NationMaster - Encyclopedia: List of concentration and internment camps

This is a list of Internment and Concentration camps, organized by country. In general, a camp or group of camps is assigned to the country whose government was responsible for the establishment and/or operation of the camp regardless of the camp's location, but this principle can be, or appear to be, departed from in such cases as where a country's borders or name has changed or it was occupied by a foreign power. For other uses, see Internment (disambiguation). ...

Certain types of camps are excluded from this list, particularly refugee camps set up to house refugees who have fled across the border from another country in fear of persecution, or have been set up by an international non-governmental organization. Prisoner-of-war camps which house enemy combatants, are a completely separate category. Refugee camp for Rwandans located in what is now the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo following the Rwandan Genocide A refugee camp is a temporary camp built up by governments or NGOs (such as the ICRC) to receive refugees. ... The term non-governmental organization (NGO) is used in a variety of ways all over the world and, depending on the context in which it is used, can refer to many different types of organizations. ... A Prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of persons captured by the enemy in time of war. ...

Argentina

During the Dirty War which accompanied the 1976-1983 military dictatorship, there were about 100 places throughout the country that served as concentration camps in the Nazi sense, where people were interrogated, tortured, and killed, but not forced to work or concentrated for eventual release. Prisoners were often forced to hand and sign over property, in acts of individual, rather than official and systematic, corruption. Small children who were taken with their relatives, and babies born to female prisoners later killed, were frequently given for adoption to politically acceptable, often military, families. This is documented by a number of cases dating since the 1990s in which adopted children have identified their real families.^[1] Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ...

These were relatively small secret detention centres rather than actual camps. The peak years were 1976-78. Nearly 9,000 people are definitely known to have been killed: see the authoritative 1984 CONADEP (Argentine National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) Report. It states that "We have reason to believe that the true figure is much higher"; a figure of 30,000 is often quoted. This worst case total figure, although frightful, is a small fraction of the throughput of just one of the smaller Nazi camps. A list of camps, full details, and documentation are to be found in the Report. The CONADEP (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) was created by Argentine President RaÃºl AlfonsÃn on December 15, 1983, shortly after his inauguration to investigate the fate of the desaparecidos and other human rights violations performed between 1976 and 1983. ...

Australia

In World War I 2,940 German and Austrian men were interned in ten different camps in Australia. In 1915 many of the smaller ones were closed and their inmates transferred to others. The largest camp was at Holsworthy in New South Wales.^[2] Their families were placed in a camp near Canberra. While during the Second World War, 4,721 Italian migrants were interned in Australia.^[3] â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Holsworthy is the name of two different places: Holsworthy, Devon, United Kingdom Holsworthy, Sydney, Australia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Capital Sydney Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Professor Marie Bashir Premier Morris Iemma (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 50 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $305,437 (1st) - Product per capita $45,153/person (4th) Population (End of March 2006) - Population 6,817,100 (1st) - Density 8. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

Austria-Hungary

During the First World War, internment camps were set up, mostly for Serbs and other pro-Serbian Yugoslavs. Men, women, the children and the elderly were displaced from their homes and sent to concentration camps all over the Empire such as Doboj (46,000), Arad, Győr, Neusiedl am See. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Ð¡Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ... Yugoslavs (Bosnian: Jugosloveni; Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¸; Latinic: Jugosloveni; Croatian: Jugoslaveni, Slovenian: Jugoslovani) is an ethnic designation used by some people in former Yugoslavia, which continues to be used in some of its successor countries. ... Doboj (Cyrillic: Ð”Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ñ˜) is a city and a municipality in the Republika Srpska entity, Bosnia and Herzegovina, situated on the river Bosna. ... County Arad County Status County capital Mayor Gheorghe FalcÄƒ, Democratic Party, since 2004 Area 46. ... // Raab redirects here. ... Neusiedl am See (Hungarian: Nezsider) is a town in Burgenland, Austria Geographic coordinates: 47Â°56â€²55â€³N, 16Â°50â€²35â€³E Categories: | ...

United Kingdom

South Africa

The term concentration camp was first used by the British military during the Boer War (1899-1902). Facing attack by Boer guerrillas, British forces rounded up the Boer women and children as well as black people living on Boer land, and sent them to 34 tented camps scattered around South Africa. This was done as part of a scorched earth policy to deny the boer guerrillas access to the supplies of food and clothing they needed to continue the war. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (800x667, 54 KB) Photograph of Lizzie Van Zyl, a young female child who died in the Bloemfontein concentration camp during the Second Boer War. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (800x667, 54 KB) Photograph of Lizzie Van Zyl, a young female child who died in the Bloemfontein concentration camp during the Second Boer War. ... Bloemfontein at night Bloemfontein (IPA: , Afrikaans and Dutch for fountain of Bloem (bloom) or flower fountain is the capital city of the Free State Province of South Africa. ... Combatants British Empire Orange Free State South African Republic Commanders Sir Redvers Buller Lord Kitchener Lord Roberts Paul Kruger Louis Botha Koos de la Rey Martinus Steyn Christiaan de Wet Casualties 20,000 6,500 Civilians killed [mainly Boers]: 24,000+ The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede... This article is about the Boer people (Boerevolk). ... Guerrilla warfare (also spelled guerilla) is a method of unconventional combat by which small groups of combatants attempt to use mobile and surprise tactics (ambushes, raids, etc) to defeat a foe, often a larger, less mobile, army. ... This article is about the Boer people (Boerevolk). ... Military tents U.S. Army tent with constructed wooden entrance, climate control unit and sandbags for protection. ... A scorched earth policy is a military tactic which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. ... This article is about the Boer people (Boerevolk). ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ...

The camps were situated at Aliwal North, Balmoral, Barberton, Belfast, Bethulie, Bloemfontein, Brandfort, Heidelberg, Heilbron, Howick, Irene, Kimberley, Klerksdorp, Kroonstad, Krugersdorp, Merebank, Middelburg, Norvalspont, Nylstroom, Pietermaritzburg, Pietersburg, Pinetown, Port Elizabeth, Potchefstroom, Springfontein, Standerton, Turffontein, Vereeniging, Volksrust, Vredefort and Vryburg. Aliwal North is a town on the Orange River, in central South Africa. ... Barberton, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (25Â°47â€²S 31Â°03â€²E) is situated in the De Kaap Valley and is surrounded by the Mkhonjwa Mountains. ... Belfast is a small town in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa that is renowed for its excellent trout fishing conditions. ... Bethulie is a small cattle farming town in the Free State Province of South Africa. ... Bloemfontein at night Bloemfontein (IPA: , Afrikaans and Dutch for fountain of Bloem (bloom) or flower fountain is the capital city of the Free State Province of South Africa. ... Brandfort is a small town in the Free State Province of South Africa. ... Heidelberg is a South African town situated at the foot of the Suikerbosrand (Sugarbush Ridge) next to the N3 highway, which connects Johannesburg and Durban. ... Heilbron is a small farming town in the Free State Province of South Africa which services the cattle, dairy, wheat, sunflower and maize industries. ... Location of Howick in KwaZulu-Natal Province Howick is a town located in the uMgungundlovu District of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. ... Irene is a small town south of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. ... Kimberley is a town in South Africa, and the capital of the Northern Cape. ... Klerksdorp is a city and administrative district located in the North West Province (formerly Western Transvaal), South Africa. ... The town of Kroonstad, the third-largest town in Free State Province, South Africa lies two hours drive from Gauteng. ... Krugersdorp is a mining city in the West Rand of Gauteng, South Africa. ... There are two Middelburgs in South Africa, for the other Middelburg, Eastern Cape or see Middelburg (disambiguation). ... Modimolle (formerly known as Nylstroom) is a town located in the Waterberg in Limpopo Province of South Africa. ... City motto: City of Choice Province KwaZulu-Natal Mayor Zanele Hlatshwayo Area 649kmÂ² Population - Total (1991) 228,549 Population - Total (2001) 521,805 Established 1838 Time zone SAST (UTC+2) Calling code 033 Pietermaritzburg is the capital and second largest city of the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. ... Polokwane (previously known as Pietersburg) is the capital of Limpopo Province (the province with the greatest increase in growth rate for 2003) in South Africa. ... Pinetown is an industrial town just inland from Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ... Port Elizabeth is a city in South Africa, situated in the Eastern Cape Province, at 33°58′ S 25°36′ E. The city is located on Algoa Bay, and is one of the major seaports in South Africa. ... Potchefstroom Flag Potchefstroom is a large academic town with the North-West University, situated on the banks of the Mooi River (literally pretty river), 120 km west-southwest of Johannesburg in the North West Province of South Africa. ... Springfontein is a small mixed farming town General in the Free State Province of South Africa. ... Standerton is a large commercial and agricultural town lying on the banks of the Vaal River in Mpumalanga, South Africa which specialises in cattle, dairy and maize farming. ... Turffontein is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. ... Vereeniging is a city in Gauteng province, South Africa, with a population of more than 350,000. ... Volksrust is a town in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa on the KwaZulu-Natal Province border. ... Vredefort is a small mixed farming town in the Free State Province of South Africa with cattle, groundnuts, sorghum, sunflowers and maize being farmed. ... Vryburg (free fort) is an large agricultural town situated in North West Province of South Africa. ...

