This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to biochemistry. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on related changes. Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. ...

This list is not necessarily complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly.

Also see:

• List of biochemists for people associated with biochemistry.
• List of biomolecules
• Biochemistry basic topics most basic biochemistry topics that should be covered in an encyclopedia, organized by topic.
• List of chemistry topics, Chemistry basic topics
• List of biology topics, Biology basic topics
• List of molecular biology topics
• List of biochemistry topics ( Please do not delete self-link! )

This page aims to list articles on about famous biochemists. ... This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that describe particular biomolecules or types of biomolecules. ... This page aims to list articles related to chemistry. ... This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to biology. ... This is a list of topics in molecular biology. ...

0-9

2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate - 3' end - 5' end - In molecular biology, the 5 end and the 3 end (pronounced 5-prime and 3-prime) are respectively the leading and tail ends of a strand of nucleic acid. ... In molecular biology, the 5 end and the 3 end (pronounced 5-prime and 3-prime) are respectively the leading and tail ends of a strand of nucleic acid. ...

A

ABC transporter - abl gene - Acetic acid - Acetyl CoA - Acetylcholine - acetylcysteine - Acid - acidic fibroblast growth factor - Acrosin - Actin - Action potential - Activation energy - Active site - Active transport - Adenosine - ADP - AMP - ATP - adenovirus E1A protein - adenovirus E1B protein - adenovirus E2 protein - adenovirus E3 protein - adrenergic receptor - adrenodoxin - aequorin - Aerobic - Agonist - Alanine - Albumin - Alcohol - Alcoholic fermentation - alicyclic compound - aliphatic compound - Alkali - Allosteric site - Allostery - Allotrope - Allotropy - alpha adrenergic receptor - Alpha helix - alpha-1 adrenergic receptor - alpha-2 adrenergic receptor - alpha-beta T-cell antigen receptor - alpha-fetoprotein - alpha-globulin - alpha-macroglobulin - alpha-MSH - Ames test - Amide - Amine - Amino - Amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - aminobutyric acid - Ammonia - AMPA receptor - amyloid - Anabolic - Anabolism - Anaerobic - Analytical chemistry - androgen receptor - angiotensin - angiotensin II - angiotensin receptor - ankyrin - annexin II - Antagonist - Antibiotic - Antibody - Apoenzyme - apolipoproteins A - apoptosi - Apoptosis - Aquaporin - Arginine - argipressin - aromatic amine - aromatic compound - arrestin - Arrhenius equation - aryl hydrocarbon receptor - Asparagine - Aspartic acid - atom - atomic - atomic absorption spectroscopy - atomic mass - atomic mass unit - Atomic nucleus - atomic number - Atomic orbital - Atomic radius - Atomic weight - ATP synthase - ATPase - atrial natriuretic factor - atrial natriuretic factor receptor - Avogadro's number - Axon - The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily of membrane proteins function in the transport of a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes, including metabolic products, lipids and sterols, and drugs. ... The chemical compound acetic acid (from the Latin word acetum, meaning vinegar), systematically called ethanoic acid, is the acid that gives vinegar its sour taste and very pungent smell when at high concentrations. ... Categories: Biochemistry stubs | Thiols ... The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... N-acetylcysteine is a chemical, commonly called NAC, produced by the body that enhances the production of the co-enzyme glutathione, a powerful United States, it is available as an over the counter supplement in health stores and in an oral solution as Mucomyst® that can be ingested or aerosolized... In databases, ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. ... Acrosin (EC 3. ... Actin (red) profilin (blue) complex Actin is a globular protein that polymerize helically forming actin filaments (or microfilaments), which like the other two components of the cellular cytoskeleton form a three-dimensional network inside an eukariotic cell. ... Schematic of an electrophysiological recording of an action potential showing the various phases which occur as the wave passes a point on a cell membrane. ... The activation energy in chemistry is the energy needed by a system to initiate a particular process. ... The active site of an enzyme is the binding site where catalysis occurs. ... Active transport is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/molecular substances, across membranes. ... The chemical structure of adenosine Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... Adenosine monophosphate, also known as AMP, is the product of adenosine condensation with a single phosphate group: AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase by combining two ADP molecules: 2 ADP → ATP + AMP Or AMP may be produced by the hydrolysis of one high energy... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ... The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G_protein coupled receptors that is the target of catecholamines. ... Aerobic is an adjective that means requiring air (where air usually means oxygen). ... Agonists An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response by the cell. ... Chemical structure Alanine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. ... You may be looking for albumen, or egg white. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... The term alicyclic compound refers to organic chemical compounds that are both aliphatic and cyclic. ... In organic chemistry, aliphatic compounds are saturated or unsaturated chains of carbon. ... For the battery, see alkaline battery The word alkali can mean:- In chemistry, an alkali is a specific type of base, formed as a carbonate, hydroxide or other ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkali earth metal element. ... In biochemistry, an enzyme or other protein is allosteric if its activity or efficiency changes in response to the binding of an effector molecule at a so-called allosteric site. ... In biochemistry, an enzyme or other protein is allosteric if its activity or efficiency changes in response to the binding of an effector molecule at a so-called allosteric site. ... Allotropy (Gr. ... Allotropy (Gr. ... A diagram of the alpha helix structure of amino acids In proteins, the α helix is a major structural motif in secondary structure. ... Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is normally only produced in the foetus during its development. ... The Ames test is a biological assay used in genetics, generally genetic toxicology, to test for mutagenic properties of a chemical compound. ... In chemistry, the term amide has several meanings. ... Ammonia Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. ... In chemistry, especially in organic chemistry and biochemistry, an amino group is an ammonia-like functional group. ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Peptide sequence or amino acid sequence is the order in which amino acid residues, connected by peptide bonds, lie in the chain. ... In biology, two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry. ... Ammonia is a chemical compound with the formula NH3. ... The AMPA receptor (AMPAR) is a non-NMDA-type ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. ... Amyloid describes various types of protein aggregations that share specific traits when examined microscopically. ... Anabolic is an adjective referring to processes of metabolism that result in growth of cells or organisms. ... Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that contributes to growth. ... Anaerobic is a technical word which literally means without air. ... Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. ... The androgen receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds testosterone and dihydrotestosterone,- it has two main forms, A and B, that differ in their molecular weight. ... Angiotensinogen, angiotensin I and angiotensin II are peptides involved in maintenance of blood volume and pressure. ... Angiotensinogen, angiotensin I and angiotensin II are peptides involved in maintenance of blood volume and pressure. ... The angiotensin receptors are a class of G protein_coupled receptors with angiotensins as ligands. ... The antagonist is the character (or group of characters) of a story who represents the opposition against which the heroes and/or protagonists must contend. ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... An apoenzyme is an enzyme without its cofactor; that is, the protein molecule to which a coenzyme will bind to produce the holoenzyme. ... In biology, apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling, pronounced ap-a-tow-sis[1]) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). ... Aquaporins are a class of integral membrane proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells and selectively conduct water molecules in and out, while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes. ... Arginine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. ... An aromatic amine is an amine with an aromatic substituent - that is -NH2, -NH- or nitrogen group(s) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon, whose structure usually contains one or more benzene rings. ... The term aromatic compound may also refer to: any organic compound possessing a strong olfactory aroma aromatic hydrocarbons (originally named as a subset of the above; however, aromatic hydrocarbons do not necessarily possess any smell whatsoever) ... The Arrhenius equation predicts the rate of a chemical reaction at a certain temperature, given the activation energy and chance of successful collision of molecules. ... Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Aspartic acid, also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Properties For alternative meanings see atom (disambiguation). ... The general meaning of atomic is irreducible. That is, reduced to the smallest possible part. ... Atomic absorption spectroscopy in analytical chemistry is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element within a sample. ... ... The atomic mass unit (amu), unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. ... The nucleus (atomic nucleus) is the center of an atom. ... The atomic number (Z) is a term used in chemistry and physics to represent the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In quantum mechanics, the states of an atom, i. ... The poopie is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium. ... ... An ATP synthase (EC 3. ... ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate ion. ... Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), is a peptide hormone involved in the homeostatic control of body water and sodium. ... Avogadros number, also called Avogadros constant (NA) is a large constant used in chemistry and physics. ... An axon, or nerve fiber, is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, which conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body or soma. ...

B

B cell - bacterial conjugation - bacterial outer membrane protein - bacterial protein - bacteriorhodopsin - bacterium - base (chemistry) - base pair - base sequence - basic fibroblast growth factor - bcl-2 gene - bcr-abl fusion protein - benzene - benzene ring - beta 2-microglobulin - beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta-thromboglobulin - bioaccumulate - biochemical techniques - biochemistry - biodiversity - bioethics - biogenic amine receptor - bioinformatics - biological membrane - biologist - biology - biomechanics - biomedical model - biomolecule - biophysics - biopolymer - biosalinity - biotechnology - BLAST - blood protein - boiling point - Boltzmann principle - bombesin - bombesin receptor - bone morphogenetic protein - bradykinin - bradykinin receptor - BRCA1 protein - buffer solution - B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response). ... Bacterial conjugation is the often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating; however it is not actually sexual as it does not involve the fusing of gametes and the creation of a zygote, it is merely the exchange of genetic information. ... Bacteriorhodopsin is a photosynthetic pigment used by archaea, most notably halobacteria. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... In genetics, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). ... In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. ... Member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor familly. ... Bcl-2 is the prototype for a family of genes that can be either pro-apoptopic (Bax, Bak and Bok among others) or anti-apoptopic (including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w also among an assortment of others). ... A karyotype showing translocation 9;22 Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation is a specific genetic, chromosomal abnormality that is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and involves an exchange of material between chromosomes 9 and 22. ... Benzene, C6H6, PhH, or benzol is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. ... Benzene, C6H6, PhH, or benzol is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. ... A small protein that forms part of the Class I MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex). ... Diagram of Β-Pleated sheet and bond structure of protein The β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is a commonly occurring form of regular secondary structure in proteins, first proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951. ... To bioaccumulate literally means to accumulate in a biological system. ... Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. ... Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of and in living nature. ... Bioethics is the ethics of biological science and medicine. ... Bioinformatics or computational biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ... A biological membrane or biomembrane is a membrane which acts as a barrier within or around a cell. ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... Main article: Life There are many universal units and common processes that are fundamental to the known forms of life. ... Biomechanics is the analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. ... The biomedical model of medicine, has been around for centuries as the predominant model used by physicians in the diagnosis of disease. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. ... A biopolymer is a polymer found in nature. ... Biosalinity is the study and practice of using saline (salty) water for irrigating agricultural crops. ... Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... In bioinformatics, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, or BLAST, is an algorithm for comparing biological sequences, such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the DNA sequences. ... Blood proteins are proteins found in blood plasma. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid. ... For other uses of the term entropy, see Entropy (disambiguation) The thermodynamic entropy S, often simply called the entropy in the context of thermodynamics, is a measure of the amount of energy in a physical system that cannot be used to do work. ... Bombesin is a gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine hormone, and it stimulates gastrin release from G cells. ... It is a group of signalling proteins which are potentially promising in the treatment of bone, blood vessel, and kidney disorders. ... Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids. ... BRCA 1 (named for breast cancer 1) is a human gene located on the long arm of the 17th chromosome (17q21). ... Buffer solutions are solutions which resist change in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base. ...

