This page aims to list articles related to biology. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by following the Related changes link. This list is not necessarily complete or up to date; if you see an article that should be here but is not (or one that should not be here but is), please update the page accordingly. Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor...

Related lists: list of biochemistry topics, list of molecular biology topics, list of evolutionary biology topics, list of biologists. (See Wikipedia:Biology basic topics for a pared-down list of the most basic biology topics that should be covered in an encyclopedia, organized by topic). This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to biochemistry. ... This is a list of topics in molecular biology. ... This is a list of topics in evolutionary biology and evolution. ... Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of notable biologists. ...

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abiogenesis - absorption spectrum - acetyl CoA - acrosome - acrosome reaction - actin - action potential - activation energy - active site - active transport - adaptive radiation - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - aerobic - affinity chromatography - albinism - albumin - alcohol - Alexander Fleming - Alfred Russel Wallace - algae - allele - allele frequency - allosteric site - allostery - alpha helix - alternative splicing - Ames test - amine - amino acid - Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - anabolism - anaerobic - anaphase - anatomy - Andrew Huxley - animalia - animals - antibiotic - antibiotic resistance - antibody - anticodon - antigen - antigenic determinant - antigenic shift - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - apoptosis - Arabidopsis - arbovirus - archaebacteria - artificial life - aseptic technique in microbiology - asexual reproduction - ATPase - ATP synthase - audition - autoradiography - autosome - autotrophic - avian influenza - axon Jump to: navigation, search Abiogenesis (Greek a-bio-genesis, non biological origins) is, in its most general sense, the hypothetical generation of life from non-living matter. ... An absorption spectrum is a diagram depicting the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a material. ... Categories: Biochemistry stubs | Thiols ... In spermatozoa of many animals, the acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the spermatozoons head. ... In sperm cells of many higher animals, the acrosome develops over the anterior half of its head. ... Jump to: navigation, search Actin (red) profilin (blue) complex. ... Jump to: navigation, search A. Schematic of an electrophysiological recording of an action potential showing the various phases which occur as the wave passes a point on a cell membrane. ... The activation energy in chemistry is the energy needed by a system to initiate a particular process. ... The active site of an enzyme is the binding site where catalysis occurs. ... Active transport is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/molecular substances, across membranes. ... Adaptive radiation describes the rapid speciation of a single or a few species to fill many ecological niches. ... Jump to: navigation, search Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... Aerobic is an adjective that means requiring air (where air usually means oxygen). ... Jump to: navigation, search Affinity chromatography is a biochemical separation method that combines size fractionation capability of gel permeation chromatography with the ability to design a stationary phase that reversibly binds to a known subset of molecules. ... Jump to: navigation, search Albinism (from Latin albus, meaning white) is a lack of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. ... Jump to: navigation, search You may be looking Albumin is a blood plasma protein that is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. ... Jump to: navigation, search In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... Jump to: navigation, search Alexander Fleming Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) discovered the antibiotic substance lysozyme and isolated the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum, for which he shared a Nobel Prize. ... Jump to: navigation, search Alfred Russel Wallace for the Cornish painter see Alfred Wallis Alfred Russel Wallace, OM , FRS (January 8, 1823 – November 7, 1913) was a British naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. ... A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ... Jump to: navigation, search It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with gene. ... Jump to: navigation, search Allele frequency is a term of population genetics that is used in characterizing the genetic diversity of a species population, or equivalently the richness of its gene pool. ... In biochemistry, an enzyme or other protein is allosteric if its activity or efficiency changes in response to the binding of an effector molecule at a so-called allosteric site. ... In biochemistry, an enzyme or other protein is allosteric if its activity or efficiency changes in response to the binding of an effector molecule at a so-called allosteric site. ... A diagram of the alpha helix structure of amino acids In proteins, the α helix is a major structural motif in secondary structure. ... Various modes of alternative splicing Alternative splicing is the process that occurs in eukaryotes in which the splicing process of a pre_mRNA can lead to different ripe mRNA molecules and therefore to different proteins. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Ames test is a biological assay used in genetics, generally genetic toxicology, to test for mutagenic properties of a chemical compound. ... Ammonia Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. ... Jump to: navigation, search In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ... Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that is characterized by growth. ... Anaerobic is a technical word which literally means without air. ... A lung cell of a newt during early anaphase of mitosis. ... Jump to: navigation, search Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ... Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley OM FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London, England, UK) is a British physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve action potentials, the electrical impulses that enable the... Jump to: navigation, search Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria Placozoa Subregnum Bilateria  Acoelomorpha  Orthonectida  Rhombozoa  Myxozoa  Superphylum Deuterostomia     Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... Jump to: navigation, search Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria Placozoa Subregnum Bilateria  Acoelomorpha  Orthonectida  Rhombozoa  Myxozoa  Superphylum Deuterostomia     Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Jump to: navigation, search Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ... Jump to: navigation, search Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... An anticodon is a unit made up of nucleotides that plays an important role in various DNA cycles, including DNA transcription. ... An antigen is a molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies. ... Antigenic shift is the process by which two different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. ... Anton von Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 _ August 26, 1723) was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, in the Netherlands. ... In biology, apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling, pronounced ap-a-tow-sis[1]) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). ... Binomial name Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ... An Arbovirus (short for Arthropod borne virus) is a virus that is primarily transmitted by arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes. ... Phyla / Classes Phylum Crenarchaeota Phylum Euryarchaeota     Halobacteria     Methanobacteria     Methanococci     Methanopyri     Archaeoglobi     Thermoplasmata     Thermococci Phylum Korarchaeota Phylum Nanoarchaeota The Archaea are a major group of prokaryotes. ... Artificial life, also known as alife or a-life, is the study of life through the use of human-made analogs of living systems. ... Microbiologists and students of microbiology may use an aseptic technique to attempt to keep specimens of microorganisms free of microbial contamination. ... Asexual reproduction the simplest form of reproduction and does not involve meiosis, gamete formation, or fertilization. ... ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate ion. ... An ATP synthase (EC 3. ... Audition can refer to: The sense of hearing The audio editing software Adobe Audition ... An autoradiograph is an image produced on a photographic film by the radiation from a radioactive substance. ... An autosome is a non-sex chromosome. ... An autotroph (in Greek eauton = self and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that produces its own cell mass and organic compounds from carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, using either light or chemical compounds as a source of energy. ... Jump to: navigation, search Influenza A virus, the virus that causes Avian flu. ... Jump to: navigation, search An axon, or nerve fibre, is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, which conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body or soma. ...

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B cell - bacterial conjugation - Barr body - beta sheet - biodiversity - biology - biology basic topics - blastomere - blastula - blunt end - bromuracil - bacteria - barbiturate - biochemical techniques - biochemistry - bioinformatics - membranes - biological psychology - biological tissues - biologist - biomechanics - biophysics - biopolymer - biotechnology - BLAST - blood - blood cell - blood count - bone - botany B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response). ... Bacterial conjugation is the often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating; however it is not actually sexual as it does not involve the fusing of gametes and the creation of a zygote, it is merely the exchange of genetic information. ... In those species in which sex is determined by the presence of the Y or W chromosome rather than the diploidy of the X or Z, a Barr body is the inactive X chromosome in a female cell, or the inactive Z in a male. ... Diagram of Β-Pleated sheet and bond structure of protein The β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is a commonly occurring form of regular secondary structure in proteins, first proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951. ... Jump to: navigation, search Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of and in living nature. ... Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor... A blastomere is the structure which results from the divisions of a fertilised egg during embryonic development . ... Embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which leads to the development of an embryo. ... In biology, sticky end and blunt end are the two possible configurations resulting from the breaking of double-stranded DNA. DNA exhibits a stabilizing interaction between complementary base pairs, providing specificity to the pairing of two strands of DNA. If two complementary strands of DNA are of equal length, then... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... Biochemistry is the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. ... Jump to: navigation, search Bioinformatics or computational biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ... A biological membrane or biomembrane is a membrane which acts as a barrier within or around a cell. ... It has been suggested that psychobiology be merged into this article or section. ... Biological tissue is a substance made up of cells that perform a similar function. ... Jump to: navigation, search A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms, pioneered by Professor Yuan-Cheng Fung. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. ... A biopolymer is a polymer found in nature. ... Jump to: navigation, search Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Blast can be an initialism: An algorithm, used in bioinformatics, see BLAST. BLAST can also mean Berkeley Lazy Abstraction Software Verification Tool. BLAST can also mean Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope The journal of the Vorticism movement, published in 1914 and 1915: see BLAST. A figure from Norse mythology... Jump to: navigation, search Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ... A blood cell is any cell of any type normally found in blood. ... A full blood count (FBC) or complete blood count (CBC) is a test requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patients blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ... Jump to: navigation, search Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ...

