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This is a list of Unix programs. Some of these programs are standard utilities that will be found on any Unix or Unix-like operating system; indeed a system without such basic components as ls, sh and ed could scarcely be described as truly Unix-like. Others are more special-purpose and may not be installed by default but may be available as ready-to-install third party packages. Finally, some items on this list are simply separate applications which happen to have been written for Unix. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer. ... LS may refer to: .ls, the Internet top-level domain for Lesotho Jet2. ... Screenshot of a sample Bash session, taken on Gentoo Linux. ... ed was the original standard text editor on the Unix operating system. ...

Many MS-DOS commands are similar to, or based on these commands. See List of DOS commands for more information. Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ... A partial list of the most common commands for Microsofts MS-DOS operating system follows. ...

System software

System software is a generic term referring to any computer software that is an essential part of the computer system. ...

General user

• clear – Clear screen and home cursor
• echo – Print arguments to standard output
• env – Show environment variables; run a program with altered environment variables
• file – Determine the type of a file
• nohup – Run a command with immunity to hangups outputting to non-tty
• sh – The Bourne shell, the standard Unix shell
• uptime – Print how long the system has been running

Clear being used on GNU/LInux under uxterm This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... echo is a command in Unix (and by extension, its descendants, such as Linux) and MS-DOS that places a string on the terminal. ... env is a shell utility for Unix-like operating systems (including Linux). ... file is a program originated in Unix that runs under the shell (command-line) to determine the file type heuristically instead of other simpler ways to classify it, like with file extensions, MIMEs, etc. ... nohup is a UNIX command that runs a command but suppresses the action of the HUP (hangup) signal, enabling the command to keep running after a user who issues the command has logged out. ... The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7, and replaced the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. ... Uptime is a measure of the time a computer system has been up and running. ...

System management

• fuser – Identify processes by files or sockets
• logger – Make entries in the system log
• newgrp (or sg) – Log in to a new group
• pathchk – Check the validity/portability of filenames

Kernel specific

• date – Print or set the system date and/or time
• dmesg – Print the kernel message ring buffer
• ipcrm – Remove a message queue, semaphore set or shared memory id
• ipcs – Provide information on IPC facilities
• uname – Print assorted system statistics

The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... dmesg (for diagnostic message) is a command on Unix-like operating systems that prints the message buffer of the kernel. ... The ipcrm command will mark System V interprocess communication API kernel entities for removal, deferred until the last connected process detaches. ... A semaphore is a protected variable (or abstract data type) and constitutes the classic method for restricting access to shared resources (e. ... The ipcs command will list System V interprocess communication API kernel entities to stdout. ... In computer software, uname is a program in Unix operating systems that prints the name, version and other details about the running operating system. ...

Processes and tasks management

• at – Single-time command scheduler
• chroot – Change the system root directory for all child processes
• cron – Periodic command scheduler
• crontab – Crontab file editor
• exit – Terminate the current shell process
• kill – Send a signal to process, or terminate a process (by PID)
• killall – Terminate processes by name (in GNU/Linux)
• nice – Alter priorities for processes
• pgrep – Find PIDs of processes by name
• pkill – Send a signal to process, or terminate a process (by name). Equivalent to Linux killall
• ps – Report process status
• renice – Alter the priorities of an already running process
• sleep – Delay for specified time
• time – Time a command
• timex – Time process shell execution, measure process data and system activity
• top – Produce a dynamic list of all resident processes
• wait – Wait for the specified process
• watch – Runs the specified command repeatedly

In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. ... The at command is used to schedule commands to be executed once at a particular time in the future. ... A chroot on Unix operating systems is an operation which changes the root directory. ... A child process is a computer process created by another process (the parent process). ... cron is a time-based scheduling service in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. ... The correct title of this article is . ... Exit is a command used in many operating systems command line shells. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: kill In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, kill is a command used to send simple messages to processes running on the system. ... killall is a command line utility initially written for use with the GNU/Linux operating systems. ... nice (IPA pronunciation: ) is a command found on UNIX and other POSIX-like operating systems such as Linux. ... pgrep is a command line utility initially written for use with the Solaris 7 operating systems and then ported to GNU/Linux. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... killall is a command line utility initially written for use with the GNU/Linux operating systems. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... nice (IPA pronunciation: ) is a command found on UNIX and other POSIX-like operating systems such as Linux. ... sleep is an instruction for a computer that delays execution for a specified period of time. ... This article is about a Unix command. ... timex is a Unix utility tool, most commonly used in the measurement of duration of shell processes. ... In many Unix-like operating systems, the top command produces a constantly-updated list of all resident processes, listed in order of CPU usage. ... The correct title of this article is . ... In Unix, watch runs the specified command repeatedly and displays the output on stdout so you can watch it change over time. ...

Job Control

• bg – Resume a job in background
• jobs – Lists active jobs
• fg – Resume a job in foreground

On operating systems that support executing multiple processes in parallel or in series (batch processing), job control refers to the orchestration of multiple batch jobs. ... fg is a Unix job control command that resumes the execution of a suspended process in the foreground with its standard input and output streams redirected to the users terminal. ...

User management and support

• chsh – Change user shell
• finger – Get details about user
• id – Print real/effective UIDs/GIDs
• last – show listing of last logged in users
• lastlog – show last log in information for users
• locale – Get locale specific information
• localedef – Compile locale definitions
• logname – Print user's login name
• man – Manual browser
• mesg – Control write access to your terminal
• passwd – Change user password
• su – Start a new process (defaults to shell) as a different user (defaults to root)
• sudo – execute a command as a different user.
• users – Show who is logged on (only users names)
• w – Show logged-in users and their current tasks
• whatis – command description from whatis database
• whereis – locates the command's binary and manual pages associated with it
• which – locates where a command is executed from
• who – Show who is logged on (with some details)
• whoami – Shows the user's login name
• write – Send a message to another user

Wikibooks Guide to Unix has a page on the topic of Choosing a shell chsh (an abbreviation of change shell) is a command on UNIX systems that is used to change a login shell. ... In computer networking, the Name/Finger protocol and the Finger user information protocol are simple network protocols for the exchange of human-oriented status and user information. ... In computer software, id is a program in Unix operating systems that prints the uid of the account of which the program is executed by. ... In computing, locale is a set of parameters that defines the users language, country and any special variant preferences that the user wants to see in their user interface. ... The man page on man Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for manual pages). The Unix command used to display them is man. ... mesg is a Unix command that sets or reports the permission other users have to write to your terminal using the talk and write commands. ... passwd is a tool on most Unix and Linux systems used to change a users password. ... The Unix su (subsitute user) command is used to assume the login shell of another user without logging out. ... This article is about the Unix command line program. ... The command w on many Unix-like operating systems provides a quick summary of every user logged into a computer, what that user is currently doing, and what load all the activity is imposing on the computer itself. ... whatis searches a set of database files containing short descriptions of system commands for keywords and displays the result on the standard output. ... which is a Unix command. ... who is a Unix-command which creates almost the same output as the Unix-command w; it shows you users currently logged in a system. ... whoami is a Unix-command which outputs the username of the user which runs the command. ... write can refer to several Unix commands. ...

Terminal configuration

• stty – Change and print terminal line settings
• tput – Initialize a terminal/query terminfo database
• tty – Print filename of terminal connected to standard input

tty is a Unix command that prints on standard output the name of the file connected to standard input. ...