Though they were not extermination camps, the women and children of Boer men who were still fighting were given smaller rations than others. The poor diet and inadequate hygiene led to endemic contagious diseases such as measles, typhoid and dysentery. Coupled with a shortage of medical facilities, this led to large numbers of deaths — a report after the war concluded that 27,927 Boer (of whom 22,074 were children under 16) and 14,154 black Africans had died of starvation, disease and exposure in the camps. In all, about 25% of the Boer inmates and 12% of the black African ones died (although recent research suggests that the black African deaths were underestimated and may have actually been around 20,000). Extermination camps were one type of facility that the Nazis built before and during World War II for the systematic murder of millions of people in what has become known as The Holocaust. ... This article is about the Boer people (Boerevolk). ... Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services: it restricts how much people are allowed to buy or consume. ... Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. ... This is about the disease typhoid fever. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is the term for tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool), cramping, and frequent, small-volume severe diarrhea associated with blood in the feces. ... A female child during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. ... The term disease refers to an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function. ... Look up exposure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In contrast to these figures, only around 3,000 Boer men were killed (in combat) during the Second Boer War. This article is about the Boer people (Boerevolk). ... Combatants British Empire Orange Free State South African Republic Commanders Sir Redvers Buller Lord Kitchener Lord Roberts Paul Kruger Louis Botha Koos de la Rey Martinus Steyn Christiaan de Wet Casualties 20,000 6,500 Civilians killed [mainly Boers]: 24,000+ The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede...

A delegate of the South African Women and Children's Distress Fund, Emily Hobhouse, did much to publicise the distress of the inmates on her return to Britain after visiting some of the camps in the Orange Free State. Her fifteen-page report caused uproar, and led to a government commission, the Fawcett Commission, visiting camps from August to December 1901 which confirmed her report. They were highly critical of the running of the camps and made numerous recommendations, for example improvements in diet and provision of proper medical facilities. By February 1902 the annual death-rate dropped to 6.9% and eventually to 2%. Improvements made to the white camps were not as swiftly extended to the black camps. Hobhouse's pleas went mostly unheeded in the latter case. Emily Hobhouse. ... Flag of the Orange Free State Capital Bloemfontein Language(s) Afrikaans, English Religion Dutch Reformed Church Government Republic President - 1854 - 1855 Josias P. Hoffman - 1855 - 1859 Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff - 1859 - 1863 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (also President of the South African Republic from 1857 to 1871). ... Millicent Fawcett Dame Millicent Fawcett GBE (June 11, 1847 â€“ August 5, 1929) was a British suffragist (as opposed to a suffragette, who were usually militantly violent) and an early feminist. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Emily Hobhouse. ...

Namibia (German South-West Africa)

Between 1904 and 1908, following the German suppression of the Herero and Nama in the Herero and Namaqua genocide, survivors were interned in concentration camps.[6] A group of Herero women. ... Nama may mean: Nama (plant), a genus of plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae. ... Surviving Herero after the escape through the arid desert of Omaheke. ...

During World War I, South African troops (then a part of the British Empire) invaded neighboring German South-West Africa. German settlers were rounded up and sent to concentration camps in Pretoria and later in Pietermaritzburg. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Flag German South-West Africa (black), other German colonies in red Capital Windhoek (from 1891) Political structure Colony Governor - 1898-1905 Theodor von Leutwein - 1905-1907 Friedrich von Lindequist - 1907-1910 Bruno von Schuckmann - 1910-1915 Theodor Seitz Historical era The Scramble for Africa - Established 7 August, 1884 - Genocide 1904... Motto: Praestantia Praevaleat Pretoria (May Pretoria Be Pre-eminent In Excellence) Country South Africa Province Gauteng Established 1855 Area - City 1,644 kmÂ² (634. ... City motto: City of Choice Province KwaZulu-Natal Mayor Zanele Hlatshwayo Area 649kmÂ² Population - Total (1991) 228,549 Population - Total (2001) 521,805 Established 1838 Time zone SAST (UTC+2) Calling code 033 Pietermaritzburg is the capital and second largest city of the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. ...

The Isle of Man

During World War I the British government interned male citizens of the Central Powers, principally Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey.^[4] They were held mainly in internment camps at Knockaloe, close to Peel, and a smaller one near Douglas. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Internment (disambiguation). ... European military alliances in 1914. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... A view of Peel from St Patricks Isle Peel is often called the only city in the Isle of Man because it is the home of the Islands cathedral; legally it is the fourth largest town on the island after Douglas, Onchan and Ramsey. ... Location within the British Isles Douglas (Doolish in Manx) is the capital of the Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin) and its largest town. ...

During World War II, about 8,000 people were interned in Britain, many being held in camps at Knockaloe, close to Peel, and a smaller one near Douglas. They included enemy aliens from the Axis Powers, principally Germany and Italy.^[5] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... In law during wartime, an enemy alien is a person who is a citizen of a country which is a state of war with the land where he or she is found. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Initially refugees who had fled from Germany were also included, as were suspected British Nazi sympathisers, such as British Union of Fascists leader Oswald Mosley. Initially the British government rounded up 74,000 German, Austrian and Italian aliens. However, within 6 months the 112 alien tribunals had individually summoned and examined 64,000 aliens, and the vast majority were released, having been found to be "friendly aliens" (mostly Jews); examples include Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold and later members of the Amadeus Quartet. British nationals were detained under Defence Regulation 18B. Eventually only 2,000 of the remainder were interned. Initially they were shipped overseas, but that was halted when a German U boat sank the SS Arandora Star in July 1940 with the loss of 800 internees, though this was not the first loss that had occurred. The last internees were released late in 1945, though many were released in 1942. In Britain, internees were housed in camps and prisons. Some camps had tents rather than buildings with internees sleeping directly on the ground. Men and women were separated and most contact with the outside world was denied. A number of prominent Britons including writer H. G. Wells campaigned against the internment of refugees. National Socialism redirects here. ... The flag of the British Union of Fascists showing the Flash and Circle symbolic of action within unity The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was a political party of the 1930s in the United Kingdom. ... Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (November 16, 1896 â€“ December 3, 1980), was a British politician known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists. ... Professor Sir Hermann Bondi, KCB , FRS (1 November 1919â€“10 September 2005) was a British (formerly Austrian) mathematician and cosmologist. ... Thomas Gold (May 22, 1920 â€“ June 22, 2004) was an Austrian astrophysicist, a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, and a member of the US National Academy of Sciences. ... The Amadeus Quartet was a world famous string quartet founded in 1947, with members Norbert Brainin (1923 - 2005), 1st violin Siegmund Nissel (b. ... Defence Regulation 18B was the most famous of the Defence Regulations used by the British Government during World War II. It allowed for the internment of people suspected of being Nazi sympathisers. ... October 1939. ... Built by Cammel Laird & Company in 1927, the Arandora was renamed Arandora Star two years later to avoid confusion with ships associated with Royal Mail (Which typically bore names beginning and ending in A). A 15,501T luxury cruise ship operated by Blue Star Line, she was refitted during the... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 â€“ August 13, 1946), better known as H. G. Wells, was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, The First Men in the Moon and The Island of Doctor Moreau. ...

Defence Regulation 18B was the most famous of the Defence Regulations used by the British Government during World War II. It allowed for the internment of people suspected of being Nazi sympathisers. ...

Cyprus

After World War II, British efforts to prevent Jewish emigration into their Palestine Mandate led to the construction of internment camps in Cyprus where up to 30,000 Holocaust survivors were held at any one time to prevent their entry into the country. They were released in February 1949 after the founding of Israel.^[6] Jews in British camps on Cyprus during the 1940s was a result of the British not allowing Jews to enter the British Mandate of Palestine. ... Aliyah (Hebrew: ×¢×œ×™×™×”, ascent or going up) is a term widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). ... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability. ... David Ben Gurion (First Prime Minister of Israel) publicly pronouncing the Declaration of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948. ...

Kenya

During the 1954-60 Mau-Mau uprising in Kenya, camps were established to hold suspected rebels. It is unclear how many were held but estimates range up to 1.5 million - or practically the entire Kikuyu population. Between 130,000 and 300,000 are thought to have died as a result. Maltreatment is said to have included torture and summary executions. In addition as many as a million members of the Kikuyu tribe were subjected to ethnic cleansing. (Sources: . R. Edgerton, Mau Mau: An African Crucible, London 1990 page 180; C. Elkins,“Detention, Rehabilitation & the Destruction of Kikuyu Society”in Mau Mau and Nationhood, Editors Odhiambo and Lonsdale, Oxford 2003 pages 205-7; C. Elkins, "Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End Of Empire In Kenya", 2005). The Mau Mau Uprising was an insurgency by Kenyan rebels against the British colonial administration from 1952 to 1960. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Channel Islands

Alderney in the Channel Islands was the only place in the British Isles where German concentration camps were established during the Occupation of the Channel Islands. In January 1942, the occupying German forces established four camps, called Helgoland, Norderney, Borkum and Sylt (after the German North Sea islands), where captive Russians and other east Europeans were used as slave labour to build Atlantic Wall defences on the island. Around 460 prisoners died in the Alderney camps. Capital St Anne Status Part of Guernsey, Crown dependency of the UK Official language(s) English Head of Government Sir Norman Browse Population 2,400 Currency Pound sterling (GBP). ... This article is about the British dependencies. ... As part of the Atlantic Wall, between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands such as this observation tower at Les Landes, Jersey The Occupation of the Channel Islands refers to the Military occupation of the Channel... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Lager Helgoland was one of the four Nazi labour camps in Alderney in the Channel Islands. ... Lager Borkum was one of the four Nazi labour camps on Alderney in the Channel islands. ... Lager Sylt was the name of the concentration camp on Alderney in the Channel Islands between March 1943 and June 1944. ... The East Frisian Islands (German: Ostfriesische Inseln) are a chain of islands in the North Sea, off the coast of Lower Saxony, Germany. ... German coastal artillery in the Pas-de-Calais area, with laborers at work on casemate. ...