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C3 carbon fixation - C4 photosynthesis - Calvin cycle - CAM photosynthesis - CAM plants - cancer - capacitation - capillary - carbohydrate - carbon fixation - carnivore - Carolus Linnaeus - carotine - carrier - cartilage - catabolism - cell - cell biology - cell division - cell growth - cell nucleus - cell metabolism - cellular respiration - cellulose - centriole - centromere - centrosome - chaperone protein - Charles Robert Darwin - chemiosmosis - chemautotrophic - chiasma - chimera (animal) - Chi square test - chlorophyll - chloroplast - chloroplast membrane - cholesterine - chromatid - chromatin - chromatography - chromosome - chromosome walking - cilium - cis face - cisterna - citric acid cycle - cladistics - classical genetics - clearance - clogging - cloning - codon - codon use bias - coenzyme - colchicine - collagen - colony - common descent - competitive exclusion principle - competitive inhibition - computational biology - concentration gradient - convergent evolution - cooperativity - cooperativity cellular respiration - cotransport metabolism - Craig Venter - cristae - crossing over - cryptobiology - CT - C-terminus - culture - cuticula - cyclic electron flow - cytoplasm - cytoskeleton - cytosol - cytotoxic T cell C3 carbon fixation is a pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. ... For other meanings of C4, see C4 (disambiguation) C4 carbon fixation is a common metabolic pathway found in land [[plant](C4 plants). ... The Calvin cycle (also known as Calvin-Benson cycle) is a series of biochemical reactions taking place in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms. ... Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. ... Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ... Capacitation refers to the post-ejaculatory process that takes place in mammalian spermatozoa that renders them competent to interact with, and fertilize, an oocyte. ... Capillaries are the smallest of a bodys blood vessels, measuring 5-10 μm. ... Jump to: navigation, search Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that consist of monosaccharide sugars of varying chain lengths and that have the general chemical formula Cm(H2O)n or are derivatives of such. ... Carbon fixation is a process found in photosynthesis in autotrophic plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Carnivores are animals that eat a diet consisting only of meat, whether it comes from live animals or dead (scavenging). ... Jump to: navigation, search Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné â–¶(?), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ... Jump to: navigation, search In general, a carrier is a system or process with a specific property or is attributed of something (in physical or in abstract sense). ... Jump to: navigation, search Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. ... Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that contributes to growth. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the building blocks of life. ... Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, container) is an academic discipline which studies cells. ... Cell division is the process by which a cell (called the parent cell) divides into two cells (called daughter cells). ... The term cell growth is used in two different ways in biology. ... Jump to: navigation, search In cell biology, the nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, kernel) is found in all eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cells genetic material. ... A few of the metabolic pathways in a cell. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cellular respiration is the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes. ... Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a long-chain polymer polysaccharide carbohydrate, of beta-glucose. ... Jump to: navigation, search The centriole is the smallest part of a cell. ... The centromere is a region of a eukaryotic chromosome where the kinetochore is assembled. ... The centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the cell. ... A chaperone protein catalyzes the correct folding of other proteins within the cell. ... Charles Robert Darwin in 1854, five years prior to the publication of The Origin of Species Charles Robert Darwin (February 12, 1809 – April 19, 1882) was an English naturalist whose revolutionary theory laid the foundation for both the modern theory of evolution and the principle of common descent by proposing... The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis is the proposal in 1961, by Peter D. Mitchell, that the mitochondrion functioned as a kind of electrochemical capacitor, using the energy of NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane and that this energy was used by a reversible proton pump, the... Chemautotroph An chemautotroph is an organism that obtains its carbon from carbon dioxide using the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds. ... A chiasma, related to the Greek word for cross, is the technical term for the crossing-over of two chromatids during cellular reproduction, ie, mitosis or meiosis. ... In zoology, a chimera is an animal which has two or more different populations of cells, which are genetically distinct and which originated in different zygotes (fertilized eggs). ... Pearsons chi-square test (χ2) is one of a variety of chi-square tests – statistical procedures whose results are evaluated by reference to the chi-square distribution. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chlorophyll is a green photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ... Jump to: navigation, search The inside of a chloroplast Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae which conduct photosynthesis. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function. ... Jump to: navigation, search A chromatid forms one part of a chromosome after it has coalesced for the process of mitosis or meiosis. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chromatin says screw you people. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chromatography is a family of analytical chemistry techniques for the separation of mixtures. ... Jump to: navigation, search Figure 1: Chromosome. ... Chromosome walking is a method in genetics for identifying and sequencing long parts of a DNA strand, e. ... Jump to: navigation, search cross-section of two motile cilia, showing the 9+2 structure A cilium (plural cilia) is an organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell. ... A cisterna (plural cisternae) comprises a flattened membrane disk which makes up the Golgi apparatus. ... Jump to: navigation, search The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ... This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ... Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of genetics that predate the advent of molecular biology. ... Jump to: navigation, search A clearance can refer to: a closeout sale in engineering and safety, a physical distance or space tolerance, as in a truck (lorry) or boat under a bridge an authorization or permission from an authority (i. ... Clogging is a traditional type of percussive folk dance which is common in the Appalachian Region of the United States, associated with the predecessor to bluegrass - old time music which is based on Irish and Scots-Irish fiddle tunes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. ... RNA codons. ... A coenzyme (a. ... Colchicine is a highly poisonous alkaloid, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum (Autumn crocus, also known as the Meadow saffron). Originally used to treat rheumatic complaints and especially gout, it was also prescribed for its cathartic and emetic effects. ... Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue. ... In biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) means several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defences, the ability to attack bigger prey etc. ... A group of organisms is said to have common descent if they have a common ancestor. ... The competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as Gauses Law of competitive exclusion or just Gauses Law, states that two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist. ... In Chemistry:A chemical inhibitor is any substance which will prevent any two other substances from reacting due to its presence, often by reacting with one or the other first. ... Bioinformatics or computational biology is the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ... An ion gradient is a concentration gradient of ions, it can be called an electrochemical potential gradient of ions across membranes. ... In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution describes the process whereby organisms not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate and sometimes varying ecosystems. ... Cooperativity is a phenomenon in biology displayed by enzymes or receptors that have multiple binding sites. ... Jump to: navigation, search Dr. Venter (right) with Michael Janich on his visit in Hong Kong in December 2004 John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946, Salt Lake City) is an American biologist and businessman. ... Cristae are the infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. ... Chromosomal crossover is the process by which two chromosomes, paired up during Prophase I of meiosis, exchange some distal portion of their DNA. Crossover occurs when two chromosomes, normally two homologous instances of the same chromosome, break and then reconnect but to the different end piece. ... Cryptozoology is the study of rumored or mythological animals that are presumed to exist, but for which conclusive proof does not yet exist; or are generally considered extinct, but occasionally reported. ... CT apparatus in a hospital Computed axial tomography (CAT), computer-assisted tomography, computed tomography, CT, or body section roentgenography is the process of using digital processing to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around... The C-terminal end refers to the extremity of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free carboxyl group (COOH). ... Look up Culture on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikinews has news related to this article: Culture and entertainment Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Cultural Development in Antiquity Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Culture and Civilization in Modern Times Classificatory system for cultures and civilizations, by Dr. Sam Vaknin... The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cytoplasm is a homogeneous, generally clear jelly-like material that fills cells. ... The cytoskeleton is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained, as all other organelles, within the cytoplasm. ... ÃThe cytosol (as opposed fatty cytoplasm, which also includes the organelles) is the internal fluid of the cell, and a large part of cell metabolism occurs here. ... A cytotoxic (or TC) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class I MHC molecules of virus infected somatic cells and tumor cells. ...

