This is a list of biology disciplines. Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor...

Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor... Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ... Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary field, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology, which considers the question of whether extraterrestrial life exists and if so, then what are its origin, distribution, and evolution. ... Biochemistry is the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. ... Bioinformatics or computational biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, container) is an academic discipline which studies cells. ... (Ecology is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for the natural environment. ... Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. ... Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, i. ... Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ... Genomics is the study of an organisms genome and the use of the genes. ... Marine biology is the study of animal and plant life within waterbound ecosystems. ... Human biology is an academic field of biology which focuses on humans; it is closely related to medicine, primate biology, and a number of other fields. ... Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. ... A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Taxonomy (from Greek ταξινομία (taxinomia) from the words taxis = order and nomos = law) may refer to either the classification of things, or the principles underlying the classification. ... Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ...

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Aerobiology -- Anatomy -- Arachnology-- Astrobiology Aerobiology is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects and pollen, which are passively transported by the air (Spieksma, 1991). ... Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ... Arachnology is the scientific study of spiders and related organisms such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, altogether called arachnids. ... Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary field, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology, which considers the question of whether extraterrestrial life exists and if so, then what are its origin, distribution, and evolution. ...

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Biochemistry -- Bionics -- Biogeography -- Bioinformatics -- Biological psychiatry -- Biomechanics -- Biophysics-- Biotechnology -- Botany Biochemistry is the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. ... Bionics (also known as Biomimetics, Biognosis or Biomimicry, a short form of Biomechanics - from the Greek word βιος - pronounced vios - which means life, and the word mechanics) is the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. ... Biogeography is the science which deals with questions of species patterns of distribution and the process that resulted in such patterns. ... Bioinformatics or computational biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ... Biological psychiatry, sometimes referred to as bio-psychiatry, is a term used mainly by critics of mainstream mental health orthodoxy to describe what many believe are unproven and subjective diagnostic and treatment practices in the mental health field. ... Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms, pioneered by Professor Yuan-Cheng Fung. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. ... Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ...

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Cell biology -- Chorology -- Cladistics -- Crustaceology -- Cryptozoology -- Cycles -- Cytology Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, container) is an academic discipline which studies cells. ... Chorology (from Greek khoros place) can mean the study of the causal relations between geographical phenomena occurring within a particular region the study of the spatial distribution of organisms. ... This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ... Crustaceology is a branch of both zoology and biology; it deals with the science of crustaceans. ... Cryptozoology is the study of rumored animals that are presumed (at least by the researcher) to exist, but for which conclusive proof does not yet exist, or for animals which are generally considered extinct, but are occasionally reported. ... Cycles are series of states or conditions that repeat themselves, usually after a regular or nearly regular period. ... Cytology (also known as Cell biology) is the scientific study of cells. ...

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Developmental biology -- Disease (Genetic diseases, Infectious diseases) -- Ecology (Theoretical ecology, Symbiology, Autecology, Synecology) Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. ... A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ... A genetic disorder, or genetic disease is a disease caused, at least in part, by the genes of the person with the disease. ... In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent (e. ... (Ecology is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for the natural environment. ... Theoretical ecology refers to several intellectual traditions. ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their magnificent sea anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... Population ecology is a major subfield of ecology—one that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. ... Community ecology is the study of the distribution, abundance, demography, and interactions between populations coexisting species. ...

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Epidemiology -- Ethology -- Entomology -- Evolutionary biology (Evolution) -- Evolutionary developmental biology -- Endocrinology Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations (Rothman and Greenland), and the application of this study to control health problems (Last 2001). ... Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour considered as a branch of zoology. ... Entomology is the scientific study of insects. ... Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, i. ... Charles Darwin, father of the theory of evolution by natural selection. ... Evolutionary developmental biology (evolution of development or informally, evo-devo) is a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved. ... Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ...

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Freshwater biology == Freshwater angelfish Freshwater biology is a field of biology that studies animal and plant life found in all areas of fresh water. ...

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Genetics (Population genetics, Quantitative genetics, Genomics, Proteomics) -- Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ... Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the five evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration and nonrandom mating. ... Quantitative genetics, the field founded by the originators of the modern synthesis, Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane, aims to predict the response to selection given data on the phenotype and relationships of individuals. ... Genomics is the study of an organisms genome and the use of the genes. ... Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. ...

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Herpetology -- Histology -- Human biology (Anthropology) -- Ichthyology -- Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians, including their classification, ecology, behavior, physiology, anatomy, and paleontology. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Human biology is an academic field of biology which focuses on humans; it is closely related to medicine, primate biology, and a number of other fields. ... Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, human) consists of the study of humankind (see genus Homo). ... Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. ...

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Immunology -- Infectious diseases Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent (e. ...

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Limnology Limnology is a discipline that concerns the study of in-land waters (both saline and fresh), specifically lakes, ponds and rivers (both natural and manmade), including their biological, physical, chemical, and hydrological aspects. ...

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Malacology -- Mammalogy -- Marine biology -- Microbiology (Bacteriology) -- Molecular biology -- Morphology -- Mycology (Lichenology) -- Myrmecology -- Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ... In biology, mammalogy is the study of mammals, a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. ... Marine biology is the study of animal and plant life within waterbound ecosystems. ... Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes. ... Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including unicellular (single-celled) eukaryotes and prokaryotes, fungi, and viruses. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... Morphology is the following: In linguistics, morphology is the study of the structure of word forms. ... Mycology (from Gk. ... Lichenology is the part of Botany that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up by the association of a microscopical alga with a filamentous fungus. ... Myrmecology is the branch of entomology dealing with ants. ...

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Nematology -- Neuroscience (Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, Systems neuroscience, Biological psychology, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology, Behavioral science, Neuroethology, Psychophysics, Computational neuroscience, Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive science) Neuroscience is a field of study which deals with the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system, divided most generally into the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the myriad nerve pathways running throughout the... Neuroanatomy is the anatomy of the nervous system. ... Neurophysiology is a part of physiology as a science, which is concerned with the study of the nervous system. ... Systems neuroscience is the study of the function of neural circuits in intact organisms. ... It has been suggested that psychobiology be merged into this article or section. ... Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that diagnoses, treats, and studies mental illness and behavioral conditions. ... Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of any psychoactive drug that acts upon the mind by affecting brain chemistry. ... Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior is interesting and worthy of scientific research. ... Neuroethology (from Greek - neuron meaning from nerves, ethos meaning trait or character, and logos meaning words or study) is the scientific study of animal behaviour with its base in neurology. ... Psychophysics is the branch of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception. ... Computational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field which draws on neuroscience, computer science and applied mathematics. ... Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience and biological psychology involving the study of the neural mechanisms of cognition, but sometimes is seen as part of a wider interdisciplinary study of cognition, cognitive science. ... Rendering of human brain based on MRI data Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ...

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Oncology (the study of cancer) -- Ontogeny -- Origin of life -- Ornithology Media:Example. ... Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. ... Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. ... Ornithology (from the Greek ornitha = chicken and logos = word/science) is the branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of birds. ...

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Paleontology (Paleobotany, Paleozoology)-- Parasitology -- Pathology -- Phycology (Algology) -- Phylogeny (Phylogenetics, Phylogeography) -- Physiology -- Phytopathology A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... Paleobotany (from the Greek words paleon = old and votany = plant) is the branch of paleontology dealing with the recovery and identification of plant remains from geological contexts, and their use in the reconstruction of past environments. ... Paleozoology (Greek: paleon = old and zoon = animal) is the branch of paleontology dealing with the recovery and identification of animal remains from archeological (or even geological) contexts, and their use in the reconstruction of past environments and economies. ... Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ... Pathology (in ancient Greek pathos = feeling, pain, suffering and logos = discourse or treatise, i. ... Phycology (or algology), a subdiscipline of botany, is the study of algae. ... In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences. ... In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences. ... Phylogeography is the attempt to take into account the geographic distribution of species in establishing their phylogeny, and to understand the geographic patterns that may result from divergence, ultimately leading to speciation. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Phytopathology or Plant Pathology is the science of diagnosing and managing plant diseases. ...

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Reproductive biology ...

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Structural biology -- Systems biology -- Sociobiology Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology concerned with the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules--proteins and nucleic acids in particular—and what causes them to have the structures they have. ... Systems biology is an academic field that seeks to integrate high-throughput biological studies to understand how biological systems function. ... Sociobiology is a synthesis of scientific disciplines that attempts to explain behaviour in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages of social behaviours. ...

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Taxonomy -- Toxicology (the study of poisons and pollution) Taxonomy, sometimes alpha taxonomy, is the science of finding, describing and naming organisms, thus giving rise to taxa. ... Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicon and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. ... Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ...

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Virology Virology is the study of viruses and their properties. ...

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Xenobiology Astrobiology (in Greek astron = star, bios = life and logos = word/science), also known as exobiology (Greek: exo = out) or xenobiology (Greek: xenos = foreign) is the term for a speculative field within biology which considers the possible variety of extraterrestrial life. ...

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Zoology Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ...