The Kingdom of Kommagene was a small Hellenistic kingdom in southern Anatolia, near Antioch, which began life as a tributary state of the Seleucids, and later became an independent kingdom, before eventually being annexed by Rome in 72 AD. Kommagene (Latin Commagene) was a small kingdom, located in modern south-central Turkey, with its capital at Samosata (modern Samsat, near the Euphrates). ... The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance... The city of Antioch-on-the-Orontes (modern Antakya; Greek Αντιόχεια) is located in what is now Turkey. ... The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexanders empire. ... For other uses, see number 72. ...

Satraps of Kommagene, 290-163 BC

• Sames I c.290-c.260 BC
• Arsames I c.260-c.228
• Xerxes c.228-c.201 BC
• Ptolemaeus c.201-163 BC

Kings of Kommagene, 163 BC-72 AD

• Ptolemaeus 163-130 BC
• Sames II Theosebes Dikaios 130-109 BC
• Mithridates I Callinicos 109-86 BC
• Antiochus I Theos Dikaios Epiphanes Philorhomaios Philhellen 86-38 BC
• Mithridates II Philhellen 38-20 BC
• Antiochus II 29 BC
• Mithridates III 20-12 BC
• Antiochus III 12 BC - 17 AD
• to Rome directly 17-38
• Antiochus IV Epiphanes 38-72