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decarboxylation reaction - defective interfering particle - denaturation - dendrite - dendritic cell - dengue fever - depolarization - developmental biology - diabetes - dialysis - digestion - digital organism - diffusion - dimer - diploid - disulfide bridge - DNA - DNA replication - DNA sequence - DNA virus - double helix - Down syndrome - Drosophila - drugs - dynein A carboxyl or carboxylic group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl (-OH) group. ... Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are virus particles that are missing part or all of their genome. ... Denaturation is a structural change in biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, usually caused by heat, acids, bases, detergents, or certain chemicals such as urea. ... (The term dendrite may also refer to the metallurgical dendrite. ... Dendritic cells (DC) are immune cells and form part of the mammal immune system. ... Jump to: navigation, search Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics, with a geographical spread similar to malaria. ... In biology, depolarization is the event a cell undergoes when its membrane potential grows more positive with respect to the extracellular solution. ... Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Jump to: navigation, search In medicine, renal dialysis is a method for removing waste such as urea from the blood when the kidneys are incapable of this (i. ... Jump to: navigation, search Digestion is the process whereby a biological entity processes a substance, in order to chemically convert the substance into nutrients. ... A digital organism is a self-replicating computer program that mutates and evolves. ... Jump to: navigation, search Diffusion, being the spontaneous spreading of matter (particles), heat, or momentum, is one type of transport phenomena. ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ... Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ... A disulfide bond (SS-bond), also called a disulfide bridge, is a strong covalent bond between two sulfhydryl groups. ... Jump to: navigation, search Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). ... DNA replication. ... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine... A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and does not use an RNA intermediate during replication. ... The Double-Helix are an alien race in the Wing Commander science fiction series. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 dorsal view Drosophila melanogaster (Black-bellied Dew-lover) a dipteran (two-winged) insect, is the species of fruit fly that is commonly used in genetic experiments; it is among the most important model organisms. ... Many drugs are provided in tablet form. ... Dynein is a class of protein found in biological cells and is involved in their reproduction. ...

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E. coli - ebola - Ecdysone - ecology - ecological genetics - ectotherm - Edward Jenner - Edward's Syndrome - electromagnetic energy - electron transport chain - electrophoresis - electrophysiology - embryo - embryonal development - Emerson effect - Emmer group - endergonic reaction - endodermis - endomembrane system - endoplasmic reticulum - endosymbiont - endosymbiosis - endosymbiotic theory - endotherm - energy trap - Engelmann effect - enhancer - entomology - enzyme - epidermis - epigenetics - equilibrium - Ernst Haeckel - ethanol - eubacteria - eugenics - eukaryote - evolution - evolutionary biology - evolutionary developmental biology - evolutionary tree - Ewens's sampling formula - excretion - exergonic reaction - exon - experimental evolution - expressed sequence tag (EST) - extinction - eye Binomial name Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of food. ... Jump to: navigation, search Species Ivory Coast ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus Sudan ebolavirus Zaire virus Ebola hemorrhagic fever (alternatively Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever, EHF, or just Ebola) is a very rare, but severe, mostly fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and other primates, caused by the Ebola virus. ... Ecdysone is a prohormone of the major insect moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. ... Jump to: navigation, search (Ecology is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for the natural environment. ... Ecological genetics is the study of genetics (itself a field of biology) from an ecological perspective. ... Cold-blooded organisms, more technically known as poikilothermic, are animals that have no internal metabolic mechanism for regulating their body temperatures. ... Jump to: navigation, search Edward Jenner (May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823) was an English country doctor practicing in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England, famous for his work introducing the Smallpox vaccine. ... Trisomy 18 or Edwards Syndrome, is the second most common trisomy after Downs Syndrome. ... Electrical energy or Electromagnetic energy is a form of energy present in any electric field or magnetic field, or in any volume containing electromagnetic radiation. ... The electron transfer chain (also called the electron transport chain, or simply electron transport), is a series of protein complexers and lipid messengers spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from electron donors such as NADH or succinate, shuttles these electrons from within the mitochondrial matrix across the inner... Electrophoresis is the movement of an electrically charged body under the influence of an electric field. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa). ... Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation) is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation. ... Jump to: navigation, search An endergonic reaction is a chemical reaction in which the change in free energy is positive. ... Endodermis is the bottom layer of skin. ... The endomembrane system is the system of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. ... Jump to: navigation, search The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ... Jump to: navigation, search An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism, i. ... An endosymbiont (also known as intracellular symbiont) is any organism that lives within cells of another organism, i. ... Jump to: navigation, search The endosymbiotic theory concerns the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells. ... A warm-blooded (homeothermic) animal is one that can keep its core body temperature at a nearly constant level regardless of the temperature of the surrounding environment (that is, to maintain thermal homeostasis) . This can involve not only the ability to generate heat, but also the ability to cool down... In genetics, an enhancer is a short region of DNA which can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes (hence the name) in a gene-cluster. ... Jump to: navigation, search Entomology is the scientific study of insects. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ribbon diagram of the catalytically perfect enzyme TIM. Factor D enzyme crystal prevents the immune system from inappropriately running out of control. ... Epidermis could refer to: In plants, the outermost layer of cells covering the leaves and young parts of a plant, see plant dermal tissue system. ... The term epigenetics has over time been used in various senses, in part because the Greek prefix epi- has at least six meanings in English (including on, after and in addition), but also because various theories of epigenetic development, inheritance, and evolution have been proposed (see Historical notes below). ... Jump to: navigation, search Equilibrium or balance is any of a number of related phenomena in the natural and social sciences. ... Ernst Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 - August 8, 1919), also written von Haeckel, was a German biologist and philosopher who popularized Charles Darwins work in Germany. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is an flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria is also the fictional name of a warring nation under Benzino Napaloni as dictator, in the 1940 film The Great Dictator... Jump to: navigation, search Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Congress of Eugenics, 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ... Jump to: navigation, search Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista A eukaryote (also spelled eucaryote) is an organism with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... Jump to: navigation, search Charles Darwin, father of the theory of evolution by natural selection. ... Jump to: navigation, search Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, i. ... Evolutionary developmental biology (evolution of development or informally, evo-devo) is a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved. ... The evolutionary tree of living things is currently supposed to run something along the lines of that listed below. ... In population genetics, Ewenss sampling formula, introduced by Warren Ewens, states that under certain conditions (specified below), if a random sample of n gametes is taken from a population and classified according to the gene at a particular locus then the probability that there are a1 alleles represented once... Jump to: navigation, search Excretion is the biological process by which an organism chemically separates waste products from its body. ... An exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the variation of free energy is negative. ... Exons are the regions of DNA within a gene that are not spliced out from the transcribed RNA and are retained in the final messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. ... Jump to: navigation, search In evolutionary biology, the field of experimental evolution is concerned with testing the theory of evolution in controlled experiments. ... An expressed sequence tag or EST is a short sub-sequence of a protein-coding DNA sequence. ... Jump to: navigation, search In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of taxons. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

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facilitated diffusion - FAD - FADH - FADH2 - feedback inhibition - Fehling solution - fermentation - Fick's law of diffusion - fitness - fitness landscape - flagellum - flavine - flaviviridae - fluid mosaic model - foot and mouth disease - fossil - Francis Crick - Francis Galton - free energy - fungi Jump to: navigation, search Facilitated diffusion (facilitated transport) is a process of passive transport (diffusion) via which molecules diffuse across membranes, with the help of transport proteins (mediated transport). ... A fad, also known as a craze, refers to a fashion that becomes popular in a culture (or subcultures) relatively quickly, remains popular, often for a rather brief period, then loses popularity dramatically. ... Riboflavin Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. ... Flavin is also the name of a commune in the Aveyron département, in France Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), upper, reduced FAD (FADH2), lower Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. ... In cybernetics and control theory, feedback is a process whereby some proportion or in general, function, of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. ... Fehlings solution is a solution used to detect aldehyde functional groups. ... Jump to: navigation, search In its strictest sense, fermentation (formerly called zymnosis) is the anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ficks laws of diffusion describe diffusion, and define the diffusion coefficient D. // History Ficks laws of diffusion were derived by Adolf Fick in the year 1855. ... Fitness (often denoted in population genetics models) is a central concept in evolutionary theory. ... In evolutionary biology, fitness landscapes or adaptive landscapes are used to visualize the relationship between genotypes (or phenotypes) and replicatory success. ... Jump to: navigation, search A flagellum (plural, flagella) is a whip-like organelle that many unicellular organisms, and some multicellular ones, use to move about. ... Riboflavin Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. ... Genera Flavivirus Pestivirus Hepacivirus The Flaviviridae are a family of viruses that infect mammals. ... Drawing of a cell membrane A component of every biological cell, the cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that encapsulate the cell. ... Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), sometimes called hoof-and-mouth disease, is a highly contagious but non-fatal viral disease of cattle and pigs. ... Jump to: navigation, search A fossil Ammonite Fossils are the mineralized remains of animals or plants or other traces such as footprints. ... Professor Francis Harry Compton Crick, OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British physicist, molecular biologist and neuroscientist, most noted for being one of the co- discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, for which he, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded... Jump to: navigation, search Francis Galton Sir Francis Galton F.R.S. (February 16, 1822 – January 17, 1911) Victorian polymath, British anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, statistician, and half-cousin of Charles Darwin. ... In thermodynamics, free energy is a measure of the amount of work that can be extracted from a system. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...

