in the Persian gulf.^[416]

Trehala

Etymology: probably from French tréhala, from Turkish tgala, from Persian tighal.^[417]

Tulip 

Etymology: any of various plants belonging to the genus Tulipa. from French tulipe, from Persian dulband.^[418]

Turan 

from Persian توران

Turanian

Etymology: Persian Turan Turkistan, the region north of the Oxus + English -ian. A member of any of the peoples of Ural-Altaic stock.^[419]

Turanite

Etymology: from Persian Turan + Russian -it' -ite. a basic vanadate of copper prob. Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4.^[420]

Turanose

Etymology: German turanos, from Persian Turan + German -os -ose; obtained by the partial hydrolysis of melezitose; 3-α-glucosyl-fructose^[421]

Turban 

from Persian dulband Band = To close, To tie.^[422]

Turkmenistan 

Turkmen combined with Persian suffix -stan.^[8] Literally meaning "Land of Turkmens" in Persian.

Tabasheer is an Internet Service Provider (ISP) based in Kerman, Iran They are a reseller for Pars Online ADSL broadband services. ... Tabor, or tabret, refers to a portable snare drum. ... Taffeta (sometimes spelled taffety) is a crisp, smooth woven fabric made from silk or synthetic fibers. ... A tahsildar is a revenue official in charge of a subdivision of a district or state in India. ... This article is about the Indian monument. ... Taj Mahal Location of the Taj Mahal within India The Taj Mahal (Devanagari: ताज महल, Nastaliq: تاج محل) is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. ... Talc (derived from the Persian via Arabic talq) is a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. ... In classical architecture, a tambour (Fr. ... The tambourine, also known as the Marine, is a musical instrument of the percussion family consisting of a a wooden or plastic frame with pairs of small metal jingles. ... Tanbur The tanbur (var. ... A tandoor is a cylindrical clay oven used in India and other parts of southeast Asia in which food is cooked over charcoal. ... This article is about tapestry the textile. ... Tar can be produced from corn stalks by heating in a microwave. ... Gamma Aquilae (γ Aql / γ Aquilae) is a star in the constellation Aquila. ... TASS can refer to one of the following: The transliteration of the Russian abbreviation for the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Timar was a form of land tenure in Ottoman Empire, consisting in grant of lands or revenues by the Ottoman Sultan to an individual in compensation for his services, especially military services. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Historical distribution of tigers (pale yellow) and 2006 (green). ... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... The ‘Langtry’ toque A toque (pronounced /tok/; for /tuk/ see Canadian variant below) is a type of hat with a narrow brim or no brim at all. ... The Trabant is an automobile formerly produced by East German auto maker VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau in Zwickau, Saxony. ... Species See text Tulip (Tulipa) is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. ... For the ideology of uniting Ural Altaic peoples, see Turanism. ... The Ural-Altaic language family is a grouping of languages which was once widely accepted by linguists, but has since been largely rejected. ... A Sikh man wearing a turban The turban (from the Persian , dulband via the Turkish ) is a headdress consisting of a long scarf-like single piece of cloth wound round the head or an inner hat. ...

U

Uzbekistan 

Uzbek combined with Persian suffix -stan.^[8] Literally meaning "Land of Uzbeks" in Persian.

V

Vispered

Avestan vispa ratavo meaning all the lords. one of the supplementary ritual texts included in the Avestan sacred writings.^[423]

vizier 

وزير etymology disputed; general references often derive it from Arabic wazir, "viceroy", lit. "one who bears (the burden of office)", lit. "porter, carrier", from Arabic wazara, "he carried". However, Jared S. Klein derives it from Middle Persian vichir, from Avestan vicira, "arbitrator, judge".

A Vizier (Arabic,وزير - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir, Vizir, Vasir, Wazir, Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many oriental languages), literally burden-bearer or helper, is a term, originally Persian, for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or minister, often to a Muslim monarch...

X

Xerxes 

Gk. form of O. Pers. Kshayarshan-, lit. "male (i.e. 'hero') among kings," from Kshaya- "king" (cf. shah) + arshan "male, man."