Northern Ireland

During the Anglo-Irish War, 12,000 Irishmen were held without trial. Long Kesh Internment Camp was the main location for Operation Demetrius internees. ... An Irish War of Independence memorial in Dublin The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerrilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army under the proclaimed legitimacy of the First DÃ¡il, the extra-legal Irish parliament...

One of the most famous example of modern internment—and one which made world headlines—occurred in Northern Ireland in 1971, when hundreds of nationalists and republicans were arrested by the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary on the orders of the then Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Brian Faulkner, with the backing of the British government. Historians generally view that period of internment as inflaming sectarian tensions in Northern Ireland while failing in its stated aim of arresting members of the paramilitary Provisional IRA, because many of the people arrested were completely unconnected with that organisation but had had their names appear on the list of those to be interned through bungling and incompetence, and over 100 IRA men escaped arrest. The backlash against internment and its bungled application contributed to the decision of the British government under Prime Minister Edward Heath to suspend the Stormont governmental system in Northern Ireland and replace it with direct rule from London, under the authority of a British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) was name of the police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001. ... The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland was the head of the Government of Northern Ireland, appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. ... Arthur Brian Deane Faulkner, Baron Faulkner of Downpatrick (February 18, 1921 - March 3, 1977) was the sixth and last Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1971 until 1972. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... Sectarianism is an adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination, it also usually involves a rejection of those not a member of ones sect. ... The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) is a paramilitary group which aimed, through the use of violence, to achieve three goals: (i) British withdrawal from Ireland, (ii) the political unification of Ireland through the merger of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , and (iii) the creation of an all... Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, OBE (9 July 1916 â€“ 17 July 2005) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. ... The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule legislature created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which existed from June 7, 1921 to March 30, 1972, when it was suspended. ... The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland is the British cabinet minister who has responsibility for the government of Northern Ireland. ...

From 1971 internment began, beginning with the arrest of 342 suspected republican guerrillas and paramilitary members on August 9. They were held at HM Prison Maze. By 1972, 924 men were interned. Serious rioting ensued, and 23 people died in three days. The British government attempted to show some balance by arresting some loyalist paramilitaries later, but out of the 1,981 men interned, only 107 were loyalists. Internment was ended in 1975, but had resulted in increased support for the IRA and created political tensions which culminated in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike and the death of Bobby Sands MP. The imprisonment of people under anti-terrorism laws specific to Northern Ireland continued until the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, but these laws required the right to a fair trial be respected. However non-jury Diplock courts tried paramilitary-related trials, to prevent jury intimidation. Her Majestys Prison Service is the British Executive Agency reporting to the Home Office tasked with managing most of the prisons within England and Wales (Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own Prison Services). ... The personnel gate to the main guard office. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A mural in Derrys Bogside, commemorating Irish hunger strikers. ... Robert Gerard Sands (Irish: [1][2]), commonly known as Bobby Sands, (9 March 1954 â€“ 5 May 1981), was a Provisional Irish Republican Army Volunteer who died on hunger strike whilst in HM Prison Maze (also known as Long Kesh) for the possession of firearms. ... The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 by the British and Irish Governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties. ... The Diplock courts were a type of court established by the British Government in Northern Ireland in 1972, in an attempt to deal with paramilitary and terrorist violence in the province. ...

Many of those interned were held in a prison called Long Kesh, later known as the Maze Prison outside Belfast. Internment had previously been used as a means of repressing the Irish Republican Army. It was used between 1939 - 1945 and 1956 - 1962. On all these occasions, internment has had a somewhat limited success. The personnel gate to the main guard office. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ... This article is about the historical army of the Irish Republic (1919â€“1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919â€“21, and the Irish Civil War 1922â€“23. ...

Bosnia and Herzegovina

During the Bosnian War: Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer HaliloviÄ‡ (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim...

ÄŒelebiÄ‡i prison camp was a Konjic defence forces run prison camp [1] in the municipality of Konjic during the Bosnian War. ... Keraterm camp was a detention camp (also refered to as prison and concentration camp) near the town of Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995. ... ManjaÄa camp detainees in 1992 ManjaÄa camp (pronounced:MaÃ±acha) was a detention camp (also refered to as prison and concentration camp) on mountain ManjaÄa near the city of Banja Luka in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995. ... Omarska camp guard and detainees Omarska camp was a notorious concentration camp in Omarska mining town near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, functioning in the first months of the Bosnian War in 1992. ... Starved detainees at the Trnopolje camp, ITN pictures that went around the world Trnopolje camp was a detention camp (also refered to as ghetto, prison and concentration camp) in the village of Trnopolje near the city of Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War from 1992-1995. ...

Cambodia

Cambodia under the Pol Pot regime: see the article Democratic Kampuchea. Saloth Sar (May 19, 1925â€“April 15, 1998), better known as Pol Pot (short for Politique Potentielle, French for potential politic), was the leader of the Khmer Rouge and the Prime Minister of Cambodia (officially renamed the Democratic Kampuchea during his rule) from 1976 to 1979, having been de facto... Kampuchea (Cambodia) Located on the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia , Kampuchea has emerged from 2 decades (10 years) of civil war & invasion from V- ietnam. ...

Canada

Japanese internment and relocation centres

During World War II, Canada followed the U.S. lead in interning residents of Japanese and Italian ancestry. The Canadian government also interned citizens it deemed dangerous to national security. This included both fascists (including Canadians such as Adrien Arcand who had negotiated with Hitler to obtain positions in the government of Canada once Canada was conquered), Montreal mayor Camilien Houde (for denouncing conscription) and union organizers and other people deemed to be dangerous Communists. Such internment was made legal by the Defence of Canada Regulations, Section 21 of which read: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Adrien Arcand in 1933. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (in unity, prosperity) Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Quebec Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ... Camillien Houde (August 13, 1889 - September 11, 1958) was a mayor of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... A trade union or labour union is a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

Over 75% were Canadian citizens and they were vital in key areas of the economy, notable the fishery and also in logging and berry farming. Exile took two forms: relocation centres for families and relatively well-off individuals who were a low security threat, and interment camps (often called concentration camps in contemporary accounts, but controversially so) which were for single men, the less well-off, and those deemed to be a security risk. After the war, many did not return to the Coast because of bitter feelings as to their treatment, and fears of further hostility from non-Japanese citizens; of those that returned only a few regained confiscated property and businesses. Most remained in other parts of Canada, notably certain parts of the BC Interior and in the neighbouring province of Alberta.

Camps and relocation centres in the Kootenay region

Greenwood, Salmo, Rosebery, New Denver, Lemon Creek, Slocan City, Kaslo and Sandon Some were nearly-empty ghost towns when the internment began, others, like Kaslo and Greenwood, while less populous than in their boom years, were substantial communities. , Greenwood (, ) is a small city in south central British Columbia. ... Salmo is a village in the Kootenays region of southeastern British Columbia, Canada. ... New Denver is a small town in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, along the shore of Slocan Lake. ... Kaslo (49Â°54â€²13â€³N, 116Â°56â€²07â€³W) is a village located on the shores of Kootenay Lake, in British Columbia, Canada and is known for its great natural beauty. ... -1... A street corner in the ghost town of Bodie, California. ...

Camps and relocation centres elsewhere in BC

Bridge River, Minto City, McGillivray Falls, East Lillooet, Taylor Lake. The first three listed were all in a mountainous area so physically isolated that fences and guards were not required as the only egress from that region was by rail or water only. McGillivray Falls and Tashme, on the Crowsnest Highway east of Hope, British Columbia, were just over the minimum 100 miles from the Coast required by the deportation order. This article needs to be wikified. ... Minto City, sometimes called just Minto, was a gold mining town in the Bridge River Valley of British Columbia from 1936 to 1959 when the last vestiges of the town were inundated by the waters of the Carpenter Lake reservoir following completion of the Bridge River Power Project. ... Lillooet (formerly Cayoosh Flat) is a small but historic and highly scenic community on the Fraser River in western Canada, about 240 kilometres (150 miles) up the British Columbia Railway line from Vancouver. ... Crowsnest Highway marker shields. ... Hope ( ) is a community of approximately 7,000 people located at the confluence of the Fraser and Coquihalla rivers in the province of British Columbia, Canada. ...

Camps and relocation centres elsewhere in Canada

There were internment camps near Petawawa, Ontario; Kananaskis, Alberta; Amherst, Nova Scotia; and Hull, Quebec. Petawawa is a town located in the Canadian province of Ontario. ... Kananaskis is an improvement district (a type of rural municipal administrative unit) situated to the west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada in the foothills and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. ... The Nova Scotia Visitor Information Centre, located in Fort Lawrence, 3 kilometres west of Amherst. ... Hull, QuÃ©bec, as seen from Ottawa Hull is part of the city of Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. ...

Further information

Ukrainian Canadian internment

In World War I, 8,579 male "aliens of enemy nationality" were interned, including 5,954 Austro-Hungarians, most of whom were probably ethnic Ukrainians. Many of these internees were used for forced labour in internment camps. See Ukrainian Canadian internment. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ... The Ukrainian Canadian internment was part of the confinement of enemy aliens in Canada during World War I, lasting from 1914 to 1920. ...