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G3P - gastrula - gel electrophoresis - gene - genetic drift - gene duplication - gene pool - genetic code - genetic fingerprint - genetic recombination - genetics - gene regulatory network - gene therapy - genome - genome project - genomics - genotype - George W. Beadle - glucose - glycolipid - glycolysis - glycome - glycomics - glycoprotein - glycoprotein - Gobind Khorana - Golgi apparatus - gradient - grana - gravitropism - Gregor Mendel - growth curve - Guthrie test Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is also known as guanosine-5-triphosphate, G3P, and 9-ß-D-ribofuranosylguanine-5-triphosphate (or, equivalently, 9-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-2-amino-6-oxo-purine-5-triphosphate). ... 1 - blastula, 2 - gastrula; orange - ectoderm, red - endoderm. ... Jump to: navigation, search SDS-PAGE autoradiography DNA agarose gel Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point. ... Jump to: navigation, search This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Jump to: navigation, search Genetic drift is a contributing factor in biological evolution, in which traits which do not affect reproductive fitness change in a population over time. ... Schematic of a region of a chromosome before and after a duplication event Gene duplication occurs when an error in DNA replication leads to the duplication of a region of DNA containing a (generally functional) gene. ... Jump to: navigation, search The gene pool of a species or a population is the complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of that species or population. ... Jump to: navigation, search RNA codons. ... Genetic fingerprinting or DNA testing is a technique to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ... Jump to: navigation, search Genetic recombination is the transmission-genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci (plural of locus) in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals. ... Jump to: navigation, search Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ... A gene regulatory network (also called a GRN or genetic regulatory network) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each other and with other substances in the cell, thereby governing the rates at which genes in the network are transcribed into mRNA. // Overview Genes can... Jump to: navigation, search Gene therapy using an Adenovirus vector. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... Genome projects are scientific endeavours that aim to map the genome of a living being or of a species (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus), that is, the complete set of genes caried by this living being or virus. ... Jump to: navigation, search Genomics is the study of an organisms genome and the use of the genes. ... Jump to: navigation, search The genotype is the specific genetic makeup (the specific genome) of an individual, usually in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of that individual. ... Beadle won a Nobel Prize in 1958 George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 - June 9, 1989) was an American scientist in the field of genetics. ... Jump to: navigation, search Glucose (Glc), a simple monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used as a source of energy in animals and plants. ... Glycolipids are carbohydrate-attached lipids. ... Glycolysis is a term referring to a series of biochemical reactions by which a molecule of glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid. ... The glycome is the collective identity of the entirety of carbohydrates in an organism. ... Glycomics, or glycobiology is a discipline of biology that deals with the structure and function of oligosaccharides (chains of sugars). ... A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (a sugar). ... A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (a sugar). ... Har Gobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is a molecular biologist. ... Jump to: navigation, search In cell biology, the Golgi apparatus, Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, including those of plants, animals, and fungi. ... In the above two images, the scalar field is in black and white, black representing higher values, and its corresponding gradient is represented by blue arrows. ... A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast, an organelle found in plants and eukaryotic algae where photosynthesis takes place. ... Gravitropism is movement of a plant based on gravity. ... Jump to: navigation, search Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (July 22, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian monk who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ... Figure 1: A bi-phasic bacterial growth curve. ... The Guthrie test is a series of medical tests performed on newborns to detect several metabolic diseases. ...

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habitat - HACEK organism - halobacteria - haploid - Hardy-Weinberg principle - heart - Hela cell - helper T cell - Hepadnaviridae - hepatitis B - herbivore - hermaphrodite - herpetology - Hershey-Chase experiment - heterotroph - heterozygote - Hfr cell - Hill reaction - His tag - histone - homeobox - homeostasis - homoplasy - homozygote - homunculus - hormone - hormone - host - household gene - human - Human Genome Project - humoral immunity - hybridization - hydrolysis - hydrolytic enzyme - hyperpolarization Habitat (from the Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species lives and grows. ... A HACEK organism is one of a set of slow-growing Gram negative bacteria that form a normal part of the human flora. ... Genera Haloarcula Halobacterium Halobaculum Halococcus Haloferax Halogeometricum Halorubrum Haloterrigena Natrialba Natrinema Natronobacterium Natronococcus Natronomonas Natronorubrum The halobacteria are a family of archaea, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. ... Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ... Hardy–Weinberg principle for two alleles: the horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q, the vertical axis shows the genotype frequencies and the three possible genotypes are represented by the different glyphs The Hardy–Weinberg principle (HWP) (also Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), or Hardy–Weinberg law) states... Jump to: navigation, search The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ... Hela is also the German name for Hel, Poland and the cruiser SMS Hela In biological and medical research, a HeLa cell is a cell which is derived from cervical cancer cells taken from a woman named Henrietta Lacks, who died from the cancer in 1951, and circulated (without Lacks... A helper (or TH) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class II MHC molecules found on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). ... Genera Orthohepadnavirus Avihepadnavirus Hepadnaviruses are the viruses in the family Hepadnaviridae. ... Originally known as serum hepatitis, Hepatitis B has only been recognized as such since World War II, and has caused current epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa. ... A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plant matter (rather than meat). ... Jump to: navigation, search The 1st-century BC sculpture The Reclining Hermaphrodite, in the Museo Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme in Rome In zoology, a hermaphrodite is an organism of a species whose members possess both male and female sexual organs during their lives. ... Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians, including their classification, ecology, behavior, physiology, anatomy, and paleontology. ... Jump to: navigation, search ÕThe Hershey-Chase experiment was a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that identified DNA to be the genetic material of phages and, ultimately, of all organisms. ... A heterotroph (Greek heteron = (an)other and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. ... Heterozygote cells are diploid or polyploid and have different alleles at a locus (position) on homologous chromosomes. ... A hfr cell (also called hfr strain) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often F) integrated into its genomic DNA. Hfr is the abbreviation for high frequency recombination. ... Leaf. ... Contents // Categories: Biochemistry stubs | Molecular biology ... Jump to: navigation, search In biology, histones are the chief proteins of chromatin. ... Jump to: navigation, search A homeobox is a stretch of DNA sequence found in genes involved in the regulation of the development (morphogenesis) of animals, fungi and plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Homeostasis or homoeostasis is the property of an open system, especially living organisms, to regulate its internal environment so as to maintain a stable condition, by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. ... In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution describes the process whereby organisms not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate and sometimes varying ecosystems. ... Jump to: navigation, search A homozygotes cells are diploid or polyploid and have the same alleles at a locus (position) on homologous chromosomes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hartsoekers homunculus The concept of a homunculus (Latin for little man, sometimes spelled homonculus) is often used to illustrate the functioning of a system. ... Jump to: navigation, search A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Jump to: navigation, search A hormone (from Greek horman - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens For other uses, see Human (disambiguation). ... The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavored to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the genes present in it. ... Humoral immunity is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). ... In genetics, hybridisation is the process of mixing different species or varieties of organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hydrolytic enzymes break down protein, carbohydrate, and fat molecules into their simplest units. ... Hyperpolarization has several meanings: In biology, hyperpolarization occurs when a cells membrane potential dips below its resting level. ...

