The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent between the mid-16th century and the end of the 17th century. Founded in 1526, it survived nominally until 1857, when it was supplanted by the British Raj. The dynasty is sometimes referred to as the Timurid dynasty as Babur was descended from Timur. Flag Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605–1627 Jahangir  - 1628–1658 Shah Jahan  - 1659–1707 Aurangzeb History  - Established April 21, 1526  - Ended September 21, 1857... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... Anthem God Save The King The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (until 1912), New Delhi (after 1912) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1858-1901 Victoria¹  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy²  - 1858... // For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ... Timurid Dynasty at its Greatest Extent The Timurids were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim Turco-Mongol dynasty whose empire included the whole of Central Asia and parts of modern Iran and modern Turkey, as well as large parts of Mesopotamia and Caucasus. ... Zāhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as Bābur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... For the similar-sounding word Timor, see Timor (disambiguation). ...

Mughal dynasty

The Mughal dynasty was founded when Babur, a Muslim Timurid warlord hailing from Ferghana, invaded parts of northern India and defeated Ibrahim Shah Lodhi, the ruler of Delhi, at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. The Mughal Empire superseded the Delhi Sultanate as rulers of northern India. In time, the state thus founded by Babur far exceeded the bounds of the Delhi Sultanate, eventually encompassing a major portion of India and earning the appellation of Empire. A brief interregnum (1540-1555) during the reign of Babur's son, Humayun, saw the rise of the Afghan Suri Dynasty under Sher Shah Suri, a competent and efficient ruler in his own right. However, Sher Shah's untimely death and the military incompetence of his successors enabled Humayun to regain his throne in 1555. However, Humayun died a few months later, and was succeeded by his son, the 13-year-old Akbar. The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad, commonly known as Bābur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Timurid Dynasty at its Greatest Extent The Timurids were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim Turco-Mongol dynasty whose empire included the whole of Central Asia and parts of modern Iran and modern Turkey, as well as large parts of Mesopotamia and Caucasus. ... Fergana is a city in the Fergana Valley, capital of the Fargona Viloyati of Uzbekistan. ... The Lodi Dynasty ( 1451 to 1526), was the last phase of the Delhi Sultanate. ... The first battle of Panipat took place in northern India, and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. ... The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... Nasiruddin Humayun (March 6, 1508 – February 22, 1556), second Mughal Emperor, ruled in India from 1530–1540 and 1555–1556. ... The Sur dynasty was an Afghan family, founded by Sher Shah after his defeat of Humayun in 1539, ruled in the north of India between 1540 and 1556. ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see Sher Shah (VC). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

The greatest portions of Mughal expansion was accomplished during the reign of Akbar (1556-1605). The empire was maintained as the dominant force of the present-day Indian subcontinent for a hundred years further by his successors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The first six emperors, who enjoyed power both ‘’de jure’’ and ‘’de facto’’, are usually referred to by just one name, a title adopted upon his accession by each Emperor. The relevant title is bolded in the list below. Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... n ... Shahabuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan (also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan. ... Aurangzeb (Persian: (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abdul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, Padshah Ghazi) (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707), also known by his chosen Imperial title Alamgir I (Conqueror of the Universe) (Persian: ), was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from... A title is a prefix or suffix added to a persons name to signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. ...

Akbar initiated certain important policies, such as religious liberalism (abolition of the jizya tax), inclusion of Hindus in the affairs of the empire, and political alliance/marriage with the Hindu Rajput caste, that were innovative for his milieu; he also adopted some policies of Sher Shah Suri, such as the division of the empire into sarkars, in his administration of the empire. These policies, which undoubtedly served to maintain the power and stability of the empire, were preserved by his two immediate successors but were discarded by Aurangzeb, who pursued a policy where religious tolerance had little space. Furthermore, Aurangzeb spent nearly his entire career seeking to expand his realm into the Deccan and south India; this venture sapped the resources of the empire while provoking strong resistance from the Marathas, Sikhs, and Rajputs. In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية; Ottoman Turkish cizye) is a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age. ... Bhavna says there are 300 million gods in Hinduism. ... Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India. ... Sarkar could mean: Government in Urdu/Persian/Hindi. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... The geographical south of India includes all Indian territory below the 20th parallel. ... The Marāthās (Marathi: , also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a the expansive Maratha Empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries. ... A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ...

After Aurangzeb's reign, the empire fell into decline. Beginning with Bahadur Shah I, the Mughal Emperors progressively declined in power and became figureheads, being initially controlled by sundry courtiers and later by various rising warlords. In the 18th century, the Empire suffered the depredations of invaders like Nadir Shah of Persia and Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, who repeatedly sacked Delhi, the Mughal capital. The greater portion of the empire's territories in India passed to the Marathas before falling to the British. In 1803, the blind and powerless Shah Alam II formally accepted the protection of the British East India Company. The British had already begun to refer to the weakened Mughal as "King of Delhi" rather than "Emperor of India", a usage, formalized in 1803, which avoided the uncomfortable implication that the British sovereign was outranked by the Indian monarch. Nonetheless, for a few decades afterwards, the BEIC continued to rule the areas under its control as the nominal servants of the emperor, and in his name. In 1827 even these courtesies were dispensed with. After some rebels in the Sepoy Rebellion declared their allegiance to Shah Alam's descendant, Bahadur Shah II, the British decided to abolish the institution altogether. They deposed the last Mughal Emperor in 1857 and exiled him to Burma, where he died in 1862. Thus came to an end the Mughal dynasty, which had contributed a momentous chapter to the history of India. Muazzam Bahadur Shah (Persian: Bahādur Shāh; his name Bahādur means brave)(October 14, 1643 – February 1712), also known as Shah Alam I was the Mughal emperor of India from 1707 to 1712. ... Nadir Shah’s portrait from the collection of Smithsonian Institute Nadir Shah (Persian: نادر شاه) (Nadir Qoli Beg (Persian: نادر قلی بیگ), also Tahmasp-Qoli Khan (Persian: تهماسپ قلی خان) also Nadir Shah Afshar (Persian: نادر شاه افشار) ) (October 22, 1688 - June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the short-lived Turkic Afsharid... Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shah Abdali (c. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... Extent of the Maratha Confederacy ca. ... Shah Alam II (1728–1806) was a Mughal emperor of India. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from the British perspective. ... Bahadur Shah Zafar in 1858, just after his show trial in Delhi and before his departure for exile in Rangoon. ...