Further Information

Chile

Concentration camps existed throughout Chile during Pinochet's regime in the 1970s and 80s. The below list is not complete: General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte1 (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ...

Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: Region Santiago Metropolitan Region Province Santiago Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government - Mayor RaÃºl AlcaÃno Lihn Area 1 - City 641. ... Atacama Desert The Atacama Desert is a virtually rainless plateau in South America, extending 966 km (600 mi) between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. ... Tierra del Fuego Cerro Sombrero Village, Chile. ... The Estadio Nacional de Chile is the national stadium of Chile. ... Chacabuco may refer to Argentina Chacabuco, Buenos Aires Chacabuco Partido Chile Chacabuco Province This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Strait of Magellan with Dawson Island highlighted in red Dawson Island (Lat: 53. ... Estadio VÃctor Jara is the name of the former Estadio Chile, or Chile Stadium, in Santiago, Chile. ... Pisagua is a city in Tarapaca Region, Chile. ... Villa Grimaldi was a torture and detention center used by the DINA (Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional), Chilean secret police, under Augusto Pinochets dictatorship. ... Esmeralda (BE-43) Esmeralda (BE-43) is a steel-hulled four-masted barquentine tall ship of the Chilean Navy. ...

Confederate States of America

Many historians argue that Andersonville prison in Georgia was the world's first concentration camp. During the American Civil War, 12,913 Union prisoners died at Andersonville, in appalling conditions that prefigured the internment-camp atrocities that would become all-too-familiar in the decades to come. The camp's commandant, Captain Henry Wirz, was the only Civil War soldier executed for war crimes. The Andersonville prison, located at Camp Sumter, was the largest Confederate military prison during the American Civil War. ... The execution of Henry Wirz before the US Capitol as the trap door is sprung Captain Henry Wirz (November 1822 â€“ November 10, 1865) was the only Confederate soldier executed in the aftermath of the American Civil War for war crimes. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

Croatia

The Ustaše established concentration camps for Serbs. An UstaÅ¡e guard pose among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp The UstaÅ¡e (also known as Ustashas or Ustashi) was a Croatian extreme nationalist movement. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Ð¡Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ...

Jasenovac concentration camp (in Croatian: Logor Jasenovac in Serbian: Ð›Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ ÐˆÐ°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ†) was the largest concentration and extermination camp in Croatia during World War II. It was established by the UstaÅ¡a (Ustasha) regime of the Independent State of Croatia in August 1941. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Stara Gradiška was a Jasenovac subcamp established in 1941 near the main camp. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Pag (Latin Pagus, village, Italian Pago) is an island in northern Adriatic Sea, off the coast of Croatia. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

Finland

In the aftermath of the Finnish Civil War of 1918, some 75,000 enemy prisoners of war of the losing side and suspected Communists were incarcerated in camps. While 125 Communist prisoners were convicted of treason and executed, an estimated 12,000 died of disease and starvation and an unknown number lost their lives after release, some of them shot after return to their home villages. Combatants Whites: White Guards, German Empire, Swedish volunteers Reds: Red Guards, Russian SFSR Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen, Eino Rahja, Kullervo Manner Strength 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 550 Swedish volunteers, 13,000 Germans[1] 80,000â€“90,000 Finns, 4,000â€“10,000 Russians[1... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Traitor redirects here. ...

When the Finnish Army during the Continuation War occupied East Karelia 1941–1944 that was inhabited by ethnically related Finnic Karelians (although it never had been a part of Finland — or before 1809 of Sweden-Finland), several concentration camps were set up for Russian civilians. The first camp was set up on 24 October 1941, in Petrozavodsk. The two largest groups were 6,000 Russian refugees and 3,000 inhabitants from the southern bank of River Svir forcibly evacuated because of the closeness of the front line. Around 4,000 of the prisoners perished due to malnourishment, 90% of them during the spring and summer 1942.^[8] The ultimate goal was to move the Russian speaking population to German-occupied Russia in exchange for any Finnic population from these areas, and also help to watch civilians. The Finnish Army ( Finnish: Maavoimat) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. ... Combatants Finland Germany Soviet Union Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Kirill Meretskov Leonid Govorov Strength 530,000 Finns[1] 220,000 Germans 900,000-1,500,000[2] Casualties 58,715 dead or missing 158,000 wounded 1,500 civilian dead[3] 200,000 dead or missing 385,000 wounded... East Karelia and West Karelia with borders of 1939 and 1940/1947. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Finnic peoples (Fennic, sometimes Baltic-Finnic) refers to a group of related ethnic groups and nations speaking Finnic languages (also known as Balto-Finnic languages). ... The Karelians is a name used to denote two related, yet different ethnic groups of Finnic-language speakers. ... The traditional lands of Sweden. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Petrozavodsk (Russian: ; Karelian/Finnish: Petroskoi) is the capital of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, with a population of 266,160 (2002 Census). ...

is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

France

There have been internment camps and concentration camps in France before, during and after World War II. Beside the camps created during World War I to intern German, Austrian and Ottomans civilians prisoners, the Third Republic (1871-1940) opened various internment camps for the Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil...

Algeria

During France's occupation of Algeria, large numbers of Algerians were forced into "tent cities" and concentration camps both during the initial French invasion in 1830s, and particularly during the Algerian War of Independence. French rule in Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962, under a variety of governmental systems. ... Combatants FLN (1954-62) MNA (1954-62) France (1954-62) FAF (1960-61) OAS (1961-62) Commanders Mostefa BenboulaÃ¯d Ferhat Abbas Hocine AÃ¯t Ahmed Ahmed Ben Bella Krim Belkacem Larbi Ben MHidi Rabah Bitat Mohamed Boudiaf Messali Hadj General Jacques Massu General Maurice Challe Bachaga Said Boualam...

During the early part of the colonial period, camps were used mostly to forcibly remove Arabs, Berbers and Turks from fertile areas of land and replace them by primarily French, Spanish, and Maltese settlers. It has been estimated that from 1830 to 1900, between 15 and 25% of the Algerian population died in such camps and the war in general killed a third of Algeria's population.

During the Algerian War of Independence the populations of whole villages which were suspected to have supported the rebel FLN were incarcerated in such camps. Combatants FLN (1954-62) MNA (1954-62) France (1954-62) FAF (1960-61) OAS (1961-62) Commanders Mostefa BenboulaÃ¯d Ferhat Abbas Hocine AÃ¯t Ahmed Ahmed Ben Bella Krim Belkacem Larbi Ben MHidi Rabah Bitat Mohamed Boudiaf Messali Hadj General Jacques Massu General Maurice Challe Bachaga Said Boualam... The National Liberation Front , (Arabic: Jabhat al-Taá¸©rÄ«r al-WaÅ£anÄ«, French: Front de LibÃ©ration Nationale aka FLN) is a socialist political party in Algeria. ...

Vichy France

During World War II, The French Vichy government ran what were called "detention camps" such as the one at Drancy. Camps also existed in the Pyrenees, on the border with pro-Nazi Spain, among them Camp Gurs and Camp Vernet. About 73,000 Jews were deported to Nazi Germany. In addition, areas which were annexed by Germany formally from France such as Alsace-Lorraine had concentration camps set up, the largest being Natzweiler-Struthof. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Motto Travail, famille, patrie French: Unoccupied zone of Vichy France (until November 1942) Capital Vichy Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholic Government Dictatorship Chief of state - 1940 â€” 1944 Henri Philippe PÃ©tain President of the Council - 1940 â€” 1942 Philippe PÃ©tain - 1942 â€” 1944 Pierre Laval Legislature National Assembly Historical era... The Drancy deportation camp was an infamous temporary prison camp in the city of Drancy, north of Paris, France. ... Pic de Bugatetin the NÃ©ouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees For the mountains in Victoria, Australia, see Pyrenees (Victoria). ... Camp Gurs was an internment and refugee camp constructed by the French government in 1939 in Southwest France after the fall of Catalonia at the end of the Spanish Civil War to control those who fled Spain out of fear of retaliation from Francisco Francos regime. ... The French dÃ©partement where Le Vernet is located. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Imperial Province of ElsaÃŸ-Lothringen Alsace-Lorraine (German: , generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. ... Camp entrance Natzweiler-Struthof was a Nazi concentration camp located close to the Alsatian village of Natzwiller (German Natzweiler) in France about 50 km south west from the city of Strasbourg. ...

The Vichy French also ran camps in North and West Africa, and possibly East Africa. Following are the locations of concentration camps, POW camps, and internment camps in (Vichy)West and (Vichy) North Africa, there may have been one in the Mogadishu area of East Africa, and also in Madagascar.

The camps at Conakry, Timbuctoo, and Kankan had no running water, no electricity, no gas, no electric light no sewers no toilets, and no baths.

The prisoners (mainly British and Norwegian) were housed in native accommodation - mud huts and houses, and a tractor shed. The Vichy French authorities in West Africa called the camps at Conakry, Timbuctoo, and Kankan, concentration camps.

Germany

Main article: Nazi concentration camps. See also: List of concentration camps of Nazi Germany, Holocaust, Ilag, Arbeitslager Piles of bodies in a liberated Nazi concentration camp in Germany Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, abbreviated KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled. ... The following is a list of Nazi German concentration camps. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... Ilag is an abbreviation of the German word Internierunslager. ... Arbeitslager is a German language word which means Labor camp. ...