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ichthyology - immune cell - immune system - immunology - inducibility - infertility - inner matrix - insectivores - insulin - intermediate filament - intermembrane space - interphase - intron - ion channel - isoenzyme Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. ... White Blood Cells is also the name of a White Stripes album. ... Jump to: navigation, search The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. ... Any organism with a diet that consists chiefly of insects and similar small creatures is an insectivore. ... Jump to: navigation, search The structure of insulin Red: carbon; green: oxygen; blue: nitrogen; pink: sulfur. ... Intermediate filaments are one component of the cytoskeleton - important structural components of living cells. ... The intermembrane space is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. ... Jump to: navigation, search Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle, defined only by the absence of cell division. ... Diagram of the location of introns and exons within a gene. ... Another, unrelated ion channeling process is part of ion implantation. ... Isozymes, (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of enzymes. ...

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James Watson - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - joint James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is one of the discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule. ... Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (August 1, 1744 – December 28, 1829) was a major 19th century French naturalist, who was one of the first to use the term biology in its modern sense. ... This article is about a joint in zootomical anatomy. ...

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Kary Mullis - karyoplasm - karyotype - keratin - kidney - kinesiology - kinetic energy - Klinefelter syndrome - knock-out mouse - Konrad Lorenz - Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) - kwashiorkor Dr. Kary Banks Mullis, PhD Nobel Laureate was born December 28, 1944. ... Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, the nucleus contains nucleoplasm. ... Karyogram of human female A karyotype is the complete set of all chromosomes of a cell of any living organism. ... Microscopic view of stained keratin. ... Jump to: navigation, search Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... Jump to: navigation, search Kinesiology is the study of human movement. ... Jump to: navigation, search Kinetic energy is energy that a body has as a result of its speed. ... XXY karyotype Klinefelters syndrome is a condition caused by a chromosome abnormality in males (specifically, a nondisjunction); sufferers have a pair of X sex chromosomes instead of just one. ... A knockout mouse is a genetically engineered mouse one or more of whose genes have been made inoperable. ... Jump to: navigation, search Lorenz being followed by his imprinted geese Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903–February 27, 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. ... The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ... Jump to: navigation, search The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ...

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Lac repressor - lactic acid autotroph - lagging strand - lambda phage - larva - leading strand - leaf - lichen - life form - life - light reactions - limbic system - limnology - Lineweaver-Burke-diagram - lipase - lipid - List of biochemistry topics - list of biological topics - list of biologists - list of biology topics (Please do not delete this self-link because the interested parties want to know about changes to this page.) - list of gene families - liver - locus - long-term potentiation - Louis Pasteur - lung - luxury gene - Lynn Margulis - Lyon hypothesis - lysis - lysozyme - lytic cycle The lac repressor is a DNA-binding protein which inhibits the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacteria. ... Jump to: navigation, search In DNA replication, the lagging strand is the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the leading strand. ... Enterobacteria phage λ (lambda phage) is a temperate phage that lives in E. coli. ... Jump to: navigation, search A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... The leading strand is the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the lagging strand. ... Jump to: navigation, search In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... Jump to: navigation, search Crustose and foliose lichens on a wall Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up by the association of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi. ... Lifeform is the physical entity which encompasses a life. ... Jump to: navigation, search Life is a multi-faceted concept. ... The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. ... Jump to: navigation, search The limbic system is a group of brain structures that are involved in various emotions such as aggression, fear, pleasure and also in the formation of memory. ... Limnology is a discipline that concerns the study of in-land waters (both saline and fresh), specifically lakes, ponds and rivers (both natural and manmade), including their biological, physical, chemical, and hydrological aspects. ... In biochemistry, a Lineweaver-Burke diagram (also called a Lineweaver-Burke plot or double reciprocal plot) is a graphical representation of the Lineweaver-Burke equation of enzyme kinetics: where v is the reaction velocity, Km is the Michaelis-Menten constant, vmax is the maximum reaction velocity, and [S] is the... A penis is a penis-soloble enzyme that catalyzes the penis of testicles bond in water–insoluble, lipid substrates. ... Jump to: navigation, search Figure 1: Structure of a Lipid. ... This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to biochemistry. ... This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to biology. ... Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of notable biologists. ... This is a list of gene families or gene complexes, that is sets of genes which occur across a number of different species which often serve similar biological functions. ... Jump to: navigation, search The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ... Jump to: navigation, search The word locus (plural loci) is Latin for place: In biology and evolutionary computation, a locus is the position of a gene (or other significant sequence) on a chromosome. ... Jump to: navigation, search It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with LTP induction. ... Jump to: navigation, search Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. ... Jump to: navigation, search The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... Lynn Margulis (born 1938) is a biologist and a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. ... The Lyon hypothesis states that in cells with multiple X chromosomes, all but one is inactivated during mammalian embryogenesis. ... Lysis (Greek lusis from luein = to separate) is the reduction of symptoms of a disease the dissolving of cells osmotic lysis chemical lysis viral lysis a dialogue of Plato about friendship (philia) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... Lysozyme 3D structure. ... The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. ...

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macroecology - macroevolution - macromolecules - major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - malaria - Malpighi body - Malpighi layer - monophyletic - marbug virus - Marcello Malpighi - Marfan syndrome - marine biology- mathematical biology - Max Delbrück - meiosis - membrane transporter - memory - memory cell - Mendelian inheritance - metabolism - metaphase - metapopulation - metazoa - Michaelis-Menten kinetics - microbe - microbiology - microevolution - microfilament - microsatellite - microscope - microtubulus - Mitchell hypothesis - mitochondrial membrane - mitochondrion - mitosis - mitotic spindle - modern evolutionary synthesis - molecular biology - molecular evolution - molecular genetics - molecular phylogeny - monoclonal antibody - morphogenesis - morphometrics - morula - MRI - Muller's ratchet - multiresistance - muscle - mutagen - mutation - mutational meltdown - mycology - myosin Macroecology is the subfield of ecology which deals with the study of relationships between organisms and their environment at large spatial scales to characterise and explain statistical patterns of abundance, distribution and diversity. ... Jump to: navigation, search Macroevolution is the concept that evolution of species and higher taxa is the result of large-scale changes in gene-frequencies over time. ... A macromolecule is a molecule composed of a very large number of atoms. ... Jump to: navigation, search It has been suggested that Class I MHC be merged into this article or section. ... Jump to: navigation, search Red blood cell infected with Malaria (Italian: bad air; formerly called ague or marsh fever in English) is an infectious disease which in humans causes about 350-500 million infections and approximately 1. ... There are at least two anatomical structures called a Malpighian corpuscle. ... In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ... Marcello Malpighi (March 10, 1628 - November 29, 1694) was an Italian doctor, who gave his name to several physiological features. ... Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by unusually long limbs. ... Jump to: navigation, search Marine biology is the study of animal and plant life within waterbound ecosystems. ... Mathematical biology or biomathematics is an interdisciplinary field of academic study which aims at modelling natural, biological processes using mathematical techniques and tools. ... Max Delbrück (September 4, 1906 - March 9, 1981) was a German biologist. ... -1... Jump to: navigation, search Memory is a function of the brain: the ability to retain information. ... Memory B cells are B cells that although activated by the immune system, they are stored inside the circulatory system for later use, for long periods of time, possibly a whole lifetime. ... Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets that underlie much of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel in the latter part of the 19th century. ... Jump to: navigation, search Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos), the Greek word for change, or overthrow (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. ... An image of a newt lung cell stained with flourescent dyes during metaphase. ... A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. ... Phyla Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented worms Tardigrada - Water bears Onychophora - Velvet worms Arthropoda - Insects, etc. ... Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the rate of enzyme mediated reactions for many enzymes. ... A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes. ... Microevolution is the occurrence of small-scale changes in gene frequencies in a population over a few generations, also known as change at or below the species level. ... This article or section should be merged with actin Microfilaments or actin filaments are made up of two twisted monomeric actin subunits. ... Jump to: navigation, search A microsatellite is a short block of DNA sequence (a Tandemly Repetitive DNA sequence), often less than 150 base pairs long, that is repeated many times within the genome of an organism. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1852 microscope Compound microscope made by John Cuff in 1750 A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim) is an instrument for viewing objects that are too big to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Mitochondria are visible as thread-like structures in the light microscope. ... Jump to: navigation, search Light micrograph of a newt lung cell in early anaphase of mitosis. ... The mitotic spindle is a structure of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton involved in mitosis and meiosis. ... The modern evolutionary synthesis (often referred to simply as the modern synthesis or the evolutionary synthesis), neo-Darwinian synthesis or neo-Darwinism, generally denotes the combination of Charles Darwins theory of the evolution of species by natural selection, Gregor Mendels theory of genetics as the basis for biological... Jump to: navigation, search Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... Molecular evolution is the process of the genetic material in populations of organisms changing over time. ... Molecular genetics is the field of biology which studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. ... Molecular phylogeny is the use of a genes molecular characteristics to classify an organism and to place it on a map of evolutionary relationships known as the phylogenetic tree. ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ... Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation) is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation. ... Generally, morphometrics (from the Greek: morph, meaning shape or form, and metron”, meaning measurement) comprises methods of extracting measurements from shapes. ... Morula is a stage of embryonic development in animals, including the 16-cell phase, the 32-cell phase, and the 64-cell phase. ... Jump to: navigation, search The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ... In genetics, Mullers ratchet is a hypothesis that explains how functionally important genes may be lost when organisms genes are only transmitted vertically, without recombination caused by sex. ... Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ... Jump to: navigation, search A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. ... In biology, a mutagen (Latin, literally origin of change) is an agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) of an organism and thus increases the number of mutations above the natural background level. ... Jump to: navigation, search In biology, mutations are permanent, sometimes transmissible (if the change is to a germ cell) changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell. ... Mutational meltdown refers to the process by which a small population accumulates deleterious mutations, which leads to loss of fitness and decline of the population size, which leads to further accumulation of deleterious mutations. ... Mycology (from Gk. ... Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...