Definition = I ♥ E.B.Desciption = Frekles, skinny, and niceFacts = She goes to a middle school in PA, with red lockers Xerxes I, reigned 485–465 BC,also known as Xerxes the Great. ...

Y

Yarak 

Etymology: From Persian yaraki power, strength. good flying condition : FETTLE -- used of a hawk or other bird used in hunting eagles ... are difficult to get into yarak -- Douglas Carruthers.^[424]

Yasht

Modern Persian یشت from Avesta. Avestan yashtay adoration. one of the hymns to angels or lesser divinities forming part of the Avesta^[425]

. Faravahar, believed to be a depiction of a Farvashi, as mentioned in the Yasna and the Vendidad The Avesta is a collection of the sacred texts of the Zoroastrian religion. ...

Yuft

Etymology: Russian yuft', yukht', perhaps from Persian juft pair.^[426]

Z

Zamindar 

Etymology: zamindar, from Persian, from zamn land + -dar holder meaning "Possessor of real estate" in Persian. A collector of revenues from the cultivators of the land of a specified district for the government of India during the period of Muslim rule^[427]

Zamindari

Etymology: from Persian, from zamindar.^[428]

Zanza 

Etymology: Arabic sanj castanets, cymbals, from Persian sanj. an African musical instrument consisting of graduated sets of tongues of wood or metal inserted into and resonated by a wooden box and sounded by plucking with the fingers or thumbs.^[429]

Zarathushtra or Zarathustra 

the Persian prophet

Zedoary

Etymology: Middle English zeduarie, from Medieval Latin zeduria, from Arabic zadwr, from Persian. an East Indian drug consisting of the rhizome of either of two species of curcuma, Curcuma zedoaria or C. aromatica, used as a stimulant.^[430]

Zenana

Etymology: From Persian zan woman. The literal meaning is Women-related. The part of a dwelling in which the women of a family are secluded in India and Persian.^[431]

Zena 

feminine given name from Persian Zan (woman).

Zerda

Etymology: Arabic zerdaw, probably of Persian origin. Fennec.^[432]

Zircon 

from Persian zargun زرگون, "gold-colored"^[433]

Zirconate

zircon + the suffix -ate, from Latin -atus

Zirconia

zircon + the New Latin -ia suffix

Zirconium

zircon + the New Latin suffix -ium

Zoroaster 

from Persian Zarathushtra

Zoroastrianism 

The religion brought forth by Zoroaster.

Zumbooruk

from Persian zanburah.^[434]

Zamindar, also known as Zemindar, Zamindari, or the Zamindari System (Persian: زمیندار) were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ... The Zamindari System is a kind of feudal system, introduced by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Binomial name Curcuma zedoaria (Christm. ... In India, a zenana is the part of a house reserved for the women among Hindu families of good caste. ... Zena is a census-designated place located in Ulster County, New York. ... Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. ... Zirconia (ZrO2) is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zirconium, Zr, 40 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 5, d Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 91. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, Zartosht). ... A zumbooruk is a small cannon mounted and on a swivel on the back of a camel. ...

References

Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Kamboj in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Indo-Iranian can refer to: The Indo-Iranian languages The prehistoric Indo-Iranian people, see Aryan This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... http://www. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social restriction and social stratification, enforced by law or common practice, based on endogamy, occupation, economic status, race, ethnicity, etc. ... Jats are now preeminently a farming community. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... A Kshatriya is a member of the military or reigning order, according to the law-code of Manu the second ranking caste of the Indian varna system of four castes, the first being the Brahmin or priestly caste, the third the Vaishya or mercantile caste and the lowest the Shudra. ... Dehkhoda Dictionary is the largest ever lexical compilation of the Persian language. ... Dehkhoda Dictionary is the largest ever lexical compilation of the Persian language. ...

Sources

• Online etymology dictionary
• Persian in English: Interaction of languages and cultures. by Mirfazaelian A., published by Farhang Moaser, Tehran, Iran 2006. (in Persian)

External links

For a list of words with Persian language origins, see the Persian derivationsPersian derivations category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• English words borrowed from Persian
• English Persian equivalent words