Files and texts

• info – The GNU alternative to man
• man – The standard unix documentation system

info is a command line utility initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems. ... GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ... The man page on man Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for manual pages). The Unix command used to display them is man. ... The man page on man Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for manual pages). The Unix command used to display them is man. ...

Filesystem Utilities

• chattr – Change file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
• chgrp – Change the group of a file or directory
• chmod – Change the permissions of a file or directory
• chown – Change the owner of a file or directory
• cd – Change to another directory location
• cp – Copy a file or directory to another location
• dd – Convert and copy a file in blocks
• df – Report disk space
• dircmp – Compare contents of files between two directories
• du – Calculate used disk space
• fdupes – Find or remove duplicate files within a directory
• find – Search for files through a directory hierarchy
• fsck – Filesystem check
• link – Link one file/directory to another (privileged user only)
• ln – Link one file/directory to another
• ls – List directory contents
• lsattr – List file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
• lsof – list open files
• mkdir – Make a directory
• mkfifo – Make a named pipe
• mount – Mount a filesystem
• mv – Move or rename a file or directory
• pwd – Print the current working directory
• rm – Delete a file or directory tree
• readlink – Display value of a symbolic link, or display canonical path for a file
• rmdir – Delete an empty directory
• touch – Create a new file or update its modification time
• tree – Print a depth-indented tree of a given directory
• unlink – System call to remove a file or directory

chattr is a UNIX program that allows a user to set certain attributes to a file. ... The chgrp command is used by unprivileged users on Unix-like systems to change the group associated with a file. ... The chmod command (abbreviated from change mode) is a shell command in Unix and Unix-like environments. ... chown is a Unix command used to change the recorded owner of a computer file. ... The chdir or cd command (change directory) in the Unix and DOS operating systems, is used to change the current working directory. ... cp is the command entered in a Unix shell to copy a file from one place to another, possibly on a different filesystem. ... dd is a common UNIX program whose primary purpose is the low-level copying and conversion of files. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... du (abbreviated from disk usage) is a standard Unix program used to estimate the file space usage; space used under a particular directory or files on a file system. ... fdupes is a program written by Adrian Lopez to scan directories for duplicate files, with options to list and delete them. ... For the EP by Hidden in Plain View, see Find (EP) The find program is a search utility, mostly found on Unix-like platforms. ... The system utility fsck (for file system check or file system consistency check) is a tool for checking the consistency of a file system in the Unix system and clones thereof. ... See Filing system for this term as it is used in libraries and offices In computing, a file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. ... link is a command line utility included with Unix-like operating systems. ... The ln command is used on Unix-like systems to create links between files. ... LS may refer to: .ls, the Internet top-level domain for Lesotho Jet2. ... lsof is a command found in almost any Unix system that reports open files by processes of a Operating System. ... The mkdir command in the Unix operating system is used to make a new directory. ... ... See Filing system for this term as it is used in libraries and offices In computing, a file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. ... The correct title of this article is . ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... touch is a standard Unix program used to change a files access and modification timestamps. ... tree is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems. ... unlink is a command line utility written for use with the Unix-like operating systems. ...

Archivers and compression

• afio – Compatible superset of cpio with added functionality
• ar – Maintain, modify, and extract from archives. Now largely obsoleted by tar
• bzip2 – Block-sorting file compressor
• compress – Traditional compressor using the LZW algorithm
• cpio – A traditional archiving tool/format
• gzip – The gzip file compressor
• pack, pcat, unpack – included in old versions of ATT Unix. Uses Huffman coding, obsoleted by compress.
• pax – POSIX archive tool that handles multiple formats.
• tar – Tape ARchiver, concatenates files
• uncompress – Uncompresses files compressed with compress.
• zcat – Prints files to stdout from gzip archives without unpacking them to separate file(s)

CPIO is both the name of a binary utility, and a form of digital archive. ... The archiver (also known simply as ar) is a UNIX utility that maintains groups of files as a single archive file. ... In computing, tar (derived from tape archive) is both file format (in the form of a type of archive bitstream) and the name of the program used to handle such files. ... The correct title of this article is . ... Categories: Disambiguation | Software stubs | Data compression software ... LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) is a lossless data compression algorithm. ... CPIO is both the name of a binary utility, and a form of digital archive. ... The correct title of this article is . ... In computer science and information theory, Huffman coding is an entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression. ... Categories: Disambiguation | Software stubs | Data compression software ... pax is a utility defined and created by the IEEE Std 1003. ... In computing, tar (derived from tape archive) is both file format (in the form of a type of archive bitstream) and the name of the program used to handle such files. ... uncompress is a shell command in Unix-like environments. ... zcat is a UNIX program similar to cat (Unix), that operates on gzip or compress -compressed files. ...

Text Processing

• awk – A pattern scanning and processing language
• banner – Creates ascii art version of an input string for printing large banners
• cat – Concatenate files to standard output
• cksum – Print the CRC checksum and bytecount of a file (see also MD5)
• cmp – Compare two files byte for byte
• comm – Sort two files and compare them line for line
• csplit – Split a file into sections determined by context lines
• cut – Remove sections from each line of a file or standard input
• diff3 – Compare one text file against two other files
• diff – Compare two text files line by line
• egrep – Extended pattern matching (synonym for "grep -E")
• expand – Convert tabs to spaces
• fc – Processes the command history list
• fgrep – Simplified pattern matching (synonym for "grep -F")
• fold – Wrap each input line to fit within the given width
• grep – Print lines matching a pattern
• head – Output the first parts of a file
• iconv – Convert the encoding of the specified files
• join – Join lines of two files on a common field
• less – Improved more-like text pager
• merge – Three way merge of files (see also paste)
• more – Pager
• nkf – Convert Japanese characters
• nl – Number the lines of a file
• nroff – Fixed-width (non-typesetter) version of the standard Unix typesetting system
• od – Dump files in various formats, e.g. octal
• paste – Merge lines of files
• patch – Change files based on a patch file
• rev – reverse lines of a file
• sed – Stream EDitor
• sort – Sort lines of text files
• split – Split a file into pieces
• tac – cat in reverse — displays files to standard output in reverse order starting at the end of the file
• tail – Output the tail end of files
• tee – Read from standard input, write to standard output and files
• tr – Translate characters
• tsort – Perform a topological sort
• unexpand – Convert spaces to tabs
• uniq – Remove duplicate lines from a sorted file
• uudecode – Decodes a binary file that was used for transmission using electronic mail
• uuencode – Encodes a binary file for transmission using electronic mail
• wc – Word/line/byte count

AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams. ... The banner program displays a large ASCII art version of input text. ... ASCII art, an artistic medium relying primarily on computers for presentation, consists of pictures pieced together from characters (preferably from the 95 printable characters defined by ASCII). ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Cksum is a POSIX command that reads the files specified by the File parameter and calculates a checksum, cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and the byte count for a file or files. ... In cryptography, MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value. ... This article is about the command line utility. ... The comm command in Unix is a utility that is used to compare two files. ... cut is a Unix command which is typically used to extract a certain range of characters from a line, usually from a file. ... diff3 is a Unix utility to compare three files and show any differences among them. ... At computing, diff is a file comparison utility that outputs the differences between two files. ... grep is a command line utility that was originally written for use with the Unix operating system. ... For other uses, see Compression. ... grep is a command line utility that was originally written for use with the Unix operating system. ... grep is a command line utility that was originally written for use with the Unix operating system. ... head is a program that shows the first 10 lines by default of a file or piped data, on Unix and Unix-like systems. ... iconv is a computer program and a standardized API used to convert between different character encodings. ... join is a command in Unix-like operating systems. ... less is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. ... Example output of the more command. ... Paste is a Unix utility tool which is used to join files horizontally (parallel merging), e. ... Example output of the more command. ... nkf is a Unix computer program that converts Japanese encoding. ... nl is a Unix utility for numbering lines, either from a file or from standard input, reproducing output on standard output. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... od is an octal dumping program for Unix and Unix-like systems. ... Paste is a Unix utility tool which is used to join files horizontally (parallel merging), e. ... patch is a Unix program that updates text files according to instructions contained in a separate file, called a patch file. ... The correct title of this article is . ... sort is a standard Unix command line program that prints the lines of its input in sorted order. ... split is a Unix utility most commonly used to split a file into one or more other files. ... TAC may refer to: TAC (software), open source AIM client written in Tcl, using the TOC protocol Tactical Air Command, a former command of the United States Air Force charged with battlefield-level (tactical) air combat. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... tail is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the last few lines of a text file or piped data. ... tee is a Unix command. ... tr (abbreviated from translate or transliterate) is a command in Unix-like operating systems. ... tsort is a command line utility initially written for use with the Unix operating system. ... In graph theory, a topological sort of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a linear ordering of its nodes which is compatible with the partial order R induced on the nodes where x comes before y (xRy) if theres a directed path from x to y in the DAG... unexpand is a command in the UNIX Operating System. ... uniq is a Unix utility which, when fed a text file, outputs the file with adjacent identical lines collapsed to one. ... Uuencode is a form of ASCII armor that originated as a Unix program for encoding binary data for transmission over the uucp mail system. ... Uuencode is a form of ASCII armor that originated as a Unix program for encoding binary data for transmission over the uucp mail system. ... wc (short for word count) is a command in Unix-like operating systems. ...

Text editors

• acme – Bitmapped text editor and integrated development environment ported from the Plan 9 operating system with client-server design, by Rob Pike. This is the successor of sam.
• ed – Original line-oriented, regular-expression based Unix text editor
• ex – Line-oriented text editor from BSD Unix, originally derived from Unix ed, later augmented by a screen-oriented "visual" mode, creating vi; typically a symbolic link to vi (or vim) causing it to start up in line-editing mode
• GNU Emacs – Freely programmable full-screen text editor and general computing environment (using builtin Elisp, a simple dialect of the Lisp programming language)
• Joe – a screen-oriented text editor using a Wordstar-style command set
• Jove – a screen-oriented text editor using an Emacs-style command set
• MicroEMACS – a screen-oriented text editor using an Emacs-style command set
• nano – Clone of pico (see below)
• NEdit – A Motif based text editor for the X11 windowing system, remniscient of text editors on Mac or Windows systems
• nvi – "New" vi, unencumbered (no remaining original Unix code) reimplementation of ex/vi for the 4.4BSD operating system release
• pico – PIne's message COmposition editor (simple, easy to use screen editor)
• sam – Bitmapped multifile text editor with client-server design, by Rob Pike
• vi – "Visual" (screen-oriented) text editor (originally ex in screen-oriented "visual" mode)
• VILE – "Vi like Emacs", a vi-like text editor that has been derived from the MicroEMACS text editor
• vim – Vi IMproved, portable vi-compatible editor with multiple buffers, screen splitting, syntax highlighting and a lot of other features not found in standard ex/vi
• XEmacs – Popular version of emacs that is derived from GNU Emacs

A screenshot of Acme Acme is a text editor and shell from the Plan 9 operating system, designed and implemented by Rob Pike. ... Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system, primarily used as a research vehicle. ... Rob Pike (born 1956) is a software engineer and author. ... The text editor ed was the original standard on the Unix operating system. ... Ex (disambiguation) ex, short for EXtended, was a line editor for UNIX. It was an advanced version of the standard UNIX editor ed, included in the Berkeley Software Distribution. ... BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ... The correct title of this article is vi. ... In computing, a symbolic link (often shortened to symlink and also known as a soft link) consists of a special type of file that serves as a reference to another file. ... GNU Emacs is one of the two most popular versions of Emacs (see also XEmacs). ... Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors (which we will collectively refer to as Emacs in this article. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... JOE is a terminal-based text editor for Unix systems, available under the GPL. It is designed to be easy to use, including an integrated help system and a reminder of how to get help always on the screen. ... WordStar was a word processor application, published by MicroPro, originally written for the CP/M operating system but later ported to DOS, that enjoyed a dominant market share during the early to mid-1980s. ... Emacs is a class of text editors, possessing an extensive set of features, that are popular with computer programmers and other technically proficient computer users. ... MicroEMACS is a small emacs implementation originally written by Dave Conroy and further developed and maintained by Daniel Lawrence, which exists in many variations. ... Emacs is a class of text editors, possessing an extensive set of features, that are popular with computer programmers and other technically proficient computer users. ... Nano is a text editor for Unix and Unix-like systems, licensed under the GNU General Public License. ... NEdit, the Nirvana editor, is a popular text editor for the X Window System. ... Screenshot of an application that uses the Open Motif toolkit Motif (or capitalized MOTIF) is a graphical widget toolkit for building graphical user interfaces under the X Window System on Unix and other POSIX-compliant systems. ... In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays. ... The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ... Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of proprietary software operating systems by Microsoft. ... nvi (new vi) is a re-implementation of the classic Berkeley editor, ex/vi, traditionally distributed with BSD, and later, Unix systems. ... BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ... A screenshot of Pico. ... Pine is a powerful freeware text-based e-mail client: the University of Washingtons mail user agent (Email client) its name being an acronym for: Program for Internet News & Email (or PINE Is Nolonger Elm if you so prefer. ... Sam is a multi-file text editor originally designed at Bell Labs by Rob Pike (with the help of Ken Thompson and other Unix developers) in the early 1980s for the DMD 5620 windowing terminal running Unix. ... Rob Pike (born 1956) is a software engineer and author. ... The correct title of this article is vi. ... Ex (disambiguation) ex, short for EXtended, was a line editor for UNIX. It was an advanced version of the standard UNIX editor ed, included in the Berkeley Software Distribution. ... For the Gabonese people, see Vili (people). ... MicroEMACS is a small emacs implementation originally written by Dave Conroy and further developed and maintained by Daniel Lawrence, which exists in many variations. ... Vim, which stands for Vi IMproved, is an open source, multiplatform text editor extended from vi. ... HTML syntax highlighting Syntax highlighting is a feature of some text editors that displays text—especially source code—in different colors and fonts according to the category of terms. ... XEmacs is a fork of the GNU Emacs text editor. ... Emacs is a class of text editors, possessing an extensive set of features, that are popular with computer programmers and other technically proficient computer users. ...