C

C-terminus - C4 photosynthesis - cadherin - calcitonin - calcitonin gene-related peptide - calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor - calcitonin receptor - calcitriol receptor - calcium channel - calcium signaling - calcium-binding protein - Calmodulin - calmodulin-binding protein - Calvin cycle - CAM photosynthesis - CAM plants - cancer - capsid - Carbohydrate - Carbon - Carbon fixation - Carboxylic acid - carcinoembryonic antigen - Carrier - carrier protein - CAS registry number - casein - catabolism - catalyst - catalytic domain - CCR5 receptor - CD4 antigen - CD45 antigen - CD95 antigen - CDC28 protein kinase - cell - cell adhesion molecule - Cell biology - cell cycle protein - cell membrane - cell membrane transport - cell nucleus - cell surface receptor - cellular respiration - cellulose - centriole - centromere - centrosome - chaperone - Chelation - Chemical bond - Chemical compound - Conformation - chemical element - Chemical equilibrium - Chemical formula - Chemical nomenclature - Chemical property - Chemical reaction - Chemical series - Chemical symbol - Chemical thermodynamics - Cheminformatics - chemiosmosis - chemiosmotic hypothesis - chemiosmotic potential - Chemist - Chemistry - Chemistry basic topics - chemotroph - chemokine receptor - chemoreceptor - chiasma - Chimera_(protein) - chimeric protein - Chirality - chloride channel - chlorophyll - chloroplast - chloroplast membrane - cholecystokinin receptor - cholesterine - cholinergic receptor - chorionic gonadotropin - chromatid - chromatin - Chromatography - Chromosomal crossover - chromosome - chromosome walking - cilium - circular dichroism - Circular DNA - cis face - Citric acid - Citric acid cycle - cladistics - cloning - coenzyme - Cofactor - colchicine - collagen - colloid - colony-stimulating factor - colony-stimulating factor receptor - Colorimeter - comparative biochemistry - competitive inhibition - complement 3A - complement 5A - complement factor B - complement membrane attack complex - complement receptor - complex - computational biology - computational chemistry - computational genomics - concanavalin A - Concentration - concentration gradient - consensus sequence - conserved sequence - Cooperative - Cooperative binding - Cooperativity - cooperativity cellular respiration - corticotropin - corticotropin receptor - corticotropin-releasing hormone - corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor - cotransport metabolism - covalent bond - Covalent radius - CpG island - cristae - cryptobiology - Crystal structure - Crystallography - cuticula - CXCR4 receptor - cyclic AMP receptor - cyclic AMP receptor protein - cyclic AMP-responsive DNA-binding protein - cyclic electron flow - Cyclic nucleotide - cyclic peptide - cyclin - cyclin A - cyclin B - cyclin E - cyclin-dependent kinase - cycloleucine - cyclosporin - cyclosporine - cystatin - cysteine - cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator - cytochrome B - cytochrome C - cytochrome P-450 - cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 - cytochrome-C oxidase - cytokine receptor - cytoplasm - cytoplasmic and nuclear receptor - Cytosine - cytoskeletal protein - cytoskeleton - cytosol - cytotoxic T cell - The C-terminal end refers to the extremity of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free carboxyl group (COOH). ... For other meanings of C4, see C4 (disambiguation) C4 carbon fixation is a common metabolic pathway found in land [[plant](C4 plants). ... Cadherins are a class of proteins which are expressed on the surface of cells. ... textCalcitonin is a a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the C cells of the thyroid. ... Ion channels are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells. ... Calcium ions act as second messengers in signal transduction. ... Calmodulin 3D structure Calmodulin (CaM) is a Ca2+-binding protein that is a key component of the Ca2+ second_messenger system and is involved in controlling many of the biochemical processes of cells. ... The Calvin cycle (also known as Calvin-Benson cycle) is a series of biochemical reactions taking place in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms. ... Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. ... Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. ... When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ... The outer shell of a virus is called the capsid. ... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... Carbon fixation is a process found in photosynthesis in autotrophic plants. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. The salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates generally. ... Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. ... Carrier has several different meanings: in telecommunication, a carrier wave in biology, an asymptomatic carrier or a carrier-protein the Carrier tribe, a First Nations tribe living in British Columbia, Canada; also the name of their Athabaskan language a common carrier, a transport business (shipping or telecom) an aircraft carrier... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Casein is the predominant phosphoprotein found in fresh milk. ... Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that contributes to growth. ... A catalyst (Greek: καταλύτης, catalytis) is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction, at some temperature, but without itself being transformed or consumed by the reaction (see also catalysis). ... Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, sometimes called the building blocks of life. ... Cell adhesion molecule - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, container) is an academic discipline which studies cells. ... Drawing of a cell membrane A component of every biological cell, the selectively permeable cell membrane (or plasma membrane or plasmalemma) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell. ... Active transport is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/molecular substances, across membranes. ... In cell biology, the nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, kernel) is an organelle, found in all eukaryotic cells, which contains most of the cells genetic material. ... Cellular respiration is, in its broadest definition, the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes. ... Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a long-chain polymer polysaccharide carbohydrate, of beta-glucose. ... A centriole in biology barrel shaped microtubule structure found in most animal cells, and cells of fungi and algae though not frequently in plants. ... The centromere is a region of a eukaryotic chromosome where the kinetochore is assembled. ... The centrosome is the main microtubule organising centre of the cell (MTOC). ... In biology, chaperones are proteins whose function is to assist other proteins in achieving proper folding. ... Chelation (from Greek, claw like) describes the reversible binding of an organic ligand, the chelator or chelating agent, to a metal ion, forming a metal complex, the chelate. ... A chemical bond is the phenomenon of atoms being held together in molecules or crystals. ... A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... In chemistry, the conformation of a molecule is its spatial configuration. ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is a substance that cannot be divided or changed into different substances by ordinary chemical methods. ... Chemical equilibrium is the state in which a chemical reaction proceeds at the same rate as its reverse reaction; the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, and the concentration of the reactants and products stop changing. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... Chemical nomenclature is the system for naming chemical compounds. ... The phrase Chemical property is context driven, but generally refers to the materials behaviour at standard conditions ( room temperature, 1 atmosphere pressure, oxygen bearing atmosphere). ... A chemical reaction is a process involving one, two or more substances (called reactants), characterized by a chemical change and yielding one or more product(s) which are different from the reactants. ... A chemical series is a group of chemical elements whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively from one end of the series to another. ... A chemical symbol is an abbreviation or short representation of the name of a chemical element. ... Thermochemistry is the application of thermodynamics to chemistry. ... Cheminformatics is the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. ... The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis is the proposal in 1961, by Peter D. Mitchell, that the mitochondrion functioned as a kind of electrochemical capacitor, using the energy of NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane and that this energy was used by a reversible proton pump, the... The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis is the proposal in 1961, by Peter D. Mitchell, that the mitochondrion functioned as a kind of electrochemical capacitor, using the energy of NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane and that this energy was used by a reversible proton pump, the... Electrochemical potential is a thermodynamic measure that reflects energy from entropy and electrostatics and is typically invoked in molecular processes that involve diffusion. ... A chemist is a scientist who specializes in chemistry. ... Chemistry (in Greek: χημεία) is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself (see physics, biology). ... These should be the most basic topics in the field--topics about which wed like to have articles soon. ... Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain food (and therefore energy) from breaking down chemicals in their environments. ... A Chemosensor, also known as chemoreceptor, is a cell or group of cells that transduce a chemical signal into an action potential. ... A chiasma, related to the Greek word for cross, is the technical term for the crossing-over of two chromatids during cellular reproduction, ie, mitosis or meiosis. ... A Chimera (or chimeric protein) is a human-engineered protein that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence made by a splicing together of two or more complete or partial genes. ... A Chimera (or chimeric protein) is a human-engineered protein that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence made by a splicing together of two or more complete or partial genes. ... In chemistry, a molecule is chiral if is not superimposable on its mirror image regardless of how it is contorted. ... Ion channels are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells. ... Chlorophyll is a green photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... Chloroplasts stuff my mom raped are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae which conduct photosynthesis. ... Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function. ... Cholecystokinin receptors or CCK receptors are a group of G_protein coupled receptors. ... An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by opening a pathway in the membrane for the diffusion of ions across the cell membrane. ... Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the trophoblast (part of the placenta). ... A chromatid forms one part of a chromosome after it has coalesced for the process of mitosis or meiosis. ... Chromatin is the substance of a chromosome and consists of a complex of DNA and protein in eukaryotic cells. ... Chromatography is a family of analytical chemistry techniques for the separation of mixtures. ... Chromosomal crossover is the process by which two chromosomes, paired up during Prophase I of meiosis, exchange some distal portion of their DNA. Crossover occurs when two chromosomes, normally two homologous instances of the same chromosome, break and then reconnect but to the different end piece. ... Figure 1: Chromosome. ... Chromosome walking is a method in genetics for identifying and sequencing long parts of a DNA strand, e. ... cross-section of two motile cilia, showing the 9+2 structure BRIAN LANDS IS A FAG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! BRIAN LANDS IS A FAG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! BRIAN LANDS IS A FAG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! BRIAN LANDS IS A FAG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! BRIAN LANDS IS A FAG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! A cilium (plural cilia) is an organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell. ... Circular dichroism, or CD, is defined as the differential absorption of left and right hand circularly polarized light. ... While the individual strands of a linear double helix represent two distinct and separable molecules, this need not be true for circular DNA. If the strands twist an odd number of times around one another in completing the DNA loop, then they are covalently joined into a single molecule. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ... Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ... Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. ... A coenzyme (a. ... A cofactor is the following: In mathematics a cofactor is the minor of an element of a square matrix. ... Colchicine is a highly poisonous alkaloid, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum (autumn crocus, meadow saffron) with the chemical formula C22H25NO6. ... Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue. ... In general, a colloid or colloidal dispersion, is a two-phase system of matter; a type of mixture intermediate between homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. ... A colorimeter is generally any tool that characterizes colour samples to provide an objective measure of colour characteristics. ... Comparative biochemistry is the study of differences in chemical processes among species of animals. ... In Chemistry:A chemical inhibitor is any substance which will prevent any two other substances from reacting due to its presence, often by reacting with one or the other first. ... The membrane attack complex (MAC) is formed on the surface of intruding pathogenic bacterial cells as a result of the activation of the complement system, and it is one of the ultimate weapons of the immune system. ... A complex in chemistry and biochemistry is a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through weak non-covalent chemical bonds. ... Bioinformatics or computational biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ... Computational chemistry is a branch of theoretical chemistry whose major goals are to create efficient mathematical approximations and computer programs that calculate the properties of molecules (such as total energy, dipole and quadrupole moment, vibrational frequencies, reactivity and other diverse spectroscopic quantitities and cross sections for collision of molecules with... Concanavalin A is a lectin protein from Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis). ... Concentration is a very common concept used in chemistry and related fields. ... An ion gradient is a concentration gradient of ions, it can be called an electrochemical potential gradient of ions across membranes. ... In molecular biology and bioinformatics, a consensus sequence is a way of representing the results of a multiple sequence alignment, where related seqeunces are compared to each other, and similar functional sequence motifs are found. ... A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is an association of persons who join together to carry on an economic activity of mutual benefit, in an egalitarian fashion. ... In biochemistry, a macromolecule has cooperative binding if when binding a ligand, the affinity of the ligand for the molecule changes depending on the amount of ligand already bound. ... Cooperativity is a phenomenon in biology displayed by enzymes or receptors that have multiple binding sites. ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. ... Covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon in a molecule of methane. ... Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond. ... CpG islands are regions of DNA near and in the promoter of a eukaryotic gene where a large concentration of CpG sites exist. ... Cristae are the infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. ... Cryptozoology is the study of rumored or mythological animals that are presumed to exist, but for which conclusive proof does not yet exist; or are generally considered extinct, but occasionally reported. ... Rose des Sables (Sand Rose), a formation of gypse crystal In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. ... A cyclic nucleotide is any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two of the sugars hydroxyl groups, forming a cyclical or ring structure. ... Cyclin is a protein involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. ... Cyclin-dependent kinase is a protein kinase involved in regulation of the cell cycle. ... Cycloleucine is an amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. ... ... Cyclosporine, Ciclosporin (INN), or cyclosporin (former BAN), is an immunosuppressant drug. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring hydrophobic amino acid which has a sulfhydryl group and is found in most proteins, however only in small quantities. ... Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter-class protein that functions in transporting chloride ions across epithelial cells found in the lung, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and skin. ... Cytochrome C (horse heart: PDB 1HRC) is a small heme protein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. ... Cytoplasm is the colloidal, semi-fluid matter contained within the cells plasma membrane, in which organelles are suspended. ... Cytosine is onek of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at... The cytoskeleton is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained, as all other organelles, within the cytoplasm. ... The cytosol (as opposed to cytoplasm, which also includes the organelles) is the internal fluid of the cell, and a large part of cell metabolism occurs here. ... A cytotoxic (or TC) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class I MHC molecules of virus infected somatic cells and tumor cells. ...

D

dactinomycin - decarboxylation reaction - delta opioid receptor - denaturation - Denatured - dendrite - dendritic cell - dendritic spine - deoxyribonucleoprotein - deoxyribose - desmopressin - Deuterium - developmental biology - dialysis - Diffusion - Dimer - dinucleotide repeat - Diploid - Disaccharide - Dissociation constant - Disulfide bond - Disulfide bridge - DNA - DNA fragmentation - DNA replication - DNA sequence - DNA topology - DNA transposable element - DNA virus - DNA-binding protein - dopamine D1 receptor - dopamine D2 receptor - dopamine receptor - double helix - Drosophila - drugs - dynorphin - A carboxyl or carboxylic group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl (-OH) group. ... Denaturation is a structural change in biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, usually caused by heat, acids, bases, detergents, or certain chemicals such as urea. ... In biochemistry, a compound that has been denatured has lost its native state, or in other words, no longer has the shape that is most compact and allows for optimal biological activity. ... In biology, a dendrite is a slender, typically branched projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, which conducts the electrical stimulation received from other cells to the body or soma of the cell from which it projects. ... Dendritic cells (DC) are immune cells and form part of the mammal immune system. ... A dendritic spine is a mushroom-shaped bud that protrudes from a dendrite and forms one half of a synapse, especially in synapses of the cortex. ... Deoxyribose Deoxyribose (more precisely 2-deoxyribose) is a five-carbon sugar (a pentose) derived from the pentose sugar ribose by the repacement of the hydroxyl group at the 2 position with hydrogen, leading to the net loss of an oxygen. ... Desmopressin (DDAVP®, Stimate®, Minrin®) is a synthetic drug that mimics the action of antidiuretic hormone. ... Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance of one atom in 6500 of hydrogen. ... Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. ... In medicine, renal dialysis is a method for removing waste such as urea from the blood when the kidneys are incapable of this (i. ... Diffusion is the spontaneous spreading of something such as particles, heat, or momentum. ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ... Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ... Chemistry A disaccharide is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides. ... In chemistry and biochemistry, a dissociation constant or an ionization constant is a specific type of equilibrium constant used for dissociation (ionizationation) reactions. ... A disulfide bond (SS-bond), also called a disulfide bridge, is a strong covalent bond between two sulfhydryl groups. ... A disulfide bond (SS-bond), also called a disulfide bridge, is a strong covalent bond between two sulfhydryl groups. ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or deoxyribose nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and many viruses). ... A restriction digest is a molecular biology procedure used to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. ... DNA replication - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine), and typically these are... DNA topology is the focus of a subdiscipline within molecular biology and as a term refers to both the knot-like arrangements that segments of DNA may assume and to the mathematics that pertains to them. ... Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called Transposition. ... A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and does not use an RNA intermediate during replication. ... DNA-binding proteins are a broad class of protein molecules that possess certain structural motifs (e. ... The dopamine receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors with dopamine as their endogenous ligand. ... The Double-Helix are an alien race in the Wing Commander science fiction series. ... Binomial name Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 Drosophila melanogaster (Black-bellied Dew-lover) a dipteran (two-winged) insect, is the species of fruit fly that is commonly used in genetic experiments; it is among the most important model organisms. ... Many drugs are provided in tablet form. ... Dynorphin (Dyn) is a popular and powerful opioid ligand. ...

E

eIF-2 - eIF-2 kinase - electrochemical potential - electron - electron capture - Electron configuration - electron microscopy - electron shell - electron transport chain - electron volt - Electronegativity - Electrophile - electrophoresis - electrophysiology - Element - ELISA - ELISPOT - embryo - embryonal development - emulsion - endergonic reaction - endodermis - endomembrane system - endoplasmic reticulum - endothelin receptor - endothelin-1 - energy decomposition cycles - energy level - enhancer - enkephalin - Enthalpy - entomology - Entropy - env gene product - Environmental chemistry - Enzyme - epidermal growth factor - epidermal growth factor receptor - Epidiorite - epigenetics - Epinephrine - equilibrium - equine gonadotropin - erbA gene - erbB gene - erbB-2 gene - erbB-2 receptor - erythropoietin - erythropoietin receptor - Essential amino acid - Ester - estradiol receptor - estrogen receptor - Ethanol - Ether - eubacteria - eukaryote - evolution - evolutionary biology - Evolutionary developmental biology - evolutionary tree - excretion - exergonic reaction - exon - extracellular matrix protein - eye protein - Electrochemical potential is a thermodynamic measure that reflects energy from entropy and electrostatics and is typically invoked in molecular processes that involve diffusion. ... Properties The electron is a subatomic particle. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for chemical elements that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron. ... Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small details with high resolving power due to the use of electrons rather than light to scatter off material, magnifying at levels up to 500,000 times. ... In atomic physics, an electron shell is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... The electron transfer chain (also called the electron transport chain, or simply electron transport), is a series of protein complexers and lipid messengers spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from electron donors such as NADH or succinate, shuttles these electrons from within the mitochondrial matrix across the inner... An electronvolt (symbol: eV) is the amount of energy gained by a single unbound electron when it falls through an electrostatic potential difference of one volt. ... Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons. ... In chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a reagent attracted to electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to a substance. ... SDS-PAGE autoradiography Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point. ... Electrophysiology is the science and branch of physiology that pertains to the flow of ions in biological tissues and, in particular, to the electrical recording techniques that enable the measurement of this flow and the potential changes related to them. ... The term element can refer to: Chemical element — material that consists of atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus (see also Periodic table). ... The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA or EIA for short) is a method usually employed in biochemistry to detect the presence of a certain substance in a sample. ... ELISPOT is an immunological assay based on ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). ... Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa you beezie). ... Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation) is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation. ... A. Two immisicble liquids, not emulsified; B. An emulsion of Phase B dispersed in Phase A; C. The unstable emulsion progressively separates; D. The (purple) surfactant positions itself on the interfaces between Phase A and Phase B, stabilizing the emulsion An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. ... This article or section should be merged with Exergonic An endergonic reaction is a chemical reaction in which the change in free energy is positive. ... Endodermis is the bottom layer of skin. ... The endomembrane system is the system of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. ... The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ... In physics and quantum chemistry, an energy level is a quantized energy of a bound quantum mechanical state. ... In genetics, an enhancer is a short region of DNA which can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes (hence the name) in a gene-cluster. ... Endorphins are endogenous opioid biochemical compounds. ... Enthalpy (symbolized H, also called heat content) is the sum of the internal energy of matter and the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure. ... Entomology is the scientific study of insects. ... The thermodynamic entropy S, often simply called the entropy in the context of thermodynamics, is a measure of the amount of energy in a physical system that cannot be used to do work. ... Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = leaven) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... Epidermal Growth Factor or EGF is a 6045 Da protein with 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds. ... GOD DAMN IT WHY DOES IT KEEP SAYINBG I HAVE PRIVATE MESSAGES!!! I DIDNnT DO ANY FUCKING THING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ... Epidiorite is a family of rocks consisting of metamorphosed forms of gabbro or diabase in which the original clinopyroxene (most often augite) has been replaced by the fibrous amphibole uralite. ... The term epigenetics has over time been used in various senses, in part because the Greek prefix epi- has at least six meanings in English (including on, after and in addition), but also because various theories of epigenetic development, inheritance, and evolution have been proposed (see Historical notes below). ... Epinephrine (INN) or adrenaline (BAN) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. ... For the 2002 science fiction movie see Equilibrium (2002 movie) Equilibrium or balance is any of a number of related phenomena in the natural and social sciences. ... Erythropoietin (or EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone It is a growth factor hormone for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ... First, what is an amino acid? Amino Acids are chemical substances that make up protein. ... In organic chemistry and biochemistry esters are substances where an organic group replaces a hydrogen atom (or more than one) in an oxygen acid. ... The estrogen receptor is a receptor for estrogen; it is located intracellularly, in parallel with other steroid hormone receptors. ... Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ... Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl groups. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria is also the fictional name of a warring nation under Benzino Napaloni as dictator, in the 1940 film The Great Dictator... Kingdoms Eukaryotes (also spelled eucaryotes) are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... Charles Darwin, father of the theory of evolution by natural selection. ... Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, i. ... Evolutionary developmental biology (often referred to as evo-devo or evolution of development) is a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved. ... The evolutionary tree of living things is currently supposed to run something along the lines of that listed below. ... --212. ... An exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the variation of free energy is negative. ... The exon portion of a DNA strand encodes a specific portion of a protein. ...