In World War I male civilian citizens of the Allies caught by the outbreak of war on the territory of the Germany were interned. One of the camps was at Ruhleben on a horse race-track near Berlin.^[9] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 739 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2699 Ã— 2190 pixel, file size: 934 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions See also Image:Buchenwald. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 739 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2699 Ã— 2190 pixel, file size: 934 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions See also Image:Buchenwald. ... Image File history File links Majorcampseurope. ... Image File history File links Majorcampseurope. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp was a civilian detention camp during the World War I. It was located in Rubleben, then a village 10 kilometre to the west of Berlin, now a district of the city called Ruhleben-Spandau. ...

On January 30 1933 Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the weak coalition government. Although the Nazi party (NSDAP) was in a minority, Hitler and his associates quickly took control of the country.^[10] Within days the first Concentration camp (Konzentrationslager) Dachau was built to hold persons considered dangerous by the Nazi administration - these included suspected communists, labor union activists, liberal politicians and even pastors. This camp became the model for all later Nazi concentration camps. It was quickly followed by Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen which became a facility for the training of SS-Death's Head officers in the operation of concentration camps. Hitler redirects here. ... The Nazi Party (German: , or NSDAP, English: National Socialist German Workers Party), was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... The main entrance just after the liberation Memorial at the camp, 1997. ... Entry to the camp Sachsenhausen was a concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1950. ... ...

Theodor Eicke, commandant of Dachau camp, was appointed "Inspector of Concentration Camps" by Himmler on 4 July 1934. By 1934 there were eight major institutions. This started the second phase of development. All smaller detention camps were consolidated into six major camps - Dachau, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Flossenburg, and after the annexation of Austria in 1938 - Mauthausen, finally in 1939 Ravensbrück (for women). The pajama type blue-striped uniforms were introduced for inmates as well as the practice of tattooing the prisoner's number on his fore-arm. Eicke started the practice of farming out prisoners as slave-labor in German industry, with sub-camps or Arbeitskommandos to house them. The use of common criminals as Kapo, to brutalize and assist in the handling of prisoners, was instituted at this time. In November 1938 the massive arrests of German Jews started, with most of them being immediately sent to the concentration camps, where they were separated from other prisoners and subjected to even harsher treatment. Probably it was at this time that German people started referring (in hushed voices) to the camps as Kah-Tzets (the initials KZ in the German language.) Theodor Eicke (October 17, 1892 - February 26, 1943) was a Nazi official, SS-ObergruppenfÃ¼hrer, commander of the SS-Division (mot) Totenkopf of the Waffen-SS and one of the key figures in the establishment of concentration camps in Nazi Germany. ... Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler (October 7, 1900 - May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... Slave laborers in the Buchenwald concentration camp (Elie Wiesel is second row, seventh from left). ... Flossenbürg concentration camp was a German prison built in 1938 at Flossenbürg, in the Oberpfalz region of Bavaria. ... Mauthausen is a small town in Upper Austria about 20 kilometers east of the city of Linz. ... View of the barracks at RavensbrÃ¼ck RavensbrÃ¼ck was a German concentration camp located 90 km north of Berlin. ... Arbeitslager is a German language word which means Labor camp. ... Kapo was a term used for certain prisoners who worked inside the Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. ... Ka-tzetnik (KZ-nik, Kazetnik, Katsetnik) is a Yiddish word for an inmate of a Nazi concentration camp. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ...

The third phase started after the occupation of Poland in 1939. In the first few months Polish intellectuals were detained, including nearly the entire staff of Cracow university arrested in November 1939.^[11] Auschwitz-I and Stutthof concentration camp were built to house them and other political prisoners. Large numbers were executed or died from the brutal treatment and disease. After the occupation of Belgium, France and Netherlands in 1940, Natzweiler-Struthof, Gross Rosen and Fort Breendonk, in addition to a number of smaller camps, were set up to house intellectuals and political prisoners from those countries that had not already been executed.^[12] It must be noted that many of these intellectuals were held first in Gestapo prisons, only those who were not executed immediately after interrogation were sent on to the concentration camps. Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... Stutthof (Sztutowo) was the first concentration camp built by the German Nazi regime outside of Germany, on September 2, 1939. ... Camp entrance Natzweiler-Struthof was a Nazi concentration camp located close to the Alsatian village of Natzwiller (German Natzweiler) in France about 50 km south west from the city of Strasbourg. ... KL Gross-Rosen was a German concentration camp, located in Gross-Rosen. ... Fort Breendonk is a fortification built in 1906 as part of the second ring of defenses (the Reduit national) around the city of Antwerp (Belgium) The fort was used as a prisoncamp by the German occupiers during World War II. Nowadays, the site is a national memorial (Nationaal Gedenkteken Fort... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

The final phase was the extermination of Jews. Initially, Jews in the occupied countries were interned either in other KZ, but predominantly in Ghettos that were walled off parts of cities. All the Jews in western Poland (annexed into the Reich) were transported to ghettos in the General Government. Jews were used for labor in industries, but usually transported to work then returned to the KZ or the ghetto at night. Although these ghettoes were not intended to be extermination camps, and there was no official policy to kill people, some Jews were raped and/or murdered by German soldiers. During the German advance into Russia in 1941 and 1942 Jewish soldiers and civilians were systematically executed by the Einsatzgruppen of the S.S. that followed the front-line troops. At the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 the "Final Solution" was decreed to exterminate all of the remaining Jews in Europe, Heydrich stated that there were still 11 million to be eliminated.^[13] To accomplish this special Vernichtungslager (Extermination Camps) were to be organized. The first was Chełmno in which 152,000, mainly from the Łódź ghetto, were killed. The method for carrying out mass murder was tested and perfected here. During 1942 and 1943 further camps Auschwitz-Birkenau II, part of Majdanek, Treblinka, Bełżec and Sobibor were built for this purpose. Jews from other concentration camps, and from the ghettos, were transported to them from all over occupied Europe. In these six camps alone, an estimated 3.1 million Jews were killed in gas chambers and the bodies burned in massive crematoria. The Nazis realized that this was a criminal act^{[citation needed]} and the action was shrouded in secrecy. The extermination camps were destroyed in 1944 and early 1945 and buried. However the Soviet armies overran Auschwitz and Majdanek before the evidence could be totally destroyed. During World War II ghettos were established by the Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe. ... The General Government (in full General government for the occupied Polish areas, in German Generalgouvernement fÃ¼r die besetzten polnischen Gebiete) was the name given by Germany to the governing authority in Poland after its occupation by the Wehrmacht in September and October 1939. ... A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ... The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on January 20, 1942. ... In a February 26, 1942, letter to German diplomat Martin Luther, Reinhard Heydrich follows up on the Wannsee Conference by asking Luther for administrative assistance in the implementation of the EndlÃ¶sung der Judenfrage (Final Solution of the Jewish Question). ... Reinhard Heydrich Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (sometimes incorrectly spelled as Reinhardt, March 7, 1904 - June 4, 1942) was an Obergruppenführer in the Nazi German paramilitary corps - the SS led by Heinrich Himmler. ... The CheÅ‚mno extermination camp was a Nazi extermination camp that was situated 70 km from ÅÃ³dÅº near a small village called CheÅ‚mno nad Nerem (Kulmhof an der Nehr, in German), in Greater Poland (which was, in 1939, annexed and incorporated into Germany under the name of Reichsgau Wartheland). ... Motto: Ex navicula navis (From a boat, a ship) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship ÅÃ³dÅº Powiat city county Gmina ÅÃ³dÅº City Rights 1423 Government - Mayor Jerzy Kropiwnicki Area - City 293. ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... Majdanek Memorial, containing ashes of human bodies Majdanek fence in the winter (2005) Majdanek (originally Konzentrationslager Lublin) is the site of a German Nazi concentration and extermination camp, roughly 2. ... Treblinka is a small village in the Mazowieckie voivodship (province) of Poland. ... Belzec was the first of the Nazi German extermination camps created for implementing Operation Reinhard during the Holocaust. ... Sobibór was a Nazi extermination camp that was part of Operation Reinhard. ...

Another category of internment camp in Nazi Germany was the Labor camp (Arbeitslager). They housed civilians from the occupied countries that were being used to work in industry, on the farms, in quarries, in mines and on the railroads. Although conditions were harsh and food and medical care inadequate, they were not concentration camps. More workers died in them from Allied bombs or industrial accidents than from the difficult living conditions. The workers were mostly young and taken from the occupied countries, predominantly eastern Europe, but also many French and Italian. They were sometimes taken willingly, more frequently as a result of lapanka in Polish, or rafle in French language, in which people were collected on the street or in their home by police drives. However, for often very minor infractions of the rules, workers were imprisoned in special Arbeitserziehungslager, German for Worker re-education camp, (abbreviated to AEL and sometimes referred to as Straflager).^[14] These punishment camps were operated by the Gestapo and many of the inmates were executed or died from the brutal treatment. A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ... Arbeitslager is a German language word which means Labor camp. ... Łapanka (literally Catching game) was a nick-name applied to the German policy in occupied Poland during World War II. In łapankas the forces of SS, Wehrmacht and Gestapo rounded up civilians on the streets of Polish cities and took all of them as prisoners. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Finally there was one category of internment camp, called Ilag in which Allied, mainly British and American, civilians were held that had been caught behind front lines by the rapid advance of the German armies, or the sudden entry of the United States into the war. In these camps the Germans abided by the rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention. Any deaths resulted from sickness or simply old age. Ilag is an abbreviation of the German word Internierunslager. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Fourth Geneva Convention The Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) relates to the protection of civilians during times of war in the hands of an enemy and under any occupation by a foreign power. ...