Communication, networking and remote access

• Apache – a web server for Unix-like systems
• efax – integrated fax program
• ftp, sftp – File transfer protocol, SSH file transfer protocol
• HylaFAX – Fax server
• minicom – connects directly to a computer via modem
• netcat – versatile network utility for reading from and writing to network connections
• NFS – network filesystem
• OpenVPN – virtual private (encrypting) networking software
• Postfix – mail transfer agent
• rsh, SSH, telnet – remote login software
• Samba – SMB and CIFS client and server for UNIX
• Sendmail – popular email transport software
• talk – utility that allows talking to another logged-in user
• uustat – a Basic Networking Utilities (BNU) command that displays status information about several types of BNU operations
• uucp – file transfer utility (Unix-to-Unix Copy)
• uux – remote command execution over UUCP

Apache HTTP Server is an open source HTTP web server for Unix platforms (BSD, Linux, and UNIX systems), Microsoft Windows, and other platforms. ... The inside/front of a Dell PowerEdge web server The term Web server can mean one of two things: A computer that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from clients, which are known as Web browsers, and serving them HTTP responses along with optional data contents, which usually are Web... efax is a integrated fax program for Unix-like computer systems, produced by Casas Communications Engineering since 1993 [2]. The software allows users to send and receive faxes using a computer, fax modem, and telephone line. ... A fax server is a set of software running on a server computer which is equipped with one or more fax-capable modems attached to telephone lines (or, more recently, software modem emulators which use T.38 (Fax over IP) technology to transmit the signal over an IP network). ... The abbreviation FTP can refer to: The File Transfer Protocol used on the Internet. ... SFTP may refer to: Secure File Transfer Protocol, a network protocol designed by the IETF to provide secure file transfer and manipulation facilities over the secure shell (SSH) protocol. ... HylaFAX is the leading fax server for Unix-like computer systems. ... A fax server is a set of software running on a server computer which is equipped with one or more fax-capable modems attached to telephone lines (or, more recently, software modem emulators which use T.38 (Fax over IP) technology to transmit the signal over an IP network). ... For the textphone, see Telecommunications device for the deaf. ... The correct title of this article is . ... Network File System (NFS) is a network file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems in 1984, allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a network as easily as if the network devices were attached to its local disks. ... See Filing system for this term as it is used in libraries and offices In computing, a file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. ... OpenVPN is a virtual private network (VPN) package for creating point-to-point encrypted tunnels between host computers. ... Postfix is an open source mail transfer agent (MTA), a computer program for the routing and delivery of email, that is intended as a fast, easy to administer and secure alternative to the widely-used Sendmail. ... rsh (remote shell) is a command line computer program which can execute shell commands as another user, and on another computer across a computer network. ... In computing, Secure shell, or SSH, is both a computer program and an associated network protocol designed for logging into and executing commands on a remote computer. ... For the packet switched network, see Telenet. ... Samba logo. ... Sendmail is a mail transfer agent (MTA) that is a well known project of the open source, free software and Unix communities, which is distributed both as free software and proprietary software. ... The UNIX talk command shown in these screenshots was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. ... UUCP stands for Unix to Unix CoPy. ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... UUCP stands for Unix to Unix CoPy. ...

E-mail clients

• elm – screen-oriented mail program that used to be very popular
• mail – original Unix email program
• mailx/Mail – improved version of Unix mail program from BSD Unix
• mh – a message handler
• Mulberry – powerful graphical IMAP-centric e-mail client (proprietary)
• Mutt – screen-oriented mail program
• nmh – a new message handler
• Opera – Web browser and e-mail client (proprietary)
• Pine – screen-oriented mail and news program, originally derived from elm
• procmail – automatic mail sorting
• Mozilla Thunderbird – extensible e-mail client

An email client (or mail user agent [MUA]) is a computer program that is used to read and send e-mail. ... Elm, a text-based e-mail client commonly found on Unix systems, became popular as one of the first e-mail clients to use curses-like screen displays, and as a utility with freely-available source code. ... mail is a command line e-mail client for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. ... mailx is a Unix utility program for sending and receiving mail. ... BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ... MH may mean: Morgan Hill, CA Metal halide lamp Maharashtra, a state of India (ISO 3166-2:IN) Manhunt: An abbreviation for an online social networking site. ... Mulberry was a commercial e-mail client marketed by Cyrusoft from approximately 1995 to 2005. ... The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP, and previously called Interactive Mail Access Protocol) is an application layer Internet protocol used for accessing email on a remote server from a local client. ... Mutt is a text-based e-mail client for Unix-like systems. ... NMH can refer to: the Northfield Mount Hermon School a command line message handling system Categories: Disambiguation ... Opera is a cross-platform web browser and Internet suite which handles common internet-related tasks including visiting web sites, sending and receiving e-mail messages, managing contacts, chatting online and displaying Widgets. ... An example of a web browser (Internet Explorer), displaying the English Wikipedia main page. ... Pine is a powerful freeware text-based e-mail client: the University of Washingtons mail user agent (Email client) its name being an acronym for: Program for Internet News & Email (or PINE Is Nolonger Elm if you so prefer. ... Procmail is a mail delivery agent (MDA) or mail filter, a program to process incoming emails on a computer, widely used on Unix systems. ... Mozilla Thunderbird is a free, cross-platform e-mail and news client developed by the Mozilla Foundation. ...

Network system services

• fingerd – a daemon for finger – a program used return a human-readable status report on either the system at the moment or a particular person in depth
• inetd – a daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services
• xinetd – replacement for inetd

The finger protocol is a simple network protocol based on RFC 1288 (The Finger User Information Protocol). ... inetd is a daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services. ... In Unix and other computer multitasking operating systems, a daemon is a computer program that runs in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user; they are usually instantiated as processes. ... The correct title of this article is xinetd. ... inetd is a daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services. ...

Network Utilities

• authbind – used to authorize non-root users to use port numbers below 1024
• dhclient – a DHCP client
• dhcpd – the DHCP daemon
• dhcpcd – a DHCP client-daemon
• ifconfig – a tool used to configure a network interface for TCP/IP
• iwconfig – similar to ifconfig, but is dedicated to wireless networking interfaces
• ping – a network tool that tests of whether a particular host is up and reachable on the network
• pppd – Point-to-Point Protocol daemon
• tcpd – Secures programs launched from inetd

authbind is a Linux utility that allows a network services which typically run as root to run as a regular user. ... (DHCP) is a set of rules used by a communications device such as a computer, router or network adapter to allow the device to request and obtain an IP address from a server which has a list of addresses available for assignment. ... (DHCP) is a set of rules used by a communications device such as a computer, router or network adapter to allow the device to request and obtain an IP address from a server which has a list of addresses available for assignment. ... Sample output from ifconfig on Linux The Unix command ifconfig is a tool used to configure a network interface for TCP/IP. It was originally released as part of the BSD TCP/IP suite - so in effect, its part of the original internet toolkit. ... iwconfig is similar to ifconfig, but is dedicated to wireless networking interfaces. ... Sample output from ifconfig on Linux The Unix command ifconfig is a tool used to configure a network interface for TCP/IP. It was originally released as part of the BSD TCP/IP suite - so in effect, its part of the original internet toolkit. ... For other uses, see Ping (disambiguation). ... Is the acronym for Point-to-Point protocol daemon. ... In computing, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. ... TCP Wrapper is a host-based network ACL system, used to filter network access to Internet protocol services run on (Unix-like) operating systems such as Linux or BSD. It allows host or subnetwork IP addresses, names and/or ident query replies, to be used as tokens on which to... inetd is a daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services. ...