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NAD - NADH - NADPH - natural selection - nephron - nervous system - neural plate - neural tube - neuron - neuroscience - neurospora crassa - neurotransmitter - neurula - neutral theory of molecular evolution - non-competitive inhibition - non cyclic electron flow - nondisjunction - N-terminus - nuclear lamina - nucleolus - nucleon - nucleoside - nucleosome - nucleotide - nutrition Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (Note that the adenonosyl sugar is of the wrong absolute configuration in the diagram: it should have the same configuration as the nicotinamide sugar. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Jump to: navigation, search Natural selection is a process by which biological populations are altered over time, as a result of the propagation of heritable traits that affect the capacity of individual organisms to survive and reproduce. ... Jump to: navigation, search Nephron of the kidney A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. ... Jump to: navigation, search The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... The neural plate is thick and flat bundle of ectoderm which develops in the embryo into the nervous system. ... The neural tube is the embryonal structure that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. ... Jump to: navigation, search Neurons (also spelled neurones or called nerve cells) are the primary cells of the nervous system. ... Neuroscience is a field of study which deals with the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system, divided most generally into the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the myriad nerve pathways running throughout the... Binomial name Neurospora crassa Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota. ... Jump to: navigation, search Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. ... A Neurula is an embryo at the early stage of development in which neurulation occurs. ... The neutral theory of molecular evolution (also, simply the neutral theory of evolution) is an influential theory that was introduced with provocative effect by Motoo Kimura in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... Non-competitive inhibition is a type of inhibition that reduces the maximum rate of a chemical reaction (Vmax) without changing the apparent binding affinity of the enzyme for the substrate (Km). ... Jump to: navigation, search In biology, nondisjunction is the failure of a chromosome to split correctly during meiosis. ... The N-terminal end refers to the extremity of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free amine group (NH2). ... Jump to: navigation, search The nuclear lamina is the dense, fibrillar network composed of intermediate filaments made of lamin that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. ... -1... In physics a nucleon is a collective name for the two baryons the neutron and the proton. ... Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose ring. ... A nucleosome is a unit made of DNA and histones. ... A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxiribose), and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. ... Jump to: navigation, search Nutrition is the study of the relationship between diet and states of health and disease. ...

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Okazaki fragment - olfaction - oncogene - operator - operon - organ - organelle - origin of life - Oscar Hertwig - osmosis - osmoregulation - Oswald Avery - outbreak - ovalbumine - oxidation - oxidative decarboxylation - oxidative phosphorylation An Okazaki fragment is a relatively short fragment of DNA that is created by primase and Pol III along the lagging strand (see DNA replication). ... Jump to: navigation, search Olfaction, the sense of odor (smell), is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air (or, by animals that breathe water, in water). ... An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. ... In mathematics, an operator is some kind of function; if it comes with a specified type of operand as function domain, it is no more than another way of talking of functions of a given type. ... An operon is a group of genes including an operator, a common promoter, and one or more structural genes that are controlled as a unit to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). ... In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues, which perform a specific function or group of functions. ... Jump to: navigation, search Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. ... Jump to: navigation, search Oskar Hertwig (April 21, 1849, Friedberg, Hessen - October 25, 1922, Berlin) was a German zoologist. ... Jump to: navigation, search Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration. ... Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the bodys water content; that is it keeps the bodys fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated. ... Oswald Avery in 1937 Oswald Theodore Avery (1877-1955) was a physician, medical researcher and early molecular biologist. ... Virus outbreaks occur when a virus bypasses infection control measures and a relatively high number of infections are observed where no cases or sporadic cases occurred in the past. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Oxidative phosphorylation is a biochemical process in cells. ...

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paleontology - parallel evolution - paraphyletic - parasitology - parthenogenesis - passive transport - Patau syndrome - paternity test - PCR - PCR mutagenesis - pentose phosphate pathway - peptide - peptide bond - peripheral protein - peroxisome - Pfeffer cell - phage - phenotype - phloem - phospholipid - phospholipid bilayer - phosphorylation - photobiology - photolysis - photon - photophosphorylation - photorespiration - photosynthesis - photosynthesis - photosystem I - photosystem II - phycology - phylogenetics - phylogeny - phylogenetic tree - phyocyan - physiology - pigment - plantae - plant physiology - plant - plasma membrane - plasmid - plasmolysis - polypeptide - polysaccharide - population - population dynamics - population genetics - potential energy - primary nutritional groups - primary structure - primer - prion - prokaryote - prometaphase - promoter - prophage - prophase - proprioception - proteasome - protein biosynthesis - protein - protein translocation - proteolysis - proteome - proteomics - protist - protista - proton-motive force - proton pump - protozoa - pseudopod - purine - punctuated equilibrium - pyrimidine - pyruvate oxidation A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... In evolutionary biology, parallel evolution occurs when two independent species evolve together at the same time in the same ecospace and acquire similar characteristics. ... Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ... Kaguya is one success from 460 attempts at growing embryos. ... Passive transport is a means of moving biochemicals, and other atomic or molecular substances, across membranes. ... Patau syndrome, also known as Trisomy 13, is a chromosomal aberration, a disease in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13. ... A paternity test is conducted to prove that a man is or is not the biological father of another individual. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Jump to: navigation, search The pentose phosphate pathway (also called Phosphogluconate Pathway, or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt) is a process that serves to generate NADPH and the synthesis of pentose (5-carbon) sugars. ... Peptides (from the Greek πεπτος, digestible), are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Diagram showing the π-bonded amino acids and the point of rotation A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). ... Perhipheral and Integral Membrane Proteins Peripheral membrane proteins are proteins that adhere only loosely to the biological membrane with which they are associated. ... Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes. ... A phage (also called bacteriophage) (in Greek phageton = food/consumption) is a small virus that infects only bacteria. ... Jump to: navigation, search The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution, or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ... In vascular plants, phloem is the tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose to all parts of the plant where needed. ... Two schematic representations of a phospholipid. ... A DPPC bilayer simulation Color scheme: PO4 = green, N(CH3)3 = violet, water = blue, terminal CH3 = yellow, O = red, glycol C = brown, chain C = grey In biology and chemistry, a lipid bilayer is a membrane or zone of membrane composed only of lipid. ... Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or a small molecule. ... Photobiology is the study of the effect of light on living organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Photolysis refers to any chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light. ... Jump to: navigation, search In physics, the photon (from Greek φοτος, meaning light) is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, for instance light. ... The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. ... Jump to: navigation, search Photorespiration is an alternate pathway for Rubisco, the main enzyme of photosynthesis (specifically, the Calvin cycle). ... Jump to: navigation, search Leaf. ... Jump to: navigation, search Leaf. ... In the process of photosynthesis, light is absorbed by a photosystem (ancient Greek: phos = light and systema = assembly) to begin an energy-producing reaction. ... In the process of photosynthesis, light is absorbed by a photosystem (ancient Greek: phos = light and systema = assembly) to begin an energy-producing reaction. ... Phycology (or algology), a subdiscipline of botany, is the study of algae. ... In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences. ... In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences. ... A phylogenetic tree is a tree showing the evolutionary interrelationships among various species or other entities that are believed to have a common ancestor. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ... Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering... In botany, plant physiology is the study of the function, or physiology of plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... Drawing of a cell membrane A component of every biological cell, the cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell. ... Jump to: navigation, search Figure 1 : Schematic drawing of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed. ... Jump to: navigation, search Before Plasmolysis. ... Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Jump to: navigation, search Polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) are relatively complex carbohydrates. ... Population dynamics is the study of marginal and long-term changes in the numbers, individual weights and age composition of individuals in one or several populations, and biological and environmental processes influencing those changes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the five evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration and nonrandom mating. ... Jump to: navigation, search Potential energy is stored energy. ... An organism may be placed into one each of the three pairs of major nutritional groups based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources. ... A protein primary structure is a chain of amino acids. ... A primer is a nucleic acid strand (or related molecule) that serves as a starting point for DNA replication. ... Jump to: navigation, search Prions — short for proteinaceous infectious particle — are infectious protein structures that replicate through conversion of other host proteins. ... Jump to: navigation, search Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. ... Prometaphase is the phase in between prophase and metaphase. ... In genetics, a promoter is a DNA sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed. ... A prophage is a temperate phage in its integrated status. ... Prophase is a stage of mitosis. ... Proprioception (from Latin proprius, meaning ones own and perception) is the sense of the position of parts of the body, relative to other neighbouring parts of the body. ... A proteasome is a barrel-shaped multi-protein complex that can digest other proteins into short polypeptides and amino acids in an ATP-driven reaction. ... An overview of protein synthesis. ... Jump to: navigation, search A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Protein targeting a. ... Proteolysis is the directed degradation (digestion) of proteins by cellular enzymes called proteases or by intramolecular digestion. ... The term proteome was first used in 1995 and has been applied to several different types of biological systems. ... Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. ... Jump to: navigation, search Typical phyla Rhodophyta (red algae) Chromista Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolates Dinoflagellata Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavates Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies Protists are a heterogeneous group of living things, comprising those eukaryotes that are neither animals, plants... Typical phyla Rhodophyta (red algae) Chromista Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolates Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavates Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista is one of the commonly recognized biological kingdoms, including all the eukaryotes except for... In all cells, the energy storage and utilization process involves the Proton-motive force in some step. ... A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that is capable of moving protons across the membrane of a cell, mitochondrion, or other subcellular compartment, thereby creating a difference or gradient in both pH and electrical charge (ignoring differences in buffer capacity) and tending to establish an electrochemical potential. ... Protozoa (in Greek protos = first and zoon = animal) are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms with nuclei) that show some characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... Pseudopods or pseudopodia (false feet) are temporary projections of eukaryotic cells. ... Jump to: navigation, search Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ... Punctuated equilibrium, or punctuated equilibria, is a theory of evolution which states that changes such as speciation can occur relatively quickly, with long periods of little change—equilibria—in between. ... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, which is similar to benzene and pyridine and that contains two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-membered ring. ...

Q

quaternary structure In biochemistry, many proteins are actually assemblies of more than one protein (polypeptide) molecule, which in the context of the larger assemblage are known as protein subunits. ...

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radiobiology - receptor - recombination - Red Queen - redox reaction - redox system - reduction - repeats - replication - replication bubble - repressor - respiration - restriction enzyme - retrovirus - reverse genetics - RFLP - rhesus factor - ribosome - RNA - RNA virus - Robert Koch - rough ER - RuBP - Rudolf Steiner Radiobiology is the study of the response of biological tissues to ionizing radiation. ... Receptor may refer to: In telecommunication, a receiver. ... Recombination usually denotes a genetic event that occurs during the formation of sperm and egg cells (especially in areas of study of biology topics). ... The Red Queen or Red Queens Race is an evolutionary theory explaining the advantage of sex. ... Jump to: navigation, search Redox reactions include all chemical processes in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Reduction or reducing has several meanings: In mathematics, reduction is the process of manipulating a series of equations or matrices into a desired simpler format. ... In the study of DNA sequences, one can distinguish two main types of repeated sequence: Tandem repeats: Satellite DNA, Minisatellite, Microsatellite; Interspersed repeats: SINE (Short INterspersed Elements), LINE (Long INterspersed Elements). ... In biology, replication is the act or ability to make a copy. ... A repressor a protein that can regulate a gene by turning it on and off. ... Respiration can refer to: Cellular respiration, which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. ... A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA. The enzyme makes two incisions, one through each of the phosphate backbones of the double helix without damaging the bases. ... Jump to: navigation, search Genera Alpharetrovirus Betaretrovirus Gammaretrovirus Deltaretrovirus Epsilonretrovirus Lentivirus Spumavirus A Retrovirus is a virus which has a genome consisting of two plus sense RNA molecules, which may or may not be identical. ... Reverse genetics is an approach to discovering the function of a gene that proceeds oppositely to how such discoveries typically unfold in classical genetics, or in forward genetics. ... In molecular biology, the term restriction fragment length polymorphism (or RFLP) is used in two related contexts: as a characteristic of DNA molecules (arising from their differing nucleotide sequences) by which they may be distinguished, and as the laboratory technique which uses this characteristic to compare DNA molecules. ... A blood type is a description an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ... Jump to: navigation, search Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ... Jump to: navigation, search Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid consisting of a string of covalently-bound nucleotides. ... An RNA virus is a virus that either uses RNA as its genetic material, or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate during replication. ... Robert Koch For the American lobbyist, see Bobby Koch. ... The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ... Categories: Stub | Photosynthesis ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

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sarcoplasmic reticulum - secondary metabolite - secondary structure - second messenger - sequencing - serum - semen - Sewall Wright - sexual reproduction - shigella - signal transduction - silk - Sir Charles Lyell - sister chromatid - skeleton - skin cell - smooth ER - sociobiology - speciation - species - Hans Spemann - sperm - spermatid - spermatogenesis - spermiogenesis - spliceosome - splicing - SSRI - starch - stem cell - sticky end - stoma - streptomycine - stroma - structural biology - structural gene - substrate - substrate level phosphorylation - surface area-to-volume ratio - symbiosis - symbiogenesis - synapse - systems biology The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ... Secondary metabolites, also known as natural products, are those products (chemical compounds) of metabolism that are not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. ... A representation of the 3D structure of the Myoglobin protein. ... In biology, second messengers are low-weight diffusible molecules that are used in signal transduction to relay a signal within a cell. ... Jump to: navigation, search In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. ... Blood plasma is a component of blood. ... Jump to: navigation, search Semen or sperm is a fluid that contains spermatozoa. ... Sewall Green Wright (December 21, 1889 - March 3, 1988) was one of the primary founders of population genetics which led to the modern evolutionary synthesis. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sexual reproduction is a process of reproduction involving the merging of two gametes from the same species to produce a new organism. ... Species Shigella boydii Shigella dysenteriae Shigella flexneri Shigella sonnei Shigella are Gram-negative, nonmotile, nonsporeforming rod-shaped bacteria. ... Jump to: navigation, search In biology, signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. ... Silk weaver Silk is a natural protein fiber that can be woven into textiles. ... Charles Lyell Sir Charles Lyell (November 14, 1797 – February 22, 1875), British geologist, and popularizer of uniformitarianism. ... A chromatid forms one part of a chromosome after it has coalesced for the process of mitosis or meiosis. ... In biology, the skeleton or skeletal system is the biological system providing support in living organisms. ... This article is about skin in the biological sense. ... The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm, reticulum means little net) is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. ... Sociobiology is a synthesis of scientific disciplines that attempts to explain behaviour in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages of social behaviours. ... Speciation refers to the appearance of a new species of life on earth, particularly as seen in the fossil record. ... Jump to: navigation, search In biology, the most commonly used definition of species was first coined by Ernst Mayr. ... Hans Spemann (June 27, 1869 - September 12, 1941) was a German embryologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, the influence exercised by various parts of the embryo that directs the development of groups... Jump to: navigation, search The signifier sperm can refer to: (mass noun, from Greek sperma = seed) a substance which consists of spermatozoa and which is a component of semen (mass noun) semen itself (informally, count noun with plural sperm or sperms) a single spermatozoon (= sperm cell) sperma ceti (Latin ceti... The term spermatid refers to the haploid male germ cell that results from secondary spermatocyte division. ... Jump to: navigation, search Spermatogenesis refers to the creation, or genesis, of spermatozoa, which occurs in the male gonads. ... Spermiogenesis is the creation of a spermatozoon from a spermatid. ... A spliceosome is a complex of RNA and many protein subunits, that remove the non-coding introns from unprocessed mRNA. The mRNA of prokaryotes is simpler, and they do not have introns, so only eukaryotes have spliceosomes. ... In genetics, splicing is a modification of genetic information after transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined. ... Jump to: navigation, search Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Starch is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water. ... Jump to: navigation, search Mouse embryonic stem cells. ... In biology, sticky end and blunt end are the two possible configurations resulting from the breaking of double-stranded DNA. DNA exhibits a stabilizing interaction between complementary base pairs, providing specificity to the pairing of two strands of DNA. If two complementary strands of DNA are of equal length, then... Jump to: navigation, search In botany, a stoma (also stomate; plural stomata) is a tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the undersurface of a plant leaf, and used for gas exchange. ... Stroma can refer to: 1) The connective supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. ... Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology concerned with the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules--proteins and nucleic acids in particular—and what causes them to have the structures they have. ... The word substrate can mean the following: In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule which is acted upon by an enzyme. ... Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their magnificent sea anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... Symbiogenesis refers to the merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism. ... Jump to: navigation, search Illustration of the major elements in a prototypical synapse. ... Systems biology is an academic field that seeks to integrate high-throughput biological studies to understand how biological systems function. ...

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T cell - taxonomy - telophase - tertiary structure - Theodor Bilharz - Theodor Boveri - thermoregulation - Thomas Hunt Morgan - Thomas Malthus - thylakoid - TMV - tobacco mosaic virus - trait - transcription - transcription factor - transcriptional regulation - trans face - transformation - translation - transmembrane proteins - transmembrane receptor - transport protein - transport vesicle - Traube cell - tubulin - tumor - turgor - Turner syndrome - twin T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. ... Jump to: navigation, search Taxonomy (from Greek ταξινομία (taxinomia) from the words taxis = order and nomos = law) may refer to either the classification of things, or the principles underlying the classification. ... Overview of the major events in mitosis In biology, mitosis is the process of chromosome segregation and nuclear division that follows replication of the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. ... In biochemistry, the tertiary structure of a protein is its overall shape. ... Theodor Bilharz (March 23, 1825 – May 9, 1862) was a German physician and an important pioneer in the field of parasitology. ... Theodor Boveri (1862 – 1915) was a German biologist whose work with sea urchins showed that it was necessary to have all chromosomes present in order for proper embryonic development to take place. ... Jump to: navigation, search Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different. ... Jump to: navigation, search Thomas Hunt Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 — December 4, 1945) was an American geneticist. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Rev. ... A thylakoid is a phospholipid bilayer membrane internal to chloroplasts. ... The Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an RNA virus that infects plants, especially tobacco, showing characteristic patterns (mottling and discoloration) on the leaves (thus the name). ... The Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an RNA virus that infects plants, especially tobacco, showing characteristic patterns (mottling and discoloration) on the leaves (thus the name). ... In biology, a trait or character is a genetically inherited feature of an organism. ... Jump to: navigation, search Transcription is the process through which a DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary RNA. In the case of protein-encoding DNA, transcription is the beginning of the process that ultimately leads to the translation of the genetic code (via... In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription. ... Transcriptional regulation is the mechanism that coordinates the expression of DNA with the needs of various life processes such as development, gestation and metabolism. ... Trans is a Latin word meaning on the opposite side and is the opposite of cis, which means on the same side. In chemistry, a bond not subject to free rotation in which the greater radical on both ends is on the opposite side of the bond is called trans. ... Transformation may refer to: In molecular biology: In genetics transformation involves the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign DNA. In cell division, the transformation process converts normal cells into cells that will continue to divide without limit. ... Translation in the cytoplasm; tRNA carries amino acids which are added to the growing peptide chain in the ribosome. ... A transmembrane protein is an integral membrane protein that spans from the internal to the external surface of the biological membrane or lipid bilayer in which it is embedded. ... Transmembrane receptors are integral membrane proteins, which reside and operate typically within a cells plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of some subcellular compartments and organelles. ... A transport protein is a protein involved in facilitated diffusion. ... In cell biology, a vesicle is a relatively small and enclosed compartment, separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. ... Tubulin is the protein which makes up microtubules. ... See the article about cancer for the main article about malignant tumors. ... Turgor (also called turgor pressure or osmotic pressure) is the pressure that can build in a space that is enclosed by a membrane that is permeable to a solvent of a solution such as water but not to the solutes of the soluton. ... Jump to: navigation, search Fraternal twin boys in the tub Twin births occur in most species. ...

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urea cycle - Unsolved problems in biology The Urea Cycle is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animal organisms that produces urea from ammonia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Unsolved problems in : Note: Use the unsolved tag: {{unsolved|F|X}}, where F is any field in the sciences: and X is a concise explanation with or without links. ...

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vaccine - vacuole - varicella-zoster virus - yellow fever - vesicle - vesicular stomatitis virus - vestibular system - virology - viral classification - virus - virus evolution - visible light - vision - vitamin Jump to: navigation, search A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ... Jump to: navigation, search Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells where they serve a variety of different functions: capturing food materials or unwanted structural debris surrounding the cell, sequestering materials that might be toxic to the cell, maintaining fluid balance (called turgor) within the cell, exporting... The varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3), is one of the eight herpesviruses known to affect humans (and other vertebrates). ... Jump to: navigation, search In cell biology, a vesicle is a relatively small and enclosed compartment, separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. ... Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a virus in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. ... The vestibular system, or balance system, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about our movement and orientation in space. ... Virology is the study of viruses and their properties. ... Viruses can be classified in several ways, such as by their geometry, by whether they have envelopes, by the identity of the host organism they can infect, by mode of transmission, or by the type of disease they cause. ... Jump to: navigation, search A virus is a microscopic nonliving parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. ... Virus evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. ... The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ... Vision can refer to: Visual perception is one of the senses. ... Jump to: navigation, search A Vitamin is an organic molecule required by a living organism in minute amounts for proper health. ...

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wavelength - Wobble base pair Jump to: navigation, search The wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. ... Wobble base pairs for inosine Wobble base pairs for Uracil A wobble base pair is a G-U and I-U / I-A / I-C pair fundamental in RNA secondary structure. ...

X

xanthophyll - X chromosome - xenobiology - X-ray diffraction - xylem Xanthophyll (originally phylloxanthin) is the yellow pigment found in the leaves of most plants. ... The human X chromosome, is is one of the two chromosomes involved in the XY sex-determination system. ... Astrobiology (in Greek astron = star, bios = life and logos = word/science), also known as exobiology (Greek: exo = out) or xenobiology (Greek: xenos = foreign) is the term for a speculative field within biology which considers the possible variety of extraterrestrial life. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... Tracheids and vessel elements In vascular plants, the xylem is the tissue that carries water up the root and stem. ...

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Y chromosome The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ...

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zona pellucida - zoology - zygote The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein matrix surrounding the plasma membrane of a mammalian oocyte. ... Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Jump to: navigation, search A zygote (Greek: ζυγωτόν) is a cell that is the result of fertilization. ...