List of Mughal Emperors

Certain important particulars regarding the Mughal Emperors is tabulated below:

Zāhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as Bābur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... Nasiruddin Humayun (March 6, 1508 – February 22, 1556), second Mughal Emperor, ruled in India from 1530–1540 and 1555–1556. ... The Sur dynasty was an Afghan family, founded by Sher Shah after his defeat of Humayun in 1539, ruled in the north of India between 1540 and 1556. ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see Sher Shah (VC). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... n ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... For other persons named Noor Jahan, see Noor Jahan (disambiguation). ... Shahabuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan (also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan. ... Taj Mahal Location of the Taj Mahal within India The Taj Mahal (Devanagari: ताज महल, Nastaliq: تاج محل) is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. ... Jahangirs mausoleum in Shahdara, Lahore Tomb of Jahangir, is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 to 1627. ... Shalimar Gardens is the name of several royal gardens built by the nobility (Mian) of the Mughal Empire during the rule of various emperors, such as Jahangir and Shah Jahan. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... Aurangzeb (Persian: (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abdul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, Padshah Ghazi) (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707), also known by his chosen Imperial title Alamgir I (Conqueror of the Universe) (Persian: ), was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from... This article is about Islamic religious law. ... Muazzam Bahadur Shah (Persian: Bahādur Shāh; his name Bahādur means brave)(October 14, 1643 – February 1712), also known as Shah Alam I was the Mughal emperor of India from 1707 to 1712. ... Muazzam Bahadur Shah (Persian: Bahādur Shāh; his name Bahādur means expensive pearl)(October 14, 1643 – February 1712), also known as Shah Alam I was the Mughal emperor of India from 1707 to 1712. ... Jahandar Shah (1661-1713) was Mughal Emperor for a brief period in 1712-1713 AD. Jahandar Shah was born on May 9, 1661, a son of the future emperor Bahadur Shah I. Upon the death of their father, he and his brother Azim-ush-shan both declared themselves emperor and... Furrukhsiyar (or Farrukhsiyar, 1683–1719) was the mughal emperor of India from 1713. ... Firman refers to a royal mandate or decree issued from a sovereign in Western Asian countries such as Iran under the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi or the Ottoman rulers. ... The British East India Company, popularly known as John Company, was founded by a Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Rafi-ul Darajat, son of Rafiu-Shan (Azimu-sh-Shans brother) was the tenth mughal emperor and succeeded Furrukhsiyar in 1719, proclaimed Badshah by the Sayyid brothers. ... Rafi ud Daulat also known as Shah Jahan II was Mughal emperor for a brief period in 1719 AD. He succeeded his short-lived brother Rafi Ul-Darjat in that year, being proclaimed Badshah by the Sayyid brothers. ... Rafi ud Daulat was the 11th Mughal emperor who succeeded his short-lived brother Rafi ud Darajat in 1719, proclaimed Badshah again, by the Sayyid brothers. ... Nikusiyar Mohammed was the 12th Mughal Emperor. ... Mohammed Ibrahim (محمد ابراهيم) was the 13th Mughal emperor. ... See Mohammad Shah Qajar for the Ruler of Persia Muhammad Shah (1702 - 1748) was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. ... Nadir Shah’s portrait from the collection of Smithsonian Institute Nadir Shah (Persian: نادر شاه) (Nadir Qoli Beg (Persian: نادر قلی بیگ), also Tahmasp-Qoli Khan (Persian: تهماسپ قلی خان) also Nadir Shah Afshar (Persian: نادر شاه افشار) ) (October 22, 1688 - June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the short-lived Turkic Afsharid... Ahmed Shah Bahadur was born in 1725 to Mohammed Shah. ... Alamgir II (عالمگير Û²) (1759 - 1699) was the Mughal emperor of India between 1754 and 1759. ... Shah Jahan III was Mughal Emperor briefly. ... Shah Alam II (1728–1806) was a Mughal emperor of India. ... Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shah Abdali (c. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... a potrait of Akbar II at Smithsonian Institute Akbar Shah II (1760 - 1837), also known as Mirza Akbar, was the second-to-last of the Mughal emperors of India. ... Bahadur Shah Zafar in 1858, just after his show trial in Delhi and before his departure for exile in Rangoon. ...

See also

• Emperor of India
• List of Indian Monarchs
• Charlemagne to the Mughals

poo New Crowns for Old depicts Disraeli as Abanazer from the pantomime version of Aladdin offering Victoria an Imperial crown in exchange for a Royal one. ... The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents. ... Charlemagne to the Mughals is a genealogical route connecting Charlemagne with the Mughal dynasty of India. ...

External links

• Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace - Great Mughal Emperors of India popoo