Network monitoring and security

• Ethereal and tethereal – a packet sniffer deprecated in favor of a fork called Wireshark
• ettercap – a tool for network protocol analysis
• John the Ripper – password cracking software
• Nessus – a comprehensive open-source network vulnerability scanning program
• Netstat – displays a list of the active network connections the computer
• Nmap – free port scanning software
• SAINT – System Administrator’s Integrated Network Tool – Network Vulnerability Scanner.
• SATAN – the Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks – a testing and reporting tool that collects information about networked hosts
• Snoop – Solaris packet sniffer
• Snort – an open source network intrusion detection system
• tcpdump – a computer network debugging tool that intercepts and displays TCP/IP packets being transmitted or received
• Wireshark – a protocol analyzer with GUI frontend and various sorting and filtering options that was forked from Ethereal by its original author.

In computing, Ethereal (i-thir-E-&l) is a protocol analyzer, or packet sniffer application, used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and protocol development, and education. ... Ettercap is an open source software tool for computer network protocol analysis and security cracking. ... John the Ripper is a fast password cracker, currently available for many flavors of Unix (11 are officially supported, not counting different architectures), DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS. Its primary purpose is to detect weak Unix passwords. ... In computer security, Nessus is a comprehensive vulnerability scanning program. ... Screenshot of netstat in Windows XP Professional netstat is a command-line tool that displays a list of the active network connections the computer currently has, both incoming and outgoing. ... Nmap is a free security scanner written by Fyodor. ... SATAN (the Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks) is a testing and reporting toolbox that collects a variety of information about networked hosts and was considered one of the best when written. ... snoop (software) is a very flexible packet sniffer for Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating System. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... Snort is a free software network intrusion detection and prevention system capable of performing packet logging and real-time traffic analysis, on IP networks. ... tcpdump is a common computer network debugging tool that runs under the command line. ... It has been suggested that Ethereal (software) be merged into this article or section. ...

Programming tools

Script Interpreters

Shells

• bash – Bourne Again SHell, (mostly) sh-compatible and csh-compatible, standard shell on Linux systems and Mac OS X.
• csh – C shell. Written by Bill Joy for BSD systems.
• ksh – Korn shell, standard shell on many proprietary Unix systems, powerful successor to the Unix Bourne shell (sh), written by David Korn,
• rc – originally written for Plan 9.
• sh – Bourne shell, only shell present on all UNIX and Unix-like systems, written by Stephen Bourne for Version 7 Unix.
• tcsh – TENEX C shell, standard shell on BSD systems.
• zsh – Z shell.

In computing, a shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users (command line interpreter). ... This article is about the Unix shell. ... It has been suggested that Criticism of Linux be merged into this article or section. ... Mac OS X (official IPA pronunciation: ) is a line of proprietary, graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... The C shell (csh) is a Unix shell developed by Bill Joy for the BSD Unix system. ... Bill Joy (left) with Paul Saffo. ... Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is the Unix derivative distributed by the University of California, Berkeley, starting in the 1970s. ... Korn shell logo. ... The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7, and replaced the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. ... David Korn is a computer programmer, who is probably best known for creating the Korn shell, a command line shell interface/programming language for UNIX-like systems. ... The rc shell is the command line interface for the Version 10 Unix and Plan 9 operating systems. ... Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system, primarily used as a research vehicle. ... The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7, and replaced the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... Steve Bourne is a computer scientist, most famous as the author of the Bourne shell (sh), which remains the standard command line interface to Unix. ... Seventh Edition Unix, also called Version 7 Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system. ... tcsh is a Unix shell based on and compatible with the C shell (csh). ... The TOPS-20 operating system by DEC - the second proprietary OS for the PDP-10 - preferred by most PDP-10 hackers over TOPS-10 (that is, by those who were not ITS or WAITS partisans). ... Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is the Unix derivative distributed by the University of California, Berkeley, starting in the 1970s. ... The Z shell (zsh) is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a powerful command interpreter for shell scripting. ...

Non-shells

• awk – Standard Unix pattern scanning and text processing tool.
• perl – Perl scripting language.
• PHP – PHP scripting language.
• Python – Python scripting language.
• Regina REXX – REXX language interpreter
• Ruby – Ruby (programming language)

AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text based data, either in files or data streams. ... Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Scripting languages (commonly called scripting programming languages or script languages) are computer programming languages that are typically interpreted and can be typed directly from a keyboard. ... PHP (PHP:Hypertext Preprocessor) is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic web pages. ... PHP (PHP:Hypertext Preprocessor) is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic web pages. ... Scripting languages (commonly called scripting programming languages or script languages) are computer programming languages that are typically interpreted and can be typed directly from a keyboard. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is an interpreted programming language which was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language which was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ...

Compilers and Programming tools

The classic UNIX environment includes a basic set of broadly available programming tools, but in the 21st century this classic environment is increasingly rare, as Unix-like operating system distributions diversify. Some include vastly more, and more modern and sophisticated, programming tools and environments, whereas others, focussing on serving a less technical audience, may exclude even the most rudimentary programming utilities. Commands most familiar to a prior generation of UNIX users include: A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent program written in another computer language (called the output or the target language). ... A programming tool is a program or application that software developers use to create, debug, or maintain other programs and applications. ...

• admin – Administer SCCS files.
• as – GNU assembler tool.
• c99 – C programming language.
• cc – C compiler.
• cfront – C++ front-end compiler
• ctags – Generate tags file summarising location of objects in source files.
• dbx – (System V and BSD) Symbolic debugger.
• distcc – Tool for distributing compiles across multiple machines.
• f77 – Fortran 77 compiler.
• gcc – GNU Compiler Collection C frontend (also known as GNU C Compiler)
• gdb – GNU symbolic debugger.
• ktrace – (BSD) Analogous to strace.
• ld – Program linker.
• lex – Lexical scanner generator.
• ltrace – (Linux) Trace dynamic library calls in the address space of the watched process.
• m4 – Macro language.
• make – Automate builds.
• nm – List symbols from object files.
• rmdel – remove a delta from an SCCS file.
• size – return the size of the sections of an ELF file.
• strace – (Linux) or truss (Solaris) Trace system calls with their arguments and signals. Useful debugging tool, but does not trace calls outside the kernel, in the address space of the process(es) being watched.
• strip – Remove debugging symbols from object files.
• yacc – LALR parser generator.

Source Code Control System (SCCS) was the first source code revision control system. ... Gas, commanded as as when typed from the shell, is the GNU assembler. ... The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the original edition that served for many years as an informal specification of the language The C programming language is a low_level standardized programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX... Cfront was the original compiler for C++ (then known as C with Classes) from around 1983, which converted C++ to C; developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. ... Ctags is a program that generates an index (or tag) file of objects found in source and header files of various programming languages. ... dbx or DBX refers to: David Brockie Experience dbx, Inc. ... distcc is a computer program that distributes processes of compiling C and its derivatives like C++ and Objective C source code over a computer network. ... Fortran (also FORTRAN) is a statically typed, compiled imperative computer programming language originally developed in the 1950s and still heavily used for scientific computing and numerical computation half a century later. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ... The GNU Debugger, usually called just GDB, is the standard debugger for the GNU software system. ... ld is the name of the GNU linker, which creates an executable file on Unix and Unix-like systems from object files created during compilation. ... lex is a program that generates lexical analyzers (scanners or lexers). Lex is commonly used with the yacc parser generator. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The correct title of this article is . ... The nm command ships with a number of later versions of Unix and similar operating systems. ... size is a command line utility originally written for use with the Unix-like operating systems. ... A small forest elf (älva) rescuing an egg, from Solägget (1932), by Elsa Beskow An elf is a creature of Germanic paganism which still survives in northern European folklore. ... strace is a debugging utility in Linux to monitor the system calls used by a program and all the signals it receives. ... This is a list of Unix programs. ... In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, the strip program removes all debugging and symbol information from an executable binary program, making it take up less disk space. ... yacc is a computer program that serves as the standard parser generator on Unix systems. ...