After World War II, internment camps were used by the Allied occupying forces to hold suspected Nazis, usually using the facilities of previous Nazi camps. They were all closed down by 1949. In East Germany the communist government used prison camps to hold political prisoners, opponents of the communist regime or suspected Nazi collaborators. â€œEast Germanyâ€ redirects here. ...

The Bad Nenndorf interrogation centre was a British Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre in the town of Bad Nenndorf, Germany, which operated from June 1945 to July 1947. ... Nazi concentration camp badges, made primarily of inverted triangles, were used in the concentration camps in the Nazi-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there. ... The following is a list of Nazi German concentration camps. ... During the Nazi German occupation of Poland during World War II, a system of camps of various kinds was established across the country. ... Ilag is an abbreviation of the German word Internierunslager. ...

Italy

Baranello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about 10 km southwest of Campobasso. ... Campobasso is the capital city of the Molise region in Italy. ... Campania is a region of Southern Italy, bordering on Lazio to the north-west, Molise to the north, Puglia to the north-east, Basilicata to the east, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ... Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ... Chieti is a city in central Italy, 200 km northeast of Rome. ... Chiesanuova is a minor municipality of San Marino. ... Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Cremona is a city in Northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura padana (Po valley). ... Cosenza is a town and comune in the Calabria region of southern Italy, on the Crati River. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Modena (MÃ²dna in Modenese dialect) is a city and a province on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. ... Gonars is a town and commune near Palmanova in the province of Udine, Friuli, northeastern Italy. ... Palmanova (Friulian: Palme) is a town in northeastern Italy, close to the border with Slovenia. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lipari Castle above the town of Lipari. ... Malo is a town in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venezsia, Latin: Venetia) is a city in northern Italy, the capital of region Veneto, and has a population of 271,251 (census estimate January 1, 2004). ... Satelite image of Molat This is an article about island named Molat. ... Treviso is a town in the Veneto region of Italy. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Province of Parma (PR) Mayor Elevation m Area 48. ... Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, famous for its architecture and the fine countryside around it. ... Ponza and the Pontine Islands. ... Potenza (IPA: /poteÎ·tsa/) is a town and comune in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata (former Lucania). ... The Rab concentration camp was established during World War II in July 1942, when the Italians established a concentration camp near the village of Kampor on the island of Rab. ... Rab (Croatia) Coat of arms The historic town center of Rab For other uses, see Rab (disambiguation). ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Arezzo (Latin Arretium) is an old city in central Italy, capital of the province of the same name, located in Tuscany. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Country Italy Region Molise Province Province of Campobasso (CB) Mayor Elevation m Area 62. ... Campobasso is the capital city of the Molise region in Italy. ... Treviso is a town in the Veneto region of Italy. ... Urbisaglia is a town and commune in the province of Macerata, Marche, Italy. ... Vestone is a commune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. ... Vinchiaturo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about 10 km southwest of Campobasso. ... Visco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 45 km northwest of Trieste and about 20 km southeast of Udine. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ...

Japan

Japanese WWII Camps in Asia

Japan conquered south-east Asia in a series of victorious campaigns over a few months from December 1941. By March 1942 many civilians, particularly westerners in the region's European colonies, found themselves behind enemy lines and were subsequently interned by the Japanese.

The nature of civilian internment varied from region to region. Some civilians were interned soon after invasion; in other areas the process occurred over many months. In total, approximately 130,000 Allied civilians were interned by the Japanese during this period of occupation. The exact number of internees will never be known as records were often lost, destroyed, or simply not kept.

The backgrounds of the internees were diverse. There was a large proportion of Dutch from the Dutch East Indies, but they also included Americans, British, and Australians. They included missionaries and their families, colonial administrators, and business people. Many had been living in the colonies for decades. Single women had often been nuns, missionaries, doctors, teachers and nurses.

Civilians interned by the Japanese were treated marginally better than the prisoners of war, but their death rates were the same. Although they had to work to run their own camps, few were made to labour on construction projects. The Japanese devised no consistent policies or guidelines to regulate the treatment of the civilians. Camp conditions and the treatment of internees varied from camp to camp. The general experience, however, was one of malnutrition, disease, and varying degrees of harsh discipline and brutality from the Japanese guards.

The camps varied in size from four people held at Pangkalpinang in Sumatra to the 14,000 held in Tjihapit in Java. Some were segregated according to gender or race, there were also many camps of mixed gender. Some internees were held at the same camp for the duration of the war, and others were moved about. The buildings used to house internees were generally whatever was available, including schools, warehouses, universities, hospitals, and prisons.

Organisation of the internment camps varied by location. The Japanese administered some camps directly; others were administered by local authorities under Japanese control. Korean POWs of the Japanese were also used as camp guards. Some of the camps were left for the internees to self-govern. In the mixed and male camps, management often fell to the men who were experienced in administration before their internment. In the women's camps the leaders tended to be the women who had held a profession prior to internment. Boys over the age of ten were generally considered to be men by the Japanese and were often separated from their mothers to live and work in male camps.

One of the most famous concentration camps operated by the Japanese during World War II was at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, the Philippines. The Dominican university was expropriated by the Japanese at the beginning of the occupation, and was used to house mostly American civilians, but also British subjects, for the duration of the war. There, men, women and children suffered from malnutrition and poor sanitation. The camp was liberated in 1945. The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines (or simply the University of Santo Tomas, UST or affectionately, UstÃª), is a private Roman Catholic university run by the Order of Preachers in Manila. ... Nickname: Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14Â°35 N 121Â° E Country Philippines Region National Capital Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government - Mayor Alfredo S. Lim (GO) - Vice Mayor Isko Moreno (independent) Area - City 38. ...

The liberation of camps was not a uniform process. Many camps were liberated as the forces were recapturing territory. For other internees, freedom occurred many months after the surrender of the Japanese, and in the Dutch East Indies, liberated internees faced the uncertainty of the Indonesian war of independence.

Civilian internees were generally disregarded in official histories, and few received formal recognition. Ironically, however, civilian internees have become the subject of several influential books and films. Agnes Newton Keith's account of internment in Sandakan and Batu Lintang camp, Kuching, Three Came Home (1947), was one of the first of the memoirs. More recent publications include Shirley Fenton-Huie's The Forgotten Ones (1992) and Jan Ruff O'Herne's Fifty Years of Silence (1997). Nevil Shute's novel A Town Like Alice was filmed in 1956, and J. G. Ballard's Empire of the Sun in 1987. Other films and television dramas have included Tenko and Paradise Road. Agnes Newton Keith (6 July 1901 â€“ 30 March 1982) was an American author best known for her three autobiographical accounts of life in North Borneo (now Sabah) before, during and after the Second World War. ... Nickname: Location in Sabah and Malaysia Country Malaysia State Sandakan Establishment Government - Council President Dr Yeo Boon Hai Area - City 2,266 kmÂ² (875 sq mi) Population (2006) - City 427,200 - Density 184/kmÂ² (488/sq mi) Time zone MST (UTC+8) - Summer (DST) Not observed (UTC) Website: http://www. ... Batu Lintang camp at Kuching, Sarawak on the island of Borneo was a Japanese internment camp during the Second World War. ... Three Came Home is a 1950 film based on the war memoirs of writer Agnes Newton Keith. ... A Town Like Alice (U.S. title: The Legacy) is a novel by the English author Nevil Shute. ... This article is about the 1984 novel and its 1987 film adaptation. ... Tenko is a television drama, co-produced by the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) and the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). ... Paradise Road is a 1997 film which tells the story of a group of women who are imprisoned in Sumatra during World War II. It is directed by Bruce Beresford and stars Glenn Close as beatific Adrienne Pargiter, Frances McDormand as the brash Dr. Verstak, Pauline Collins as missionary Margaret...

Mexico

A draft report leaked by the office of Mexico's Special Prosecutor Ignacio Carrillo in 2006 mentioned the existence of army-run concentration camps during anti-guerilla campaigns in the state of Guerrero in the 1970's.^[15] For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Guerrero is a state in the United Mexican States. ...

Netherlands

In World War I both German and Allied soldiers and sailors that crossed into neutral Netherlands were interned. The camp for the British, mostly sailors, was in Groningen^[16] â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Coordinates: Country Netherlands Province Groningen Area (2006) - Municipality 83. ...

During World War II a camp was built in 1939 at Westerbork by the Dutch government for interning Jewish refugees who had fled Nazi Germany. This camp was later used during the German occupation as a waystation for Dutch Jews eventually deported to extermination camps in the East. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article is about the concentration camp. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Extermination camps were one type of facility that the Nazis built before and during World War II for the systematic murder of millions of people in what has become known as The Holocaust. ...

New Zealand

In World War I German civilians living in New Zealand were interned in camps on Motuihe and Somes Islands. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ...

North Korea

Main article: Human rights in North Korea The human rights record of North Korea is extremely difficult to fully assess due to the secretive and closed nature of the country. ...

