This article presents a list of discoveries and includes famous observations. Discovery observations form acts of detecting and learning something. Discovery observations are acts in which something is found and given a productive insight. The observation assimilates the knowledge of a phenomenon or the recording of data using instruments. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Anthropology

Century of discovery and item

• 8th century : Struggle for existence
• 10th century : Coptic-Egyptian relationship
• 11th century : Anthropology of religion
• 11th century : Comparative sociology
• 11th century : Indology
• 12th century : Transmutation of species
• 19th century : Historical relatedness of languages
• 19th century : Extinct human ancestry
• 20th century : Culture and tool use among Chimpanzees

(7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... Al-Jahiz (in Arabic الجاحظ) (real name Abu Uthman Amr Ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Fuqaimi al-Basri) (born in Basra, 776 - 869) was a famous Arab scholar probably of Abyssinian descent. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... The Coptic language is a direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language which was once written in Egyptian hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. ... Comparative Sociology Comparative sociology generally refers to sociological analysis that involves comparison of social processes between nation-states, or across different types of society (for example capitalist and socialist). ... Indology refers to the academic study of the history, languages, and cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Transmutation of species refers to the altering of one species into another. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Most languages are known to belong to language families (families hereforth). ... For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Dame Jane Goodall, DBE, PhD, (born 3 April 1934 as Valerie Jane Morris Goodall) is an English UN Messenger of Peace, primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist. ...

Archaeology

Century of discovery and item

• 9th century : Egyptology
• 9th century : Partial decipherment of hieroglyphic writing
• 10th century : Coptic-Egyptian relationship
• 17th century : Ur
• 18th century : The Rosetta Stone
• 19th century : Behistun Inscription
• 19th century : Cache of royal correspondence at Amarna
• 19th century : Minoan civilization
• 19th century : Mycenae
• 19th century : Hittite civilization
• 19th century : Troy
• 20th century : Indus Valley Civilization
• 20th century : Sutton Hoo
• 20th century : Terracotta army at the tomb of Qin Shi Huang
• 20th century : Viking settlement in Vinland

As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... The Great Sphinx of Giza against Khafres Pyramid at the Giza pyramid complex. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... Demotic script on a replica of the Rosetta Stone. ... The Coptic language is a direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language which was once written in Egyptian hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... For other uses, see Ur (disambiguation). ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... This article is about the ancient Rosetta Stone . ... The Behistun Inscription, carved into a cliffside, gives the same text in three languages, telling the story of King Darius conquests, with the names of twenty-three provinces subject to him. ... Amarna The site of Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna or incorrectly as Tel el-Amarna; see below) (Arabic: العمارنة al-‘amārnä) is located on the east bank of the Nile River in the modern Egyptian province of al-Minya, some 58 km (38 miles) south of the city of... The Minoan civilization was a bronze age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. ... A clay tablet with writing in Linear B from Mycenae. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan. ... Sutton Hoo ceremonial helmet (British Museum, restored). ... The Terracotta WARRIORS (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: bīngmǎ yǒng; literally soldier and horse funerary statues) are the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Shi Huang Di the First Emperor of China. ... LAnse aux Meadows (from the French LAnse-aux-Méduses or Jellyfish Cove) is a site on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, where the remains of a Viking village were discovered in 1960 by the Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and...

Astronomy/Cosmology

Century of discovery, item and discoverer

• 3rd century B.C. : Heliocentrism (Earth and the planets revolving around the Sun) by Aristarchus of Samos and Indian astronomers
• 3rd century B.C. : The discovery of the curvature of the Earth, its size (circumference) computed by Eratosthenes
• 2nd century B.C. : Discovery of tides being caused by the Moon, by Seleucus of Seleucia
• 8th century : Discovery of the universe expanding and contracting by Ja'far al-Sadiq
• 8th century : Discovery that every object in the universe is always in motion, including objects which appear to be inanimate, by Ja'far al-Sadiq
• 9th century : The discovery of the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres being subject to the same laws of physics as the Earth by Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir and Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
• 9th century : The existence of gravitation between heavenly bodies and within the celestial spheres by Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• 10th century : The discovery of Andromeda Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud by Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi in his Book of Fixed Stars
• 11th century : The Milky Way galaxy being a collection of numerous nebulous stars by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• 11th century : The discovery that the solar apogee and the precession are not identical by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• 11th century : Discovery of the elliptic orbits of the planets by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
• 12th century : Self-luminosity of the planets by Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
• 16th century : Explicit heliocentric model by Nicolaus Copernicus
• 17th century : Moons of Jupiter by Galileo Galilei
• 17th century : Sunspots by Johannes and David Fabricius, Christoph Scheiner and Galileo Galilei
• 18th and 19th century : The outer planets, Uranus and Neptune
• 20th century : Universe beyond our galaxy
• 20th century : Expansion and age of the universe, based on Hubble's law
• 20th century : Cosmic microwave background radiation

This article is about Earth as a planet. ... This article is about the astronomical term. ... Sol redirects here. ... For other uses of this name, including the grammarian Aristarchus of Samothrace, see Aristarchus Statue of Aristarchus at Aristotle University in Thessalonica, Greece Aristarchus (Greek: Ἀρίσταρχος; 310 BC - ca. ... The astronomy and the astrology of Ancient India (Jyotisha) is based upon sidereal calculations. ... Curvature is the amount by which a geometric object deviates from being flat. ... This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. For the ancient Athenian statesman of the fifth century BC, see Eratosthenes (statesman). ... This article is about tides in the Earths oceans. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... Seleucus (or Seleukos) of Seleucia (born circa 190 BC - ?) was a Greek philosopher. ... For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ... This box:      The metric expansion of space is a key part of sciences current understanding of the universe, whereby spacetime itself is described by a metric which changes over time in such a way that the spatial dimensions grow or stretch as the universe gets older. ... Jafar Al-Sadiq (Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn (702 AD - 765 AD ) is the sixth infallible Imam and one of Ahl al-Bayt of the Shia Muslims. ... A physical body is an object which can be described by the theories of classical mechanics, or quantum mechanics, and experimented upon by physical instruments. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Jafar Al-Sadiq (Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn (702 AD - 765 AD ) is the sixth infallible Imam and one of Ahl al-Bayt of the Shia Muslims. ... Astronomical objects are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current science has confirmed to exist in space. ... The celestial sphere is divided by the celestial equator. ... For a list of set rules, see Laws of science. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... This article is about the scientist. ... Gravity redirects here. ... Astronomical objects are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current science has confirmed to exist in space. ... The celestial sphere is divided by the celestial equator. ... The Andromeda Galaxy (IPA: , also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts) is a spiral galaxy approximately 2. ... The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a nearby satellite galaxy of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. ... Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars around 964, in Arabic, although the author himself was probably Persian. ... For other uses, see Milky Way (