Scripting utilities

• basename – Returns the final component of a path
• batch – Runs jobs when the system load level permits
• false – Return a value that evaluates as False
• hash – Command that remembers or reports command path names
• printf – Format and print data
• strings – Print strings of printable characters found in a file
• test – Test an expression
• times
• true – Return a value that evaluates as True
• unset – Unsets a shell variable
• xargs – Build and execute command lines from standard input
• expr – Evaluate expressions

Scripting languages (commonly called scripting programming languages or script languages) are computer programming languages that are typically interpreted and can be typed directly from a keyboard. ... basename is a common program found on Unix systems; typically it is the GNU Projects coreutils version, which is Free software. ... In Unix-like operating systems, false is the command that always returns the value 1, which is regarded by the shell as the logical value false. ... hash is a Unix command that prints the location information for the commands found. ... Several programming languages implement a printf function, to output a formatted string. ... In computer software, strings is a program in Unix-like operating systems that prints the strings found in an executable. ... test is a Unix command that evaluates conditional expressions. ... In Unix-like operating systems, true is a command whose only function is to always return the value 0, which is regarded by the shell as the logical value true. ... unset is a Unix shell command. ... xargs is a command of the Unix and most Unix-like operating system which eases passing command output to another command as command line arguments. ...

User interfaces

• X11 – Graphical user interface (GUI)
  • startx and xinit
  • xterm

KDE 3. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... xterm is the standard terminal emulator for the X Window System. ...

Desktops/Graphical User Interfaces

• 4dwm – variant of the Motif Window Manager found on Silicon Graphics' IRIX operating system
• Blackbox and its variants (including Fluxbox and Waimea)
• CDE – Common Desktop Environment, most commonly found on proprietary UNIX systems
• dfm – Desktop File Manager resembling OS/2 and designed to work with IceWM
• EDE – small desktop environment that is meant to be simple and fast
• Enlightenment – an open source window manager for the X Window System
• FVWM – virtual window manager
• FVWM95 – window manager designed to behave like Windows 95
• FVWM-Crystal – flashy window manager
• GNOME – GNU Network Object Model Environment
• IceWM – ICE Window Manager
• Ion (window manager) – tiling and tabbing window manager for the X Window System. Designed for use without a mouse.
• JWM – Joe's Window Manager
• KDE – K Desktop Environment
• MWM – Motif Window Manager
• Quartz Compositor – Apple's GUI interface for the Darwin BSD based operating system Mac OS X
• Window Maker – window manager designed to emulate NeXT's GUI
• WMI – Window Manager Improved
• XFce – a desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms

4dwm is a window manager normally used on Silicon Graphics workstations running IRIX. 4dwm is derived from the older mwm window manager and uses the Motif widget toolkit on top of the X Window System found on most Unix systems. ... In Unix computing, The Motif Window Manager (MWM), is an X window manager based on the Motif toolkit. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... IRIX is a computer operating system developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... In Unix computing, Blackbox is a window manager for the X Window System. ... }} }}{{#if:|}}{{#if:Unix-like|}}{{#if:|}} }}{{#if:MIT|}} In Unix (and others including GNU/Linux) computing, Fluxbox is a window manager for the X Window System based on Blackbox 0. ... screenshot In Unix computing, Waimea is a light-weight window manager for the X Window System, designed somewhat in the vein of Blackbox. ... CDE on Unix (Solaris 8) DECwindows CDE on OpenVMS 7. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In Unix computing, IceWM is a window manager for the X Window System graphical infrastructure, written by Marko Maček. ... EDE or Equinox Desktop Environment is a small desktop environment that is meant to be simple and fast. ... Enlightenment, also known simply as E, is a free software/open source window manager for the X Window System which can be used alone or in conjunction with a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE. It has a rich feature set, including extensive support for themes and advanced graphics... FVWM with internationalization features and some additional modules. ... FVWM95 is a window manager for the X Window System based on the popular FVWM2 window manager. ... Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating system. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In Unix computing, IceWM is a window manager for the X Window System graphical infrastructure, written by Marko Maček. ... Categories: Software stubs | Free software | X window managers ... JWM (Joes Window Manager) is a window manager for the X Window System. ... KDE (K Desktop Environment) (IPA: ) is a free software project which aims to be a powerful system for an easy-to-use desktop environment. ... MWM Motores Diesel Ltda. ... Quartz Compositor is the windowing system that is responsible for the user interface in Mac OS X. On a Mac OS X system, the Quartz Compositor can be seen in a process list as Window Manager or, in more recent versions, WindowServer. ... Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X (official IPA pronunciation: ) is a line of proprietary, graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Window Maker is a window manager for the X Window System, which allows graphical applications to be run on Unix-like operating-systems. ... Look up Next in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In Unix computing, Window Manager Improved (WMI), is a lightweight window manager for the X Window System. ... Xfce ([1]) is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user. ...

Shells

See Script Interpreters. Screenshot of a sample Bash session, taken on Gentoo Linux. ... This is a list of Unix programs. ...

Computer security

This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering. ...

Antivirus software

• ClamAV – E-mail virus scanner.

Antivirus software consists of computer programs that attempt to identify, thwart and eliminate computer viruses and other malicious software (malware). ... ClamAV in command line ClamTk Virus Scanner Clam AntiVirus (ClamAV), is a widely used free antivirus software toolkit for Unix-like operating systems. ...

Cryptography

• Enigmail – Graphical interface to gpg for Mozilla Application Suite and Mozilla Thunderbird.
• gpg – GNU Privacy Guard, a complete and free replacement for PGP (to do file and email encryption and signature).
• mcrypt -- Replacement for the legacy crypt program; can also make OpenPGP-compatible files.
• openssl – Secure Sockets Layer and general crypto library.
• pinepgp – Filters that enable pine to use signed/encrypted email.

The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write) is the study of message secrecy. ... Signed and encrypted email with Mozilla Thunderbird and Enigmail (screenshot) Enigmail provides public key e-mail encryption. ... The GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free software replacement for the PGP suite of cryptographic software, released under the GNU General Public License. ... The Mozilla Application Suite (originally known as Mozilla, marketed as the Mozilla Suite, and code named Seamonkey) is a free, cross-platform internet suite, whose components include a web browser, an e-mail and news client, an HTML editor, and an IRC client. ... Mozilla Thunderbird is a free, cross-platform e-mail and news client developed by the Mozilla Foundation. ... The GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free software replacement for the PGP suite of cryptographic software, released under the GNU General Public License. ... PGP Encryption (Pretty Good Privacy) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. ... mcrypt is a replacement for the popular in the UNIX world crypt command. ... OpenSSL is an open source implementation of the SSL and TLS protocols. ...