Location of Known Concentration Camps
North Province of Hamkyong-Life Imprisonment Zone
1. Onsong Changpyong Family Camp No. 12 (relocated in May 1987)
2. Chongsong Family Camp No. 13 (relocated in December 1990)
3. Hoeryong Family Camp No. 22
4. Chongjin Singles' Prison No. 25
5. Kyongsong Family Camp No. 11 (relocated in October 1989)
6. Hwasong Family Camp No. 16
South Province of Hamkyong
7. Yodok Offenders and Family Camp No. 15
(sectors for re-education and life imprisonment)
North Province of Pyong'an
8. Chonma Family Camp No. 27 (relocated in November 1990)
South Province of Pyong'an
9. Kaechon Family Camp No. 14
10. Pyongyang Seungho Area Hwachon dong Offender's Camp No. 26 (relocated in January 1990)

North Korea is known to operate five concentration camps, currently accommodating a total of over 200,000 prisoners, though the only one that has allowed outside access is Camp #15 in Yodok, South Hamgyong Province. Once condemned as political criminals in North Korea, the defendant and his or her family are incarcerated in one of the camps without trial and cut off from all outside contact. Prisoners reportedly work 14 hour days at hard labor and/or ideological re-education. Starvation and disease are commonplace. Political criminals invariably receive life sentences, however their families are usually released after 3 year sentences, if they pass political examinations after extensive study. Yodok is a concentration camp in South Hamgyong Province, North Korea. ... South HamgyÅng (HamgyÅng-namdo) is a province of North Korea. ...

Concentration camps came into being in North Korea in the wake of the country's liberation from Japanese colonial rule at the end of World War II. Those persons considered "adversary class forces", such as landholders, Japanese collaborators, religious devotees and families of those who migrated to the South, were rounded up and detained in a large facility. Additional camps were established later in earnest to incarcerate political victims in power struggles in the late 1950s and 60s and their families and overseas Koreans who migrated to the North. The number of camps saw a marked increase later in the course of cementing the Kim Il Sung dictatorship and the Kim Jong-il succession. About a dozen concentration camps were in operation until the early 1990s, the figure of which is believed to have been curtailed to five today due to increasing criticism of the North's perceived human rights abuses from the international community and the North's internal situation. Kim Il-sung (April 15, 1912–July 8, 1994) was a Korean Communist politician and the ruler of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea) from 1948 until his death. ... Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born February 16, 1942) is the leader of North Korea. ...

Perhaps the most well-known depiction of life in the North Korean camps has been provided by Kang Chol-hwan in his memoir The Aquariums of Pyongyang. Kang Chol-Hwan is a defector from North Korea. ... Front cover of the United States edition of The Aquariums of Pyongyang. ...

People's Republic of China

Concentration camps in the People's Republic of China are called Laogai, which means "reform through labor". The communist-era camps began at least in the 1960s and were filled with anyone who had said anything critical of the government, or often just random people grabbed from their homes to fill quotas. The entire society was organized into small groups in which loyalty to the government was enforced, so that anyone with dissident viewpoints was easily identifiable for enslavement. These camps were modern slave labor camps, organized like factories. Map of laogai in China Laogai (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), the abbreviation for Laodong Gaizao(å‹žå‹•æ”¹é€ ), which means reform through labor, is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of prison labor in the Peoples Republic of China. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ...

There are accusations that Chinese labor camp^[17] produce products are often sold in foreign countries with the profits going to the PRC government. Products include everything from green tea to industrial engines to coal dug from mines.

The use of prison labor is an interesting case study of the interaction between capitalism and prison labor. On the one hand, the downfall of socialism has reduced revenue to local governments increasing pressure for local governments to attempt to supplement their income using prison labor. On the other hand, prisoners do not make a good workforce, and the products produced by prison labor in China are of extremely low quality and have become unsellable on the open market in competition with products made by ordinary paid labor.

An insider's view from the 1950s to the 1990s is detailed in the books of Harry Wu, including Troublemaker and The Laogai. He spent almost all of his adult life as a prisoner in these camps for criticizing the government while he was a young student in college. He almost died several times, but eventually escaped to the US. Party officials have argued that he far overstates the present role of Chinese labor camps and ignores the tremendous changes that have occurred in China since then. Professor Harry Wu (in Chinese Wu Hongda å³å¼˜é”) (born 1937) is an activist for human rights in the Peoples Republic of China. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ...

There have been reports of Falun Gong practitioners being detained Sujiatun Concentration Camp. It has been accused that Falun Gong practitioners are killed for their organs, which are then sold to medical facilities. ^[18]^[19] ^[20] The Chinese government rejects these allegations ^[21]. Falun Gong, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Practice of the Wheel of Law) also known as Falun Dafa, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; lit. ...

Poland

After World War 2 Poland established a system of concentration and internment camps where "capitalists" were imprisoned as well as Ukrainians and Germans.

Central Labour Camp Potulice (Polish: ) was a a detention centre for Germans and Poles established by Polish Communist authorities after the end od World War II in Potulice, in place of the former German Nazi Potulice concentration camp. ... The memorial to the perished in Jaworzno Concentration Camp, erected in 1998 Central Labour Camp Jaworzno (Polish: ) was a concentration camp in Poland operating since 1943 until 1956. ... Camp Zgoda, main gate - monument Zgoda concentration camp - a concentration camp in Communist Poland, operated in 1945. ...

Russia and the Soviet Union

In Imperial Russia, labor camps were known under the name katorga. Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ... -1...

In the Soviet Union, concentration camps were called simply camps, almost always plural ("lagerya"). These were used as forced labor camps, and were often filled with political prisoners. After Alexander Solzhenitsyn's book they have become known to the rest of the world as Gulags, after the branch of NKVD (state security service) that managed them. (In the Russian language, the term is used to denote the whole system, rather than individual camps.) A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ... Solzhenitsyn was exiled from the Soviet Union for his book The Gulag Archipelago. ... Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Russian ( , transliteration: , ) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ...

In addition to what is sometimes referred to as the GULAG proper (consisting of the "corrective labor camps") there were "corrective labor colonies", originally intended for prisoners with short sentences, and "special resettlements" of deported peasants. At its peak, the system held a combined total of 2,750,000 prisoners. The total number of people who passed through the camps is, of course, much larger.

There are records of reference to concentration camps by Soviet officials (including Lenin) as early as December 1917. While the primary purpose of Soviet camps was not mass extermination of prisoners, in many cases the outcome was death or permanent disabilities. The total documentable deaths in the corrective-labor system from 1934 to 1953 amount to 1,054,000, including political and common prisoners; this does not include nearly 800,000 executions of "counterrevolutionaries" outside the camp system. From 1932 to 1940, at least 390,000 peasants died in places of peasant resettlement; this figure may overlap with the above, but, on the other hand, it does not include deaths outside the 1932-1940 period, or deaths among non-peasant internal exiles.

After WWII, some 3,000,000 German soldiers and civilians were sent to Soviet labor camps, as part of war reparations by labor force. Only about 2,000,000 returned to Germany. Not by Their Own Will. ... War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition. ...

A special kind of forced labor, informally called sharashka, was for engineering and scientific labor. The famous Soviet rocket designer Sergey Korolev worked in a "sharashka", as did Lev Termen and many other prominent Russians. Solzhenitsyn's book The First Circle describes life in a sharashka. Sharashka (sometimes Sharaga or Sharazhka, Russian: ) was an informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system. ... Korolev was key in the design and launch of Sputnik 1, the first ever artificial satellite Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (Серге́й Па́влович Королёв) (January 12, 1907 - January 14, 1966) was the... A young LÃ©on Theremin playing a theremin LÃ©on Theremin (born Lev Sergeyevich Termen, Ð›ÐµÐ² Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¢ÐµÑ€Ð¼ÐµÐ½ in Russian) (August 15, 1896â€“November 3, 1993) was a Russian inventor. ... The First Circle (Ð’ ÐºÑ€ÑƒÐ³Ðµ Ð¿ÐµÑ€Ð²Ð¾Ð¼, V kruge pervom) is a novel by Alexander Solzhenitsyn released in 1968, the title of which is based on a quotation from Dante. ...

An extensive List of Gulag camps is being compiled based on official sources. This enormous, but far from complete list enumerates sites of Soviet forced labor camps (corrective labor camps). Most of them served mining, construction, and timber works. ...

During war in Chechnia, in 1994 Russians founded many filtration camps for Chechen detainees. It's more like concentration camp because human rights are notoriousely broken here and mortality rate is nearly 80% (?). In 2001 in this objects Russians gathered 20 000 Chechen men and boys. Capital Grozny Area - total - % water 79th - 15,500 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density 49th _ est. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

Serbia

During the Yugoslav Wars: Museum of Banjica concentration camp One of the concentration camps in Serbia. ... The SajmiÅ¡te concentration camp was one of the complexes of German concentration camps in Serbia that were almost exclusive for Serbian Jews. ... Crveni krst was a concentration camp located in the Serbian city of NiÅ¡, and it operated by the Serbian quisling government during the Second World War. ... Dulag 183 was the name of a transit camp for POWs in WWII Serbia located in the town of Å abac. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Sremska Mitrovica prison camp (also called Sremska Mitrovica concentration camp by survivors), were two facilities in Sremska Mitrovica, Vojvodina (Serbia, former SFRJ, then FRY) where non-Serb (mostly Croatian) prisoners of war and civilians were kept by Serbian authorities. ...

Slovakia

During the Second World War, the Slovak government made a small number (Novaky, Sered) of transit camps for Jewish citizens. They were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Ravensbruck concentration camps. For German help with Aryanization of Slovakia, the Slovak government paid a fee of 500 Reichsmark per Jew. The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... View of the barracks at Ravensbrück Ravensbrück was a German concentration camp located 90 km north of Berlin. ...

Spain

Although the first modern concentration camps used to systematically dissuade rebels from fighting are usually attributed to the British during the Boer War, in the Spanish-American War, forts and camps were used by the Spanish in Cuba to separate rebels from their agricultural support bases. Upwards of 200,000 Cubans died by disease and famine in these environments. [10] Similar methods were used in the Philippines albeit not on the scale of those seen in Cuba, although the Americans in the Philippine-American War would use similar tactics as the Spanish. Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey MÃ¡ximo GÃ³mez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares General RamÃ³n Blanco Casualties 3,289 U.S. dead (432 from combat); considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino... Combatants United States Philippines Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Strength 126,000 soldiers 80,000 soldiers Casualties 4,324 U.S. soldiers dead, 3,000 wounded 2,000 killed, dead, or wounded suffered by the Philippine Constabulary 16,000 soldiers killed est. ...

Sweden

During the Second World War, the Swedish government operated eight internment camps.

In May 1941 a total of ten camps for 3000-3500 were planned, but towards the end of 1941 the plans were put on ice and in 1943 the last camp was closed down. All the record were burned. After the war many of those who had been put in the camps had trouble finding work as few wanted to hire "subversive elements". Storsien is a small village in Kalix Municipality in northern Sweden. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Syndicalism refers to a set of ideas, movements, and tendencies which share the avowed aim of transforming capitalist society through action by the working class on the industrial front. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... Coordinates: Country Sweden Municipality LuleÃ¥ Municipality County Norrbotten Province Norrbotten Charter 17th Century Area - City 2,110 kmÂ² (814. ... VÃ¤nersborg VÃ¤nersborg is a Municipality in VÃ¤stra GÃ¶taland County, in western Sweden. ... Ã–stersund Municipality listen? is a municipality in the middle of Sweden where the city Ã–stersund is the seat with a population of 43,536. ... DalarÃ¶ is a small town south of Stockholm, Sweden. ... VÃ¤sterbotten is the name of a geographical region in Sweden and Finland which can refer to: Westrobothnia, or VÃ¤sterbotten - a historical Province of the Swedish Realm Laponia, or Lappland - a historical Province of the Swedish Realm Part of VÃ¤sterbotten County, or VÃ¤sterbottens lÃ¤n - a current... Sveg is a town, and the seat of Härjedalen Municipality, in Jämtland County, Sweden. ...

The navy had at least one special detainment ship for communists and "troublemakers".

Most of the camps were not labour camps with the exception of Vindeln and Stensele where the interns were used to build a secret airbase.

Foreign soldiers were put in camps in Långmora and Smedsbo. German refugees and deserters in Rinkaby. After the Second World War three camps were used for Baltic refugees (including 150 Baltic soldiers) Ränneslätt, Rinkaby and Gälltofta.

United States

Indigenous People

The first large-scale confinement of a specific ethnic group in detention centers began in the summer of 1838, when President Martin Van Buren ordered the U.S. Army to enforce the Treaty of New Echota (an Indian Removal treaty) by rounding up the Cherokee into prison camps before relocating them. Called "emigration depots", the three main ones were located at Ross's Landing (Chattanooga, Tennessee), Fort Payne, Alabama, and Fort Cass (Charleston, Tennessee). Fort Cass was the largest, with over 4,800 Cherokee prisoners held over the summer of 1838.^[22] Although these camps were not intended to be extermination camps, and there was no official policy to kill people, some Indians were raped and/or murdered by US soldiers. Many more died in these camps due to disease, which spread rapidly because of the close quarters and bad sanitary conditions: see the Trail of Tears. | JÃ¶ns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 â€“ July 24, 1862), nicknamed Old Kinderhook, was the 8th President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. ... For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Fort Payne is a city located in DeKalb County, Alabama. ... Fort Cass, established in 1835, was an important site during the Cherokee removal known as the Trail of Tears. ... Charleston is a city in Bradley County, Tennessee, United States. ... Extermination camps were one type of facility that the Nazis built before and during World War II for the systematic murder of millions of people in what has become known as The Holocaust. ... This monument at the New Echota Historic Site honors Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears. ...

Throughout the remainder of the Indian Wars, various populations of Native Americans were rounded up, trekked across country and put into detention, some for as long as 27 years. Combatants Indian Nationss Colonial America/United States of America Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the Americans and the Indian Nations. ...

Philippines

On December 7, 1901, during the Philippine-American War, General J. Franklin Bell began a concentration camp policy in Batangas - everything outside the "dead lines" was systematically destroyed: humans, crops, domestic animals, houses, and boats. A similar policy had been quietly initiated on the island of Marinduque some months before.^[23] Combatants United States Philippines Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Strength 126,000 soldiers 80,000 soldiers Casualties 4,324 U.S. soldiers dead, 3,000 wounded 2,000 killed, dead, or wounded suffered by the Philippine Constabulary 16,000 soldiers killed est. ... J. Franklin Bell (1856- January 1919) was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1906 to 1910. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Batangas is a province of the Philippines located on the southwestern part of Luzon in the CALABARZON region. ... Marinduque is an island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region in Luzon. ...

WWI & WWII

During World Wars I and II, many people deemed to be a threat due to enemy connections were interned in the US. This included people not born in the U.S. and also U.S. citizens of Japanese (in WWII), Italian (in WWII), and German ancestry. In particular, over 100,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans and Germans and German-Americans were sent to camps such as Manzanar during the second World War. Some compensation for property losses was paid in 1948, and the U.S. government officially apologized for the internment in 1988, saying that it was based on "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership", and paid reparations to former Japanese inmates who were still alive, while paying no reparations to interned Italians or Germans. Jerome Relocation Camp The Japanese American internment refers to the exclusion and subsequent removal of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, officially described as persons of Japanese ancestry, 62% of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War... Jerome War Relocation Center in Jerome, Arkansas Japanese people heading off to an internment camp. ... German Americans are common in the US. Light blue indicates counties that are predominately German ancestry. ... Manzanar in the Owens Valley, between the towns of Lone Pine, California to the south, and Independence, California to the north, is most widely-known as the site of one of ten American concentration camps where Japanese Americans were imprisoned during World War II. It is located approximately 230 miles...

In reaction to the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan in 1941, United States Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942 allowed military commanders to designate areas "from which any or all persons may be excluded." Under this order all Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry were removed from Western coastal regions to guarded camps in Arkansas, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado and Arizona; German and Italian citizens, permanent residents, and American citizens of those respective ancestries (and American citizen family members) were removed from (among other places) the West and East Coast and relocated or interned, and roughly one-third of the US was declared an exclusionary zone. Interestingly, Hawaii, despite a large Japanese population, did not use internment camps. This article is about the harbor in Hawaii. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... United States Executive Order 9066 was a presidential executive order issued during World War II by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, using his authority as Commander-in-Chief to exercise war powers to send ethnic groups to internment camps. ... February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Serving from 1999 to 2003, Army General Eric Shinseki of Hawaii became the first Asian American military chief of staff. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area Ranked 29th - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,002 kmÂ²) - Width 239 miles (385 km) - Length 261 miles (420 km) - % water 2. ... Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area Ranked 9th - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 kmÂ²) - Width 260 miles (420 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area Ranked 18th - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,827 kmÂ²) - Width 240 miles (385 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 6. ... Official language(s) English Capital Cheyenne Largest city Cheyenne Area Ranked 10th - Total 97,818 sq mi (253,348 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (450 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area Ranked 8th - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (451 km) - Length 380 miles (612 km) - % water 0. ... Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area Ranked 6th - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 kmÂ²) - Width 310 miles (500 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 0. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...

Almost 120,000 Japanese Americans and resident Japanese aliens would eventually be removed from their homes, and relocated.

About 2,200 Japanese living in South America (mostly in Peru) were transported to the United States and placed in internment camps.^[24]

Alaska Natives living in the Aleutian Islands were also interned during the war; Funter Bay was one such camp.^[25] Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples who live in what is now the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Aleutians seen from space The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, island) are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming an island arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 kmÂ²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900... Funter Bay is a two-mile-long (3 km) bay on Admiralty Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the U.S. state of Alaska. ...

Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. ...

Notes

Cate Elkner at el. Enemy Aliens: The Internment of Italian Migrants in Australia during the Second World War (Connor Court Publishing, Ballan) 2005.

^ Report of Conadep (Argentine National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) - 1984. English translation
^ Germans interned in Australia
^ [1]
^ Internment on I. of Man in WWI
^ Italian internees in Britain in WWII
^ N. Bogner, The Deportation Island: Jewish Illegal Immigrant Camps on Cyprus 1946-1948, Tel-Aviv 1991 (Hebrew)
^ These numbers vary widely, and were frequently manipulated by various sides during Yugoslavia's history, see Jasenovac concentration camp.
^ Laine, Antti, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 1982, ISBN 951-1-06947-0, Otava
^ story of Geoffrey Pyke
^ "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" by William L. Shirer, pp.181-230
^ "History of Poland" ISBN 0-88029-858-8, by Oscar Halecki, p.313
^ "Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" p.957
^ "Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" pp.959-965
^ de:Arbeiterserziehungslager
^ National Security Archive: "Report documents 18 years `Dirty War` in Mexico"
^ British sailors in Groningen camp
^ Report about products produced under forced labor (focuses on the persecution of Falun Gong)
^ [2]
^ [3]
^ [4]
^ [5]
^ Duncan, Barbara R. and Riggs, Brett H. Cherokee Heritage Trails Guidebook. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill (2003). ISBN 0-8078-5457-3, p. 279
^ Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903, Stuart Creighton Miller, (Yale University Press, 1982). p. 208
^ The Tech(MIT), Volume 116 Issue 35 August 27, 1996 Japanese Latin Americans Seek Payments for WWII Injustices
^ Did you know Aleuts were sent to internment camps during WWII? Documentary film tells their story

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