F

fab immunoglobulin - facilitated diffusion - factor VIII - FAD - FADH - FADH2 - Fat - Fatty acid - fc immunoglobulin - fc receptor - feedback inhibition - fermentation - fetal protein - fibroblast growth factor - fibroblast growth factor receptor - fibronectin - Fick's law of diffusion - Filtration - fitness (biology) - fitness landscape - flagellum - flavine - flavoprotein - fluid mosaic model - fms gene - Formaldehyde - fos gene - free energy - freezing point - FSH receptor - functional group - fungal protein - fungi - fusion oncogene protein - Facilitated diffusion (facilitated transport) is a process of passive transport (diffusion) via which molecules diffuse across membranes, with the help of transport proteins (mediated transport). ... Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential clotting factor. ... A fad, also known as a craze, refers to a fashion that becomes popular in a culture (or subcultures) relatively quickly, remains popular, often for a rather brief period, then loses popularity dramatically. ... Riboflavin Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. ... Flavin is also the name of a commune in the Aveyron département, in France Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), upper, reduced FAD (FADH2), lower Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. ... Fat is one of the three main classes of food and, at approximately 38 kJ (9 kilocalories) per gram, as compared to sugar with 17 kJ (4 kcal) per gram or ethanol with 29 kJ (7 kcal) per gram, the most concentrated form of metabolic energy available to humans. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ... In cybernetics and control theory, feedback is a process whereby some proportion or in general, function, of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. ... In its strictest sense, fermentation (formerly called zymnosis) is the energy-yielding anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. ... Fibronectin is high molecular weight glycoprotein containing about 5% carbohydrate that bind to receptor proteins spanning the cell membrane called integrins and to the extracellular matrix. ... Ficks laws of diffusion describe diffusion. ... The article is about the separation process. ... Fitness (often denoted in population genetics models) is a central concept in evolutionary theory. ... In evolutionary biology, fitness landscapes or adaptive landscapes are used to visualize the relationship between genotypes (or phenotypes) and replicatory success. ... A flagellum (plural, flagella) is a whip-like organelle that many unicellular organisms, and some multicellular ones, use to move about. ... Riboflavin Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. ... Drawing of a cell membrane A component of every biological cell, the cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that encapsulate the cell. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a strong pungent smell. ... In thermodynamics, free energy is a measure of the amount of work that can be extracted from a system. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... In ecology functional groups are collections of organisms based on morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical, or environmental responses or on trophic criteria. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...

G

G protein - G protein-coupled receptor - G3P - GABA - GABA receptor - GABA-A receptor - gag-onc fusion protein - galanin - gamete - gamma-chain immunoglobulin - gamma-delta T-cell antigen receptor - gastrin - gastrointestinal hormone receptor - gastrula - Gel electrophoresis - gene - gene expression - gene pool - gene regulatory network - genetic code - genetic drift - Genetic engineering - genetic fingerprint - genetic recombination - Genetics - Genome - genomics - genotype - glial fibrillary acidic protein - globin - glucagon - glucagon receptor - glucocorticoid receptor - glucose - glutamate - glutamate receptor - Glutamic acid - Glutamine - Glycerine - Glycine - glycine receptor - glycolipid - Glycolysis - glycoprotein - gonadorelin - gradient - granulocyte colony-stimulating factor - granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor - granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor - granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor - granzyme - growth factor receptor - GTP-binding protein - GTPase - G-proteins, short for guanine nucleotide binding proteins, are a family of proteins involved in second messenger cascades. ... In cell biology, G-protein-coupled receptors, also known as GPCR, seven transmembrane receptors, heptahelical receptors, or 7TM receptors, are a class of transmembrane receptors. ... Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is also known as guanosine-5-triphosphate, G3P, and 9-ß-D-ribofuranosylguanine-5-triphosphate (or, equivalently, 9-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-2-amino-6-oxo-purine-5-triphosphate). ... Chemical structure of GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter in widely divergent species. ... The GABA receptors are a group of receptors with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their endogenous ligand. ... Gametes (in Greek: γαμέτες) —also known as sex cells, germ cells, or spores—are the specialized cells that come together during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. ... 1 - blastula, 2 - gastrula; orange - ectoderm, red - endoderm. ... SDS-PAGE autoradiography DNA agarose gel Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Gene expression (also protein expression or often simply expression) is the process by which a genes information is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. ... Greg Flesch is a guitarist and musician, best known for his work with the rock bands Daniel Amos and The Swirling Eddies (credited as Gene Pool). Flesch also works in the Atmospheric Laser Spectroscopy Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, writing software for the groups tunable... A gene regulatory network (also called a GRN or genetic regulatory network) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each other and with other substances in the cell, thereby governing the rates at which genes in the network are transcribed into mRNA. // Overview Genes can... RNA codons. ... Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that acts in concert with natural selection to change the characteristics of species over time. ... An iconic image of genetic engineering; this 1986 autoluminograph of a glowing transgenic tobacco plant bearing the luciferase gene of fireflys strikingly demonstrates the power and potential of genetic manipulation. ... Genetic fingerprinting or DNA testing is a technique to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ... Genetic recombination is the process by which the combination of genes in an organisms offspring becomes different from the combination of genes in that organism. ... Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... Genomics is the study of an organisms genome and the use of the genes. ... The genotype is the specific genetic makeup (the specific genome) of an individual, usually in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of that individual. ... Intermediate filaments are one component of the cytoskeleton - important structural components of living cells. ... A globular protein is a protein that is globe-like, or rounded in shape, often soluble in aqueous solution. ... Glucagon is a 29 amino acid polypeptide acting as an important hormone in carbohydrate metabolism. ... A space-filling model of glucose Glucose, a simple monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used as a source of energy in animals and plants. ... Glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid. ... Glutamic acid or glutamate is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. ... Glutamine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Glycerin, also known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet tasting viscous liquid. ... This is an article about Glycine, the amino acid. ... The Glycine receptor is one of the most widely distributed inhibitory receptors in the Central nervous system. ... Glycolipids are carbohydrate-attached lipids. ... Glycolysis is the initial metabolic pathway of carbohydrate catabolism. ... A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (a sugar). ... Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar field is a vector field which points in the direction of the greatest rate of change of the scalar field, and whose magnitude is the greatest rate of change. ... Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein, growth factor or cytokine produced by a number of different tissues to stimulate the bone marrow to produce granulocytes. ... Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, often abbreviated to GM-CSF, is a protein secreted by macrophages, and stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and macrophages. ... Granzymes are exogenous serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. ... Guanosine triphosphate binding protein or GTP-Binding Protein is a class of biochemical proteins. ... GTPases are a large family of enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze GTP. The GTP binding and hydrolysis takes place in the highly conserved G domain common to all GTPases. ...

H

hair cell - half-life - halobacteria - Halotolerance - haploid - Heat of fusion - Heat of vaporization - heat shock protein - Hsp70 (70 kDa heat shock proteins) - Hsp90 (90 kDa heat shock proteins) - heavy-chain immunoglobulin - Hela cell - helminth protein - helper T cell - hemopexin - herpes simplex virus protein vmw65 - heterocyclic compound - heterotroph - heterozygote - Hfr cell - Hill reaction - His tag - histamine H1 receptor - histamine H2 receptor - histamine receptor - Histidine - histone - History of science and technology - HIV receptor - holoenzyme - homeobox - homeodomain protein - homology - homoserine - homozygote - homunculus - Hormone - housekeeping gene - Human Genome Project - hybridization - hydrocarbon - Hydrogen - Hydrogen bond - hydrogenation - hydrolysis - hydrolytic enzyme - hydrophilic - Hydrophobe - hydrophobic - hydrophobicity analysis - hydroxyl - --170. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... Genera Haloarcula Halobacterium Halobaculum Halococcus Haloferax Halogeometricum Halorubrum Haloterrigena Natrialba Natrinema Natronobacterium Natronococcus Natronomonas Natronorubrum The halobacteria are a family of archaea, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. ... Halotolerance is the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity. ... Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... A heat shock protein (HSP) is a group of proteins which increase their expression when the cells which contain them are exposed to elevated temperatures. ... Hsp70 is a family of heat shock proteins including HSP70 (also known as Hsp72), Bip and the prokaryotic protein DnaK with an approximate molecular weight of 70 kDa. ... Hsp70 is a family of heat shock proteins including HSP70 (also known as Hsp72), Bip and the prokaryotic protein DnaK with an approximate molecular weight of 70 kDa. ... The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is one of the most abundant proteins in unstressed cells. ... The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is one of the most abundant proteins in unstressed cells. ... Hela is also the German name for Hel, Poland and the cruiser SMS Hela In biological and medical research, a HeLa cell is a cell which is derived from cervical cancer cells taken from a woman named Henrietta Lacks, who died from the cancer in 1951, and circulated (without Lacks... A helper (or TH) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class II MHC molecules found on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). ... Heterocyclic compounds are substances which contain a ring structure as found in benzene and the aromatic compounds, or aromatic hydrocarbons, but in which other atoms than carbon, such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen are found as part of the ring. ... A heterotroph (Greek heteron = (an)other and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. ... Heterozygote cells are diploid or polyploid and have different alleles at a locus (position) on homologous chromosomes. ... A hfr cell (also called hfr strain) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often F) integrated into its genomic DNA. Hfr is the abbreviation for high frequency recombination. ... Leaf. ... Contents // Categories: Biochemistry stubs | Molecular biology ... The histamine receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand. ... Histidine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids, coded for in DNA. Nutritionally, in humans, histidine is considered an essential amino acid, but mostly only in children. ... In biology, histones are the chief proteins of chromatin. ... The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanitys understanding of science and technology has changed over the millennia. ... In biochemistry, holoenzyme may refer either to the complete and operative form of an enzyme with multiple protein subunits or to the combination of an apoenzyme with its cofactor. ... A homeobox is a stretch of DNA sequence found in genes involved in the regulation of the development (morphogenesis) of animals, fungi and plants. ... Two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry. ... Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. ... Homozygote cells are diploid or polyploid and have the same alleles at a locus (position) on homologous chromosomes. ... Hartsoekers homunculus The concept of a homunculus (Latin for little man, sometimes spelled homonculus) is often used to illustrate the functioning of a system. ... A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... A housekeeping gene is a gene that codes for proteins needed all the time. ... The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavored to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the genes present in it. ... In genetics, hybridisation is the process of mixing different species or varieties of organisms. ... In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is any chemical compounds that consists only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... http://www. ... Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms are reduced by attachment of a hydrogen atom to each carbon. ... Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. ... Hydrolytic enzymes break down protein, carbohydrate, and fat molecules into their simplest units. ... The adjective hydrophilic describes something that likes water (from Greek hydros = water; philos = friend). ... Hydrophobe (Greek, water-fearing) is a property of a molecule and means it is repelled by water. ... In chemistry, hydrophobic or lipophilic species, or hydrophobes, tend to be electrically neutral and nonpolar, and thus prefer other neutral and nonpolar solvents or molecular environments. ... The Wikipedia community consider the subject of this article to the encyclopedia. ... Hydroxide is a functional group consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: -O−H It has a charge of 1-. The term hydroxyl group is used when the functional group -OH is counted as a substituent of an organic compound. ...

I

IgA - IgE receptor - IGF type 1 receptor - IGF type 2 receptor - IgG - IgM - immediate-early protein - immune cell - immune system - immunoglobulin - immunoglobulin joining region - immunoglobulin variable region - immunologic receptor - immunology - In vivo - infrared spectroscopy - inhibin - inhibitor - inhibitory gi G-protein - Inorganic chemistry - insect protein - Insulin - insulin receptor - insulin-like growth factor I - Integral membrane protein - intein - intercellular adhesion molecule-1 - interferon receptor - interferon type I - interferon type II - interferon-alpha - interferon-beta - interleukin receptor - interleukin-1 receptor - interleukin-2 receptor - interleukin-3 - interleukin-3 receptor - intermediate filament - intermediate filament protein - intermembrane space - Intermolecular force - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - interphase - intracisternal A-particle gene - Intramolecular force - intron - Inverse agonist - invertebrate peptide receptor - invertebrate photoreceptor - Ion channel - ion channel gating - Ionic bond - ionization potential - iron-sulfur protein - isoenzyme - isoleucine - Isomer - Isothermal titration calorimeter - Isotopic tracer - IGA may stand for: Interactive genetic algorithm Iga Province This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... White Blood Cells is also the name of a White Stripes album. ... The immune system is the organ system that protects an organism from outside biological influences. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... In vivo (Latin for (with)in the living). ... IR spectrum of a thin film of liquid ethanol. ... Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. ... An inhibitor is a type of effector (biology) that decreases or prevents a chemical reaction. ... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... The structure of insulin Red: carbon; green: oxygen; blue: nitrogen; pink: sulfur. ... In molecular biology, the insulin receptor is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin. ... Integral membrane protein of the transmembrane type An Integral Membrane Protein (IMP) is a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that in most cases spans the biological membrane with which it is associated (especially the plasma membrane) or which, in any case, is sufficiently embedded in the membrane to remain... An intein is a segment of a protein that is able to excise itself and rejoin the remaining portions (the exteins) with a peptide bond. ... Interferons (IFNs) are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune systems of most animals in response to a challenge by a foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumour cells. ... Intermediate filaments are one component of the cytoskeleton - important structural components of living cells. ... The intermembrane space is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. ... Intermolecular forces are electromagnetic forces which act between molecules or between widely separated regions of a macromolecule. ... IUPAC logo The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle, defined only by the absence of cell division. ... Diagram of the location of introns and exons within a gene. ... In pharmacology, an inverse agonist is an agent which binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist for that receptor but exerts the opposite pharmacological effect. ... Another, unrelated ion channeling process is part of ion implantation. ... An ionic bond can be formed after two or more atoms give up (or gain) electrons, so as to become ions. ... ion (disambiguation) An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ... Iron-sulfur proteins are proteins characterized by the presence of polymetallic systems (iron-sulfur clusters) containing sulfide ions, in which the iron ions have variable oxidation states. ... Isozymes, (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of enzymes. ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids, and coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different resulting in different properties. ... In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. ... A calorimeter is a device used for calorimetry, the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes. ... An isotopic tracer, (also isotopic marker or isotopic label), is used in chemistry and biochemistry to help understand chemical reactions and interactions. ...

J

jun gene - Junk DNA - In molecular biology, junk DNA is a collective label for the portions of the DNA sequence of a chromosome or a genome for which no function has been identified. ...

K

kainic acid receptor - kallidin - kappa opioid receptor - kappa-chain immunoglobulin - karyoplasm - karyotype - Kelvin - keratin - Kinase - kinesin - kinetic energy - kinetics - knock-out mouse - Krebs cycle - Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, the nucleus contains nucleoplasm. ... Karyogram of human female A karyotype is the complete set of all chromosomes of a cell of any living organism. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... Microscopic view of stained keratin. ... In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specified substrates or target molecules; the process is termed phosphorylation. Generally, the purpose of phosphorylation is to activate or energize a molecule, increasing its energy so it is... Kinesins typically consist of two large globular heads that allow attachment to microtubules, a central coiled region, and a region termed light-chain, which connects the kinesin to the intracellular component to be moved. ... Kinetic energy (also called vis viva, or living force) is energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. ... A rate equation is a mathematical expression used in chemistry to link the rate of a reaction to each reactant and their various orders. ... A knockout mouse is a genetically engineered mouse one or more of whose genes have been made inoperable. ... The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ...

L

lactalbumin - Lactic acid - lactic acid autotroph - Lactic fermentation - lagging strand - laminin - LDL receptor - Le Chatelier's principle - lectin - leucine - leucine-2-alanine enkephalin - leukotriene B4 receptor - LH - LH receptor - LHRH receptor - life - life form - Ligand - light reactions - Lineweaver-Burke-diagram - lipase - Lipid - lipid anchored protein - lipid bilayer - lipoprotein - Liquid - List of compounds - list of gene families - locus - luminescent protein - lymphocyte homing receptor - Lysine - lysis - lysis buffer - lysozyme - lytic cycle - Lactic Acid Molecule Chemical and biological uses Lactic acid (α-hydroxypropionic acid) is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... Lactic acid fermentation is a type of fermentation where lactic acid is produced. ... In DNA replication, the lagging strand is the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the leading strand. ... Laminins are a family of heterotrimeric glycoproteins found in the basal lamina underlying epithelia. ... LDL receptor - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... In chemistry, Le Chateliers principle can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. ... A lectin is any protein that specifically interacts with sugar molecules (carbohydrates). ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids on Earth, and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone released by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Life is a multi-faceted concept. ... Lifeform is the physical entity which encompasses a life. ... In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion or functional group that is bonded to one or more central atoms or ions, usually metals generally through co-ordinate covalent bond. ... The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. ... In biochemistry, a Lineweaver-Burke diagram (also called a Lineweaver-Burke plot or double reciprocal plot) is a graphical representation of the Lineweaver-Burke equation of enzyme kinetics: where v is the reaction velocity, Km is the Michaelis-Menten constant, vmax is the maximum reaction velocity, and [S] is the... A Lipase is a water-soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in water–insoluble, lipid substrates. ... Figure 1: Structure of a Lipid. ... In lipid anchored proteins, a covalently attached fatty acid such as palmitate or myristate serves to anchor them to the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane. ... A DPPC bilayer simulation Color scheme: PO4 = green, N(CH3)3 = violet, water = blue, terminal CH3 = yellow, O = red, glycol C = brown, chain C = grey In biology and chemistry, a lipid bilayer is a membrane or zone of a membrane composed of lipid molecules (usually phospholipids). ... A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids and may be structural or catalytic in function. ... A liquid will assume the shape of its container. ... This page aims to list well-known chemical compounds, to stimulate the creation of Wikipedia articles. ... This is a list of gene families or gene complexes, that is sets of genes which occur across a number of different species which often serve similar biological functions. ... The word locus (plural loci) is Latin for place. In biology and evolutionary computation, a locus is the position of a gene (or other significant sequence) on a chromosome. ... Chemical structure of lysine Lysine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Lysis (Greek lusis from luein = to separate) is the reduction of symptoms of a disease the dissolving of cells osmotic lysis chemical lysis viral lysis a dialogue of Plato about friendship (philia) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... A lysis buffer is used for the purpose of lysate cells for used in experiments for analysis of the compounds of the cells (e. ... Categories: Stub | EC 3. ... The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. ...

M

macroevolution - macromolecular system - Macromolecule - macrophage colony-stimulating factor - macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor - major histocompatibility complex - Malpighi body - Malpighi layer - marine biology - Mass spectrometer - maturation-promoting factor - mechanoreceptor - Medicine - meiosis - Melting point - membrane glycoprotein - Membrane protein - Membrane topology - Membrane transport - memory cell - Mendelian inheritance - Metabolic pathway - metabolism - metabotropic glutamate receptor - Metalloprotein - metaphase - metazoa - Methionine - micelle - Michaelis-Menten kinetics - microbe - Microbiology - microevolution - microfilament - microfilament protein - microsatellite - microscope - microtiter plate - microtubule-associated protein - mineralocorticoid receptor - minisatellite - mitochondrial membrane - mitochondrion - mitogen receptor - mitosis - mitotic spindle - mixture - modern evolutionary synthesis - Molar volume - mole (unit) - molecular biology - molecular chaperone - Molecular dynamics - Molecular engineering - molecular evolution - Molecular mechanics - Molecular modelling - Molecular orbital - molecular phylogeny - molecular sequence data - Molecule - Monoamine - monoclonal antibody - Monomer - Monosaccharide - monosaccharide transport protein - morphogenesis - Morphogenetic field - mos gene - Mossbauer spectroscopy - MRI - MSH - mu opioid receptor - mu-chain immunoglobulin - mucin - Muller's ratchet - multiresistance - muscarinic receptor - muscle - muscle protein - mutagen - mutation - myc gene - mycology - myelin basic protein - myeloma protein - myosin - Macroevolution is the concept that evolution of species and higher taxa is the result of large-scale changes in gene-frequencies over time. ... A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. ... The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates containing many genes with important immune system roles. ... There are at least two anatomical structures called a Malpighian corpuscle. ... Marine biology is the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems. ... Mass spectrometry is a technique for separating ions by their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. ... A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. ... NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Wikicities has a wiki about medicine: Medicine Categories: Medicine | Health ... For the article on the figure of speech, see meiosis (figure of speech). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... A membrane protein is a protein molecule (or assembly of molecules) that is either embedded in or weakly attached to a biological membrane, especially the plasma membrane. ... In biochemistry, the membrane topology of an transmembrane protein describes which portions of the amino-acid sequence of the protein lie within the plane of the surrounding lipid bilayer and which portions protrude into the watery environment on either side. ... Drawing of a cell membrane A component of every biological cell, the cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell. ... Memory B cells are B cells that although activated by the immune system, they are stored inside the circulatory system for later use, for long periods of time, possibly a whole lifetime. ... Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets that underlie much of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel in the latter part of the 19th century. ... In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes, and resulting in either the formation of a metabolic product to be used or stored by the cell (metabolic sink), or the initiation of another metabolic pathway (then called a flux generating... Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos), the Greek word for change, or overthrow (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. ... In biochemistry, a metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that also contains a metal cofactor. ... Categories: Cell biology stubs | Mitosis ... Phyla Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented worms Tardigrada - Water bears Onychophora - Velvet worms Arthropoda - Insects, etc. ... Methionine (Met, M. C5H11NO2S) is an essential nonpolar amino acid, and a lipotropic. ... In chemistry, a micelle (also micella, plural micellae) is an aggregate (or cluster) of surfactant molecules. ... Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the rate of enzyme mediated reactions for many enzymes. ... A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes. ... Microevolution is the occurrence of small-scale changes in gene frequencies in a population over a few generations, also known as change at or below the species level. ... This article or section should be merged with actin Microfilaments or actin filaments are made up of two twisted monomeric actin subunits. ... A microsatellite is a short, DNA sequence (a Tandemly Repetitive DNA sequence) that is repeated many times within the genome of an organism. ... 1852 microscope Compound microscope made by John Cuff in 1750 A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim) is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. ... Microtiter plates are plastic sample holders used in biology or chemistry research facilities. ... In cell biology, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins interacting with microtubules either stabilizing or destabilizing them. ... Minisatellites are DNA sequences of a tandemly repeated pattern (from 10 to 100 bp) and the total size is between 100 and 2000 bp. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Mitochondria are visible as thread-like structures in the light microscope. ... Generalized cell cycle In biology, mitosis is the process of nuclear division that separates a cells genome. ... The mitotic spindle is a structure of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton involved in mitosis and meiosis. ... A mixture is a combination of two or more substances, often chemicals, in which the substances remain chemically distinct, retaining their particular composition and properties. ... The modern evolutionary synthesis (often referred to simply as the modern synthesis), neo-Darwinian synthesis or neo-Darwinism, brings together Charles Darwins theory of the evolution of species by natural selection with Gregor Mendels theory of genetics as the basis for biological inheritance. ... In chemistry, the molar volume of a substance is the ratio of the volume of a sample of that substance to the amount of substance (usually in mole) in the sample. ... The mole (symbol: mol) is one of the seven SI base units and is commonly used in chemistry. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... In biology, chaperones are proteins whose function is to assist other proteins in achieving proper folding. ... Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation numerically solves Newtons equations of motion on an atomistic or similar model of a molecular system to obtain information about its time-dependent properties. ... Molecular engineering is any means of manufacturing molecules. ... Molecular evolution is the process of the genetic material in populations of organisms changing over time. ... The term molecular mechanics refers to the use of Newtonian mechanics to model molecular systems. ... Molecular modelling is a collection of techniques to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In quantum chemistry, the molecular electronic states, i. ... Molecular phylogeny is the use of a genes molecular characteristics to classify an organism and to place it on a map of evolutionary relationships known as the phylogenetic tree. ... A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... In biochemistry, monoamines are a group of organic compounds containing only one amino group. ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ... In chemistry, a monomer (from Greek mono one and meros part) is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer. ... Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. ... Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation) is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation. ... A morphogenetic field (or morphic field), according to biologist Rupert Sheldrake, is a hypothetical biological (and potentially social) equivalent to an electromagnetic field that operates to shape the exact form of a living thing, as part of its epigenetics, and may also shape its behaviour and coordination with other beings. ... Mössbauer spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect. ... For other meanings see Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). ... The acronym MSH may stand for one of several things, including: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone - a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, and related to skin pigmentation. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Mucins are a family of large, heavily glycosylated proteins. ... In genetics, Mullers ratchet is a hypothesis that explains how functionally important genes may be lost when organisms genes are only transmitted vertically, without recombination caused by sex. ... Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ... Muscarinic receptors are those membrane bound acetylcholine receptors that are more sensitive to muscarine than to nicotine. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. ... In biology, a mutagen (Latin, literally origin of change) is an agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) of an organism and thus increases the number of mutations above the natural background level. ... Mutations are permanent, sometimes transmissible (if the change is to a germ cell) changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell. ... Mycology is the study of fungi, their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source for medicinals (see penicillin) and food (beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms), as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. ... Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...