Package management software

• apt – Front-end for dpkg or rpm
• debconf – Debian package configuration management system
• dpkg – The Debian package manager
• drakconf – Front-end configuration utility for Mandriva Linux
• GNU Stow – Links applications from specific directories into a common directory
• emerge – A frontend to portage
• pacman – A package manager used primarily by Arch Linux
• portage – The Gentoo Linux package manager
• rpm – Originally the package manager for Red Hat Linux, now used by several distributions including Mandriva Linux
• Synaptic – GTK+ frontend for the apt package manager. Primarily used by Ubuntu Linux, Debian Sarge, and other Debian-based systems; but usable on any system using apt.
• urpmi – Front-end to rpm, used by Mandriva Linux
• YaST - System management utility mainly used by SuSE
• yum - Front-end for rpm, used by Fedora

Illustration of a package management system being used to download new software. ... Advanced Packaging Tool, or APT, is a package management system used by Debian and its derivatives. ... debconf is a software utility for performing system-wide configuration tasks on Unix-like operating systems. ... Debian is a project based around the development of a free, complete operating system through the collaboration of volunteers from around the world. ... dpkg (short for Debian PacKaGe) is the base of the Debian package management system. ... drakconf 10. ... Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrakelinux or Mandrake Linux) is a Linux distribution created by Mandriva (formerly Mandrakesoft). ... GNU Stow is a GNU package manager which operates by installing software packages into their own directories and then symlinking the corresponding files into their expected locations in the filesystem hierarchy. ... Look up Emerge in Gentoo-wiki, the wiki about the Gentoo Linux distribution. ... In their most general meanings, the terms front end and back end refer to the initial and the end stages of a process flow. ... Portage is an advanced package management system. ... The pacman logo pacman at work Pacman is the official software package manager for the Linux distribution Arch Linux. ... Arch Linux is a Linux distribution founded by Judd Vinet that emphasizes simplicity. ... Portage is an advanced package management system. ... The Gentoo Linux operating system (pronounced ) is a Linux distribution named after the Gentoo penguin. ... RPM Package Manager (originally Red Hat Package Manager, abbreviated RPM) is a package management system. ... Red Hat Linux was a popular Linux distribution assembled by Red Hat until the early 2000s, when it was discontinued. ... Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrakelinux or Mandrake Linux) is a Linux distribution created by Mandriva (formerly Mandrakesoft). ... The word synaptic refers to the synapse in neuroanatomy. ... GTK+, or the GIMP Toolkit, is one of the two most popular widget toolkits for the X Window System for creating graphical user interfaces. ... Ubuntu (IPA pronunciation: ) is a widely used[3] Linux distribution predominantly targeted at personal computers. ... Debian is a project based around the development of a free, complete operating system through the collaboration of volunteers from around the world. ... urpmi is a Mandrake Linux package management tool for installing, removing, updating and querying software packages of local or remote (networked) media. ... Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrakelinux or Mandrake Linux) is a Linux distribution created by Mandriva (formerly Mandrakesoft). ... YaST from SUSE 9. ... SUSE (properly pronounced , but often pronounced /suzi/) is a major retail Linux distribution, produced in Germany. ... The Yellow dog Updater, Modified (YUM) is a free software/open source command line package management utility for RPM-compatible Linux operating systems. ... Fedora Core is an RPM-based Linux distribution, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. ...

OS X/Darwin specific programs

• defaults – Access the Mac OS X user defaults system
• fink – The Fink package manager
• open – opens its argument(s) in the GUI as if the user had double clicked
• osacompile – Compile AppleScripts and other OSA language scripts
• osalang – Information about installed OSA languages
• osascript – Execute AppleScripts and other OSA language scripts
• say – Convert text to audible speech

The defaults utility can be used to manipulate plist files on the command line via their domain. ... In computing, the Fink project is an effort to port Unix programs to Mac OS X. Fink uses dpkg and APT (Debians package management system), as well as its own frontend program, fink (which is implemented as a set of Perl modules). ... open is a Nextstep & Mac OS X command line application that opens its argument(s) in the GUI as if the user had double clicked on them. ... A command line program to convert text to audioable sound or an AIFF file. ...

Application software

This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Office

• AbiWord
• Gnumeric
• KOffice
• OpenOffice.org

In computing, an office suite, sometimes called an office application suite or productivity suite is a software suite intended to be used by typical clerical and knowledge workers. ... AbiWord is a Free Software word processor licensed under the GNU General Public License. ... Gnumeric is a free spreadsheet program that is part of the GNOME desktop. ... KWord screenshot KSpread screenshot Winner of the GUI and Functionality Design Competition for KOffice 2 Proposition made to the GUI and Functionality Design Competition for KOffice 2 KOffice is an office suite for the K Desktop Environment (KDE). ... OpenOffice. ...

Multimedia

• Amarok – Audio jukebox
• Ardour – Digital audio workstation for multitrack HD recording and editing
• Audacity – Sound recording and editing program
• Baudline – Audio recorder, analyzer, and player
• cmus – Console audio player
• GIMP – Powerful image manipulation package
• GStreamer – Plugin-based multimedia framework
• ImageMagick – Image conversion library
• Inkscape – Vector graphics editor
• mpg123 – MP3 player
• MPlayer – General-purpose media player
• Netpbm – package of graphics programs and programming library
• Rhythmbox – Audio jukebox similar to Apple's iTunes
• Rosegarden – Powerful digital audio workstation
• SoX – Sound conversion tool
• Totem – Media player
• transcode – Flexible command-line media encoding tool
• VLC media player – Video player
• xine – Video Player
• XMMS – Winamp-like multimedia player
• Blender – Great 3d Suite
• Kerkythea – Photo-realistic renders (like vray)

... Amarok (formerly known as amaroK) is a free software music player for GNU/Linux and other varieties of Unix. ... Ardour is Free Software, released under the GNU General Public License; its a professional hard disk recorder and digital audio editor application. ... Audacity is a free/open source, cross platform digital audio editor. ... The baudline time-frequency broswer is a signals analysis tool designed for scientific visualization. ... cmus in the Tree view cmus in the List view cmus in the File Browser view cmus in the Filter view cmus in the Queue view cmus in the Playlist view cmus (C* Music Player) is a small and fast console audio player for Unix-like operating systems. ... The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a raster graphics editor application with some support for vector graphics. ... GStreamer is a multimedia framework written in the C programming language with the type system based on GObject. ... ImageMagick is a free software suite for the creation, modification and display of bitmap images. ... Inkscape is a vector graphics editor application. ... mpg123 is a fast, free, minimalist, console MPEG audio player software program for UNIX and Linux operating systems. ... This article is about the open source media player. ... Netpbm is a package of graphics programs and a programming library, used mainly in the Unix world. ... Rhythmbox is an audio player that plays and helps organize digital music. ... Apple Inc. ... This article is about about the iTunes application. ... Rosegarden is a free software digital audio workstation program developed for GNU/Linux with ALSA and KDE. It acts as an audio and MIDI sequencer, scorewriter and musical composition and editing tool. ... A digital audio workstation (DAW) is a system designed to record, edit and play back digital audio. ... Sound eXchange, abbreviated SoX, is a free digital audio editor which is licensed under the GPL and distributed by Chris Bagwell through Sourceforge. ... Totem Movie Player is a media player (audio and video) for the GNOME personal computer desktop environment which runs on Linux, Solaris, BSD and other UNIX and UNIX-like systems. ... Transcoding is the direct digital-to-digital conversion from one (usually lossy) codec to another. ... VLC media player is a free software (GPL) media player by the VideoLAN project. ... The correct title of this article is . ... XMMSs default appearance The X Multimedia System (XMMS) is a free audio player very similar to Winamp, that runs on many Unix-like operating systems. ... Winamp is a proprietary media player written by Nullsoft, a subsidiary of Time Warner. ... Look up blender in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kerkythea is a freeware rendering system that supports raytracing. ...

Web browsers

• Amaya – W3C web browser and editor
• Dillo – Extremely light-weight web browser
• ELinks – Enhanced links
• Epiphany – Light-weight GNOME web browser
• Galeon – Light-weight old GNOME web browser
• IceWeasel – GNU and Debian version of Mozilla Firefox
• Konqueror – KDE web browser
• Links – Console based web browser
• lynx – Console based web browser
• Mozilla Application Suite – Graphical cross platform web browser & email client
• Mozilla Firefox – Extensible Web browser
• Opera – Web browser and e-mail client (Proprietary Software)
• w3m – Console based web browser

An example of a web browser (Internet Explorer), displaying the English Wikipedia main page. ... Amaya can refer to: Amaya, a web browser by the W3C Amaya, a small village in Spain Amaya o los vascos en el siglo VIII, a novel by Francisco Navarro-Villoslada This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... Dillo is a small (~350 kB), very fast, and free software minimalistic multi-platform web browser written in C using the GTK+ graphical toolkit which was first released in December 1999. ... Yeah I know sometimes things may not always make sense to you right now But hey, what daddy always tell you? Straighten up little soldier Stiffen up that upper lip What you crying about? You got me Hailie I know you miss your mom and I know you miss your... Epiphany is a web browser for the GNOME computer desktop. ... Galeon is a web browser for GNOME based on Mozillas Gecko layout engine. ... Iceweasel is the name of two currently independent Mozilla Firefox rebranding projects. ... GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ... Debian is a project based around the development of a free, complete operating system through the collaboration of volunteers from around the world. ... Mozilla Firefox is a graphical web browser developed by the Mozilla Corporation and a large community of external contributors. ... Konqueror is a file manager, web browser and file viewer, which was developed as part of the K Desktop Environment (KDE) by volunteers and runs on most Unix-like operating systems. ... Links is an open source text and graphic web browser with a pull-down menu system. ... Lynx is a text-only web browser for use on cursor-addressable, character cell terminals. ... The Mozilla Application Suite (originally known as Mozilla, marketed as the Mozilla Suite, and code named Seamonkey) is a free, cross-platform internet suite, whose components include a web browser, an e-mail and news client, an HTML editor, and an IRC client. ... Mozilla Firefox is a graphical web browser developed by the Mozilla Corporation and a large community of external contributors. ... Opera is a cross-platform web browser and Internet suite which handles common internet-related tasks including visiting web sites, sending and receiving e-mail messages, managing contacts, chatting online and displaying Widgets. ... An example of a web browser (Internet Explorer), displaying the English Wikipedia main page. ... An email client (or mail user agent [MUA]) is a computer program that is used to read and send e-mail. ... Proprietary indicates that a party, or proprietor, exercises private ownership, control or use over an item of property, usually to the exclusion of other parties. ... w3m with images in an xterm w3m is an open source text-based web browser. ...

Desktop Publishing

• LaTeX – Popular TeX macro package for higher-level typesetting
• lp – Print a file (on a line printer)
• Passepartout – Desktop publishing program
• pr – Convert text files for printing
• Scribus – Desktop publishing program
• TeX – Macro-based typesetting system
• troff – The original and standard Unix typesetting system
• groff GNU replacement of troff

The LaTeX logo, typeset with LaTeX LATEX, written as LaTeX in plain text, is a document markup language and document preparation system for the TeX typesetting program. ... TeX (IPA: as in Greek, often in English; written with a lowercase e in imitation of the logo) is a typesetting system created by Donald Knuth. ... The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) is a modularised computer printing system for Unix-like operating systems that allows computers to act as powerful print servers. ... Scribus is a free, open source desktop publishing (DTP) application. ... TeX (IPA: as in Greek, often in English; written with a lowercase e in imitation of the logo) is a typesetting system created by Donald Knuth. ... Troff is a document processing system developed by AT&T for the Unix operating system. ... Groff is the GNU replacement for the troff and nroff text formatters. ...

Databases

• DB2
• Firebird
• MySQL
• Oracle
• PostgreSQL
• Progress Software
• SQLite
• Sybase

A database management system (DBMS) is computer software designed for the purpose of managing databases. ... DB2 is IBMs line of RDBMS (or, as IBM now calls it, data server) software products within IBMs broader Information Management software line. ... Firebird (sometimes called FirebirdSQL) is a relational database management system offering many ANSI SQL-2003 features. ... MySQL (pronounced ) is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS)[1] which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. ... An Oracle database consists of a collection of data managed by an Oracle database management system. ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ... Progress Software Corporation (Nasdaq: PRGS) is an American software company which sells business application infrastructure software. ... SQLite is an ACID-compliant relational database management system contained in a relatively small C library. ... Sybase Inc. ...

Mathematical and scientific software

• maxima – Symbol manipulation program.
• octave – Numerical computing language (mostly compatible with Matlab) and environment.
• R – Statistical programming language.
• units – Unit conversion program.

For other uses of Maxima, see Maxima (disambiguation). ... For other uses of the word octave see Octave (disambiguation) Octave is a free computer program for performing numerical computations, which is mostly compatible with MATLAB. It is part of the GNU project. ... MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and programming language. ... The R programming language, sometimes described as GNU S, is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. ... units is a Unix computer program for conversion of units of quantities. ...

Desktop utilities

• bc – An arbitrary precision calculator language with syntax similar to the C programming language.
• cal – Displays a calendar
• dc – Reverse-Polish desk calculator which supports unlimited precision arithmetic
• fortune – Fortune cookie program that prints a random quote

bc is an arbitrary precision calculator language with syntax similar to the C programming language. ... cal is a standard program on Unix that prints an ASCII calendar of the given month or year. ... From the GNU Project dc man page: Dc is a reverse-polish desk calculator which supports unlimited precision arithmetic. It is one of the oldest Unix utilities, predating even the invention of the C programming language; like other utilities of that vintage, it has a powerful set of features but... fortune is a simple program that displays a random message from a database of quotes. ...

See also

Wikibooks Guide to UNIX has a page on the topic of

Commands

• List of Unix daemons
• List of GNU packages
• List of open source software packages
• List of KDE applications
• List of GNOME applications

Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... This is a list of Unix daemons that are found on various flavors of Unix. ... This is an incomplete list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the Free Software Foundation for GNU, a free UNIX-compatible operating system whose development started in 1984. ... It has been suggested that Free open source bioinformatics projects be merged into this article or section. ... This is a list of applications written for KDE and sorted by categories. ... The GNOME desktop environment has a large amount of software developed for it. ...

External links

• Rosetta Stone For *Nix - configurable list of equivalent programs for *nix systems.
• FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory – A catalog of useful free software
• Freshmeat software catalog – The Web's largest index of Unix and cross-platform software
• SourceForge – The world's largest development and download repository of Open Source code and applications
• Linux Links: Software – Linux software catalog
• Linux Online - Applications – Linux software catalog
• The Unix Acronym List – explains the names of many Unix commands
• The Computer Technology Documentation Project: Linux User Management