N

N-formylmethionine - N-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor - N-methylaspartate - N-terminus - NADH - NADPH - NaKATPase - Native state - nef gene product - neoplasm protein - Nernst equation - nerve - nerve growth factor - nerve growth factor receptor - nerve tissue protein - nerve tissue protein S 100 - nervous system - neurobiology - neurofilament protein - neurokinin A - neurokinin K - neurokinin-1 receptor - neurokinin-2 receptor - neuron - neuronal cell adhesion molecule - neuropeptide - neuropeptide receptor - neuropeptide Y - neuropeptide Y receptor - Neuroscience - neurotensin - neurotensin receptor - neurotransmitter - neurotransmitter receptor - neutral theory of molecular evolution - neutron - neutron activation analysis - NF-kappa B - nicotinic receptor - nitrogen - Nitroglycerine - Nobel Prize in Chemistry - non-competitive inhibition - nuclear lamina - nuclear localization signal - Nuclear magnetic resonance - NMR - nuclear protein - Nucleic acid - nucleic acid regulatory sequence - nucleic acid repetitive sequence - nucleic acid sequence homology - nucleon - Nucleophile - nucleoside - nucleosome - nucleotide - nutrition - The N-terminal end refers to the extremity of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free amine group (NH2). ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Na+/K+-ATPase (also known as the Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+ exchanger) is an enzyme (EC 3. ... In biochemistry, the native state of a protein is its operative or functional form. ... In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation gives the electrode potential (E), relative to the standard electrode potential, (E0), of the electrode couple or, equivalently, of the half cells of a battery. ... A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers or axons, which includes the glia that ensheath the axons in myelin. ... Nerve growth factor is like any other growth factors like Platlet derived growth factor and fibroblast growth facor is essential for the normal growth of nervous tissues. ... The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... Neuroscience is a field of study which deals with the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system. ... Neurons (also spelled neurones or called nerve cells) are the primary cells of the nervous system. ... A Neuropeptide is any of the variety of peptides found in neural tissue; e. ... Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide neurotransmitter found in the brain and autonomic nervous system. ... Neuroscience is a field of study which deals with the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system. ... Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between two neurons: the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. ... Transmembrane receptors are integral membrane proteins, which reside and operate typically within a cells plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of some subcellular compartments and organelles. ... The neutral theory of molecular evolution (also, simply the neutral theory of evolution) is an influential theory that was introduced with provocative effect by Motoo Kimura in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... In chemistry, neutron activation analysis is a technique used to very accurately determine the concentrations of elements in a sample. ... Nicotinic Receptors form ion channels present in the plasma membrane of cells. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 14. ... Nitroglycerin (also nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin, or glyceryl trinitrate) is a chemical compound, a heavy, colorless, poisonous, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... A nuclear lamina is a dense, fibrillar meshwork composed of intermediate filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. ... A nuclear localizing signal (NLS) is a peptide tag on the exposed surface of a protein that interacts with nuclear membrane proteins to confine the polypeptide to a cells nucleus. ... Pacific Northwest National Laboratorys high magnetic field (800 MHz) NMR spectrometer being loaded with sample. ... Pacific Northwest National Laboratorys high magnetic field (800 MHz) NMR spectrometer being loaded with sample. ... A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. ... In biology, two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry. ... In physics a nucleon is a collective name for the two baryons the neutron and the proton. ... In chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a reagent which is attracted to centres of positive charge. ... Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose ring. ... A nucleosome is a unit made of DNA and histones. ... A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. ... Nutrition is the study of the relationship between diet and states of health and disease. ...

O

octreotide - odorant receptor - olfaction - olfactory receptor neuron - Oligopeptide - oncogene - oncogene protein - oncogene proteins V-abl - oncogenic retroviridae protein - open reading frame - opioid receptor - opsin - Optical isomerism - organ (anatomy) - organelle - Organic - Organic chemistry - Organic compound - Organic nomenclature - Organic reaction - Organism - osmosis - osteocalcin - outer hair cell - ovalbumin - Oxidation - Oxidation number - oxidation state - oxidative decarboxylation - oxidative phosphorylation - oxygen - oxytocin - oxytocin receptor - Somatostatin is a hormone. ... Olfactory receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor in olfactory receptor neurons. ... Olfaction, the sense of smell, is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air (or, by animals that breathe water, in water). ... An olfactory receptor neuron, also called an olfactory sensory neuron, is the primary transduction cell for olfaction in the olfactory system. ... Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. ... An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. ... An open reading frame or ORF is any sequence of DNA or RNA that can be (translation) into a protein. ... Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. ... A rhodopsin molecule in the cell membrane. ... Optical isomerism is a form of isomerism (specifically stereoisomerism) whereby the different 2 isomers are the same in every way except being non-superposable mirror images1 of each other. ... In biology, an organ (Latin organum: instrument, tool) is a group of tissues, which perform a specific function or group of functions. ... In cell biology, an organelle is one of several structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. ... Organic has several meanings and related topics. ... Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. ... Link titleAn organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with exception of carbides, carbonates and carbon oxides. ... Organic nomenclature is the system established for naming and grouping organic compounds. ... Organic reactions are chemical reactions between organic compounds. ... In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is an assembly of molecules that influence each other in such a way that they function as a more or less stable whole and have properties of life. ... Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration. ... The egg white is a clear liquid (also called albumen or ovalbumin) contained within a birds egg. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ... Oxidative phosphorylation is a biochemical process in cells. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... Oxytocin is a nine amino acid peptide hormone synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ...

P

P42 MAP kinase - pancreatic polypeptide - parathyroid hormone receptor - partial pressure - passive transport - Pauling scale - PCR - peptide - peptide bond - peptide elongation factor - peptide elongation factor tu - peptide fragment - peptide initiation factor - peptide receptor - peptide termination factor - peripheral protein - pesticide - pH - phage display - pharmaceutical - pharmacist - pharmacology - phenol - phenotype - phenyl - phenylalanine - phospholipid - phospholipid bilayer - phosphopeptide - phosphoprotein - phosphorus - phosphorylation - phosphoserine - phosphothreonine - phosphotyrosine - photobiology - photolysis - photophosphorylation - photoreceptor - photorespiration - photosynthesis - photosystem I - photosystem II - phototransduction - phylogenetics - phylogeny - physical chemistry - physiology - phytohemagglutinin - pituitary hormone receptor - pituitary hormone-regulating hormone receptor - plant protein - plasma membrane - plasmid - plasminogen - platelet glycoprotein GPIb-IX complex - platelet membrane glycoprotein - platelet-derived growth factor - platelet-derived growth factor receptor - polymer - polymerase chain reaction - polymerization - polymyxin - polymyxin B - polyomavirus transforming antigen - polypeptide - polysaccharide - porphyrin - Posttranslational modification - potassium - potassium channel - potential energy - pregnancy protein - primary nutritional groups - primary structure - primer - prion - progesterone receptor - prokaryote - prolactin - prolactin receptor - proline - promoter - prostaglandin E receptor - prostaglandin receptor - protein - protein biosynthesis - Protein Data Bank - protein design - protein expression - protein folding - protein isoform - protein P16 - protein P34cdc2 - protein P53 - protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - protein targeting - protein translocation - protein-tyrosine kinase - protein-tyrosine-phosphatase - proteinoid - proteomics - protirelin - proto-oncogene - proto-oncogene protein - proto-oncogene protein C-kit - proto-oncogene proteins C-abl - proto-oncogene proteins C-bcl-2 - proto-oncogene proteins C-fo - proto-oncogene proteins C-jun - proto-oncogene proteins C-mo - proto-oncogene proteins C-myc - proto-oncogene proteins C-raf - proton - proton pump - proton-motive force - protozoan protein - purine - purinergic P1 receptor - purinergic P2 receptor - purinergic receptor - pyridine - pyrimidine - pyruvate - pyruvate oxidation - Approximately, the partial pressure of a gas in atmospheres in a mixture or solution is what would be the pressure of that gas if all other components of the mixture or solution suddenly vanished without its temperature changing. ... Passive transport is a means of moving biochemicals, and other atomic or molecular substances, across membranes. ... Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction that an atom has for the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Peptides (from the Greek πεπτος, digestable), are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Diagram showing the π-bonded amino acids and the point of rotation A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). ... Perhipheral and Integral Membrane Proteins Peripheral membrane proteins are proteins that adhere only loosely to the biological membrane with which they are associated. ... An airplane spreading pesticide. ... pH is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution and, therefore, its acidity or alkalinity. ... Phage display is a test to screen for protein interactions by integrating multiple genes from a gene bank into phages. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Pharmacists are health professionals who practice pharmacy. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) is drug, and logos (λόγος) is science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ... Phenol, also known under the old name carbolic acid, is a colorless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution, or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ... In chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the functional group with the formula -C6H5 Picture where the six carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic manner. ... The amino acid Phenylalanine exists in two forms, the D- and L- forms. ... Two schematic representations of a phospholipid. ... A DPPC bilayer simulation Color scheme: PO4 = green, N(CH3)3 = violet, water = blue, terminal CH3 = yellow, O = red, glycol C = brown, chain C = grey In biology and chemistry, a lipid bilayer is a membrane or zone of membrane composed only of lipid. ... Phosphoproteins are a group of proteins which are chemically attached to a substance containing phosphoric acid. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or a small molecule. ... Serine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Threonine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in cheese), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ... Photobiology is the study of the effect of light on living organisms. ... Photolysis is a part of photosynthesis, which occurs in the granum of the chloroplast. ... The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. ... Photoreceptors are light-sensitive proteins involved in the function of photoreceptor cells. ... Photorespiration is an alternate pathway for rubisco, the main enzyme of photosynthesis (specifically, the Calvin cycle). ... Leaf. ... In the process of photosynthesis, light is absorbed by a photosystem (ancient Greek: phos = light and systema = assembly) to begin an energy-producing reaction. ... In the process of photosynthesis, light is absorbed by a photosystem (ancient Greek: phos = light and systema = assembly) to begin an energy-producing reaction. ... Visual phototransduction is a process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the rod cells and cone cells of the retina of the eye. ... In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences. ... In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences. ... Physical chemistry is the study of the physical basis of chemical systems and processes. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Drawing of a cell membrane A component of every biological cell, the cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell. ... Figure 1 : Schematic drawing of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed. ... Plasmin is an important degrading enzyme (EC 3. ... Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of the numerous proteins that regulate cell growth and division. ... A polymer is a generic term used to describe a substantially long molecule. ... Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biological technique for amplifying (creating multiple copies of) DNA without using a living organism, such as E. coli or yeast. ... Polymerization is the formation of long, repeating organic polymer chains. ... Polymyxins are cationic detergent antibiotics, with a general structure of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. ... Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ... A porphyrin is a heterocyclic macrocycle made from 4 pyrrole subunits linked on opposite sides through 4 methine bridges. ... Posttranslational modification means the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1(IA), 4, s Density, Hardness 856 kg/m3, 0. ... In cell biology, potassium channels are the most common type of ion channel. ... Potential energy (U, or Ep), a kind of scalar potential, is energy by virtue of matter being able to move to a lower-energy state, releasing energy in some form. ... An organism may be placed into one each of the three pairs of major nutritional groups based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources. ... A protein primary structure is a chain of amino acids. ... A primer is a nucleic acid strand (or related molecule) that serves as a starting point for DNA replication. ... This article is about the infectious particles known as prions. ... The progesterone receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. ... Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. ... Prolactin is a hormone synthesised and secreted by lactotropes in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) which is made up of 199 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 23,000 daltons. ... L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids (formerly, proline was misleadingly called an imino acid) that are used by living organisms as a building block of proteins (so called proteinogenic amino acids). ... for disambiguation of the term promoter, see the promoter Wiktionary article In genetics, a promoter is a DNA sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... An overview of protein synthesis. ... The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for 3-D structural data of proteins and nucleic acids. ... Protein design is the design of new protein molecules from scratch. ... Gene expression (also protein expression or often simply expression) is the process by which a genes information is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. ... Protein folding is the process by which a protein assumes its functional shape or conformation. ... In biology, a protein isoform is a version of a protein with some small differences, usually a splice variant or the product of some posttranslational modification. ... Human p53 protein bound to a short DNA fragment. ... Protein structure prediction is one of the most significant tasks tackled in computational structural biology. ... In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles (or coassembles) with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein. ... In biochemistry, protein synthesis refers to the creation of a macromolecule from amino acids. ... Protein targeting a. ... Proteinoids are protein-like molecules formed inorganically from amino acids. ... Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. ... An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. ... Properties In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that is capable of moving protons across the membrane of a cell, mitochondrion, or other subcellular compartment, thereby creating a difference or gradient in both pH and electrical charge (ignoring differences in buffer capacity) and tending to establish an electrochemical potential. ... In all cells, the energy storage and utilization process involves the Proton-motive force in some step. ... Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ... Pyridine is a clear liquid with an odor that is sour, putrid, and fish-like. ... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, which is similar to benzene and pyridine and that contains two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-membered ring. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ...

Q

quantum chemistry - quaternary structure - Quantum chemistry is the application of quantum mechanics to problems in chemistry. ... In biochemistry, many proteins are actually assemblies of more than one protein molecule, which in the context of the larger assemblage are known as protein subunits. ...

R

radioisotope - radioisotopic labelling - Raman spectroscopy - random coil - ras gene - ras protein - reading frame - receptor - receptor protein-tyrosine kinase - recombinant fusion protein - recombinant interferon-gamma - recombinant protein - recombination - Redox - redox reaction - redox system - Reduction - Reflux - replication - replication origin - replicon - repressor - repressor protein - respiration - restriction enzyme - retinoblastoma protein - retinoic acid receptor - retinol-binding protein - retroelement - retroviridae protein - retrovirus - Reverse transciptase - RFLP - rho factor - rhodopsin - ribonucleoprotein - ribose - ribosomal protein - ribosomal protein S6 kinase - ribosome - RNA - RNA virus - RNA-binding protein - RNA-directed DNA polymerase - rod outer segment - rough ER - A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ... Radioisotopic labelling is a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system. ... Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used in condensed matter physics and chemistry to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. ... A random coil is a polymer conformation where the monomers are arranged at random. ... Ras (in molecular biology) are very important molecular switches for a wide variety of signal pathways that control such processes as cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. ... This is about a protein. ... In biology, a reading frame is a contiguous and non-overlapping set of three-nucleotide codons in DNA or RNA. There are 3 possible reading frames in a strand. ... Receptor may refer to: In telecommunication, a receiver. ... Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by different genetically modified organisms following insertion of the relevant DNA into their genome. ... Recombination usually denotes a genetic event that occurs during the formation of sperm and egg cells (especially in areas of study of biology topics). ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Reduction or reducing has several meanings: In mathematics, reduction is the process of manipulating a series of equations or matrices into a desired simpler format. ... This article is about reflux, a technique in chemistry. ... In biology, replication is the act or ability to make a copy. ... The origin of replication (also called replication origin or oriC) is a unique DNA sequence at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. ... A replicon is a DNA molecule or a region of DNA that replicates as an individual unit. ... A repressor a protein that can regulate a gene by turning it on and off. ... Respiration can refer to: Cellular respiration, which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. ... A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA. The enzyme makes two incisions, one through each of the phosphate backbones of the double helix without damaging the bases. ... Genera Alpharetrovirus Betaretrovirus Gammaretrovirus Deltaretrovirus Epsilonretrovirus Lentivirus Spumavirus A retrovirus is a virus which has a genome consisting of two plus sense RNA molecules, which may or may not be identical. ... In molecular biology, the term restriction fragment length polymorphism (or RFLP) is used in two related contexts: as a characteristic of DNA molecules (arising from their differing nucleotide sequences) by which they may be distinguished, and as the laboratory technique which uses this characteristic to compare DNA molecules. ... A ρ factor (rho factor) is a protein found in prokaryotes, especially E. coli, involved in the termination of transcription. ... A rhodopsin molecule (yellow) in the cell membrane (blue). ... Ribose Ribose is a five carbon sugar (pentose) that is critical to living creatures. ... Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ... Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid consisting of a string of covalently-bound nucleotides. ... An RNA virus is a virus that either uses RNA as its genetic material, or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate during replication. ... Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used by all retroviruses and retrotransposons that transcribes the genetic information from the virus or retrotransposon from RNA into DNA, which can integrate into the host genome. ... The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ...

S

sarcoplasmic reticulum - satellite DNA - scientific notation - SDS-PAGE - second messenger - second messenger system - secondary structure - secretin - selectin - sensory receptor - sequence (non-mathematical) - sequence homology - sequence motif - sequencing - serine - serotonin - serotonin receptor - serpin - sexual reproduction - SH3 domain - SI - sigma factor - signal peptide - signal recognition particle - signal sequence - signal transduction - sincalide - skeleton - skin - smooth ER - sodium channel - sodium-hydrogen antiporter - soluble - solution - solvation - solvent - somatomedin - somatomedin receptor - somatostatin - somatostatin receptor - somatotropin - somatotropin receptor - somatotropin-releasing hormone - somatropin - sp1 transcription factor - spectrin - spectroscopy - src gene - src-family kinase - SSRI - starch - stem cell - stereochemistry - steroid 17 alpha-monooxygenase - steroid 21-monooxygenase - steroid receptor - stimulatory gs G-protein - stoichiometry - structural biology - structural domain - Structural formula - structural motif - substance P - substrate - sugar - sulfur - supercoil - superfamily - superoxide - surface immunoglobulin - suspension (chemistry) - synapse - synthetic vaccine - systems biology - The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ... Satellite DNA represents DNA sequences highly repeated, in tandem repeat, of a pattern from 2 to 2000 bp. ... Scientific notation is a convenient way to write very large and very small numbers. ... Picture of an SDS-PAGE. The molecular marker is in the left lane SDS-PAGE stands for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. ... In biology, second messengers are low-weight diffusible molecules that are used in signal transduction to relay a signal within a cell. ... A Second messenger system is a method of cellular signaling where the signalling molecule does not enter the cell but rather utilizes a cascade of events transduces the signal into a cellular change Second messenger systems utilize receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane which are generally coupled to... A representation of the 3D structure of the Myoglobin protein. ... Secretin is a hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in response to low duodenum pH and fatty acids in the duodenum to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate from bicarbonate producing organs(liver, pancreas, Brunners glands) when the pH drops below a set value. ... In a sensory system, a sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. ... Sequence can refer to: sequence, a logical and mathematical notion In biochemistry, a biopolymers sequence is synonymous with its primary structure: the list of basic building blocks constituting the polymer (for example a DNA sequence). ... Two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry, such as two chromosomes that contain the same genes. ... A sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern that is widespread and has, or is conjectured to have, a biological significance. ... In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. ... Serine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract. ... In the field of neurochemistry, 5-HT receptors are receptors for the neurotransmitter and peripheral signal mediator serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. 5-HT receptors are located on the cell membrane of nerve cells and other cell types in animals and mediate the effects of serotonin... Serine protease inhibitors or serpins (short for serine protease inhibitor) are a group of proteins that inhibit peptidases (old name: proteases). ... Reproduction is the creation of one thing as a copy of, product of, or replacement for a similar thing, e. ... An SH3 domain is a protein module, a characteristic peptide sequence. ... The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French phrase, Système International dUnités) is the most widely used system of units. ... Sigma factor (σ factor) is a prokaryotic initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase and promotes attachment to promoter sites on DNA. Structure Sigma factor has four main regions: N----------C 1 2 3 4 Region 1 regulates interaction with DNA. Region 2 binds RNAP and binds to the -10... A signal peptide is a short (15-60 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the post transrational transport of a protein. ... The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a protein-RNA complex that recognizes and transports specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. ... The term signal sequence can refer to any of the following: protein targeting signal peptide This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In biology, signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. ... In biology, the skeleton or skeletal system is the biological system providing support in living organisms. ... Model of the layers of human skin In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system; which is composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. ... The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ... A substance is soluble in a fluid if it dissolves in the fluid. ... Dissolving table salt in water In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (the solutes) dissolved in another substance (the solvent). ... Solvation is the attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ... Growth hormone is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other vertebrate animals. ... Spectroscopy is the study of spectra, that is, the dependence of physical quantities on frequency. ... SSRI is an acronym that stands for several things: It is a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI also is used as the stock symbol for Silver Standard Resources Inc. ... Starch is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water. ... Mouse embryonic stem cells. ... Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules. ... Steroid hormone receptors are generally intracellular receptors that perform signal transduction for steroid hormones. ... In chemistry, stoichiometry is the study of the combination of elements in chemical reactions. ... Structural biology is the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules--proteins and nucleic acids in particular--and what causes them to have the structures they have. ... Within a protein, a structural domain (domain) is an element of overall structure that is self-stabilizing and often folds independently of the rest of the protein chain. ... Many chemical compounds, especially hydrocarbons, can exist in different geometric configurations. ... In an unbranched, chain-like biological molecule, such as a protein or a strand of RNA, a structural motif is a three-dimensional structural element or fold within the chain, which appears also in a variety of other molecules. ... In neuroscience, Substance P is a neuropeptide: a short-chain polypeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. ... In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule which is acted upon by an enzyme. ... A sugar is a carbohydrate which is sweet to taste. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ... In a relaxed double-helical segment of DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10. ... Superoxide is a reactive anion and free radical, formally O2-. It is produced most easily by burning rubidium or caesium in oxygen. ... Flour suspended in water In chemistry, a suspension is a dispersion (mixture) in which a finely-divided species is combined with another species, with the former being so finely divided and mixed that it doesnt rapidly settle out. ... Synapses allow nerve cells to communicate with one another through axons and dendrites, converting electrical signals into chemical ones. ... Systems biology is an academic field that seeks to integrate high-throughput biological studies to understand how biological systems function. ...

T

T cell - T-cell antigen receptor - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin - tandem repeat sequence - taste bud - TATA box - tax gene product - taxonomy - telophase - Tertiary structure - tetrodotoxin - Thermochemistry - thermometer - Thiamin - thioredoxin - Threonine - thrombin - thrombin receptor - thrombomodulin - thromboxane receptor - thylakoid - thyroid hormone receptor - thyrotropin - thyrotropin receptor - thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor - thyroxine - Timeline of biology and organic chemistry - Titration - tobacco mosaic virus - Topoisomerase - Toxin - trans face - trans-activator - transcription factor - transcription factor AP-1 - transducin - transformation - transforming growth factor - transforming growth factor alpha - transforming growth factor beta - transforming growth factor beta receptor - translation (biology) - Transmembrane ATPase - transmembrane helix - transmembrane protein - transmembrane receptor - transport protein - transport vesicle - triiodothyronine - trinucleotide repeat - Triose - tropomyosin - troponin - Tryptophan - tubulin - tumor necrosis factor - tumor necrosis factor receptor - Tyrosine - tyrosine 3-monooxygenase - T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. ... This is a term from genetics, which describes a pattern that helps determine an individuals inherited traits. ... Taste buds (or lingual papillae) are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. ... A TATA box is a DNA sequence (cis-element) found in the promoter region of most genes (it is considered to be a promoter sequence). ... Taxonomy (from Greek ταξινομία (taxinomia) from the words taxis = order and nomos = law) may refer to either the classification of things, or the principles underlying the classification. ... Overview of the major events in mitosis In biology, mitosis is the process of chromosome segregation and nuclear division that follows replication of the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. ... In biochemistry, the tertiary structure of a protein is its overall shape. ... Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin, tetrodonic acid, TTX) is a potent neurotoxin, which blocks the nerve function in nerves by binding to the pore of voltage-gated sodium channel in nerve cell membranes. ... Thermochemistry is the application of thermodynamics to chemistry. ... A thermometer is a device used to measure temperatures or temperature changes. ... Thiamine mononitrate Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is a colorless compound with chemical formula C12H17ClN4OS. It is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. ... Thioredoxins are small proteins involved in thiol-redox processes. ... Threonine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Thrombin (activated Factor II) is a coagulation protein that has many effects in the coagulation cascade. ... A thylakoid is a phospholipid bilayer membrane internal to chloroplasts. ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... A Timeline of significant events in biology and organic chemistry // Before 1600 c. ... Titration setup. ... The Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an RNA virus that infects plants, especially tobacco, showing characteristic patterns (mottling and discoloration) on the leaves (thus the name). ... Topoisomerases (type I: EC 5. ... A toxin, in a scientific context, is a biologically produced substance that causes injury to the health of a living thing on contact or absorption, typically by interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes and receptors. ... Trans is a Latin word meaning on the opposite side and is the opposite of cis, which means on the same side. In chemistry, a bond not subject to free rotation in which the greater radical on both ends is on the opposite side of the bond is called trans. ... In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription. ... Transducin is the name given to the G-protein alpha-subunits that are naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones. ... Transformation has two meanings in molecular biology: Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign DNA. Transformation is also the process by which normal cells are converted into cells that will continue to divide without limit. ... Transforming growth factor (TGF) is one of many characterized growth factors that exist in nature. ... Transforming growth factor (TGF) is one of many characterized growth factors that exist in nature. ... Transforming growth factor (TGF) is one of many characterized growth factors that exist in nature. ... Transforming growth factor (TGF) is one of many characterized growth factors that exist in nature. ... Translation in the cytoplasm; tRNA carries amino acids which are added to the growing peptide chain in the ribosome. ... ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate ion. ... Within an integral membrane protein, a transmembrane helix is a segment that is alpha-helical in structure, roughly 20 amino acids in length and (though it may be presumed to lie within the protein, out of contact with the surrounding lipid bilayer) is said to span the membrane. ... A transmembrane protein is an integral membrane protein that spans from the internal to the external surface of the biological membrane or lipid bilayer in which it is embedded. ... Transmembrane receptors are integral membrane proteins, which reside and operate typically within a cells plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of some subcellular compartments and organelles. ... A transport protein is a protein involved in facilitated diffusion. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ... A triose is a monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. ... A tropomyosin is any of a group of muscle proteins that bind to molecules of actin and troponin to regulate the interaction of actin and myosin. ... Troponin is a protein complex that confers calcium sensitivity to muscle cells. ... Tryptophan is an amino acid and essential in human nutrition. ... Tubulin is the protein which makes up microtubules. ... In medicine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, cachexin or cachectin) is an important cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and the acute phase response. ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in cheese), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ...

U

Ubiquitin - Urea - Urea cycle - Uric acid - UV/VIS spectroscopy - Ubiquitin is a small protein that occurs in most eukaryotic cells. ... Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO and the structure shown right: Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ... The Urea Cycle is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animal organisms that produces urea from ammonia. ... It is a minor end-product of nitrogen metabolism in the human body (the main product being urea), and is found in small amounts in urine. ... Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ...

V

vaccine - vacuole - valence - valine - van der Waals force - van der Waals radius - vapor pressure - vapour pressure - vasoactive intestinal peptide - vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor - vasopressin - vasopressin receptor - venom - vertebrate photoreceptor - vesicle - vestibular system - vimentin - viral envelope protein - viral oncogene protein - viral protein - virology - virus (biology) - vitamin - vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein - vitellogenin - von Willebrand factor - A bottle and a syringe containing the influenza vaccine. ... Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells where they serve a variety of different functions: capturing food materials or unwanted structural debris surrounding the cell, sequestering materials that might be toxic to the cell, maintaining fluid balance (called turgor) within the cell, exporting unwanted substances from the... Valence is a scientific term in chemistry to describe electrons in the outermost orbital. ... Valine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth, and is coded for in DNA. Nutritionally, valine is also an essential amino acid. ... In chemistry, the term Van der Waals force originally referred to all forms of intermolecular forces; however, in modern usage it tends to refer only to London forces: those forces which arise from induced rather than permanent dipoles. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The vapor pressure is the pressure (if the vapor is mixed with other gases, the partial pressure) of a vapor. ... The vapor pressure is the pressure (if the vapor is mixed with other gases, the partial pressure) of a vapor. ... VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. ... Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. ... Wasp stinger, with droplet of venom Venom is a general term for the poisons used by several groups of animal species, for the purpose of defense and hunting prey. ... Photoreceptors are light-sensitive proteins involved in the function of photoreceptor cells. ... In cell biology, a vesicle is a relatively small and enclosed compartment, separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. ... The vestibular system, or balance system, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about our movement and orientation in space. ... Intermediate filaments are one component of the cytoskeleton - important structural components of living cells. ... The outer shell of a virus is called the capsid. ... Three types of viruses: a bacterial virus, otherwise called a bacteriophage (left center); an animal virus (top right); and a retrovirus (bottom right). ... Virology is the study of viruses and their properties. ... A common alternate meaning of virus is computer virus. ... Vitamins are organic chemicals that a given living organism requires in trace quantities for good health, but which the organism cannot synthesize, and therefore must obtain from its diet. ... Von Willebrand factor (vWF, also called Factor VIII-related antigen) is a blood protein of the coagulation system. ...

W

Water - Water (from the Old English word wæter and the German word Wasser) is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless substance in its pure form that is essential to all known forms of life and is known also as the most universal solvent. ...

X

X chromosome - X-ray crystallography - X-ray diffraction - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Xenobiology - The human X chromosome, is is one of the two chromosomes involved in the XY sex-determination system. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface sensitive analytic tool to study the surface composition and electronic state of a sample. ... Astrobiology (in Greek astron = star, bios = life and logos = word/science), also known as exobiology (Greek: exo = out) or xenobiology (Greek: xenos = foreign) is the term for a speculative field within biology which considers the possible variety of extraterrestrial life. ...

Y

Y chromosome - Yeast - The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ... Yeasts constitute a group of single-celled (unicellular) fungi, a few species of which are commonly used to leaven bread and ferment alcoholic beverages. ...

Z

Zymology - Zymology is the science of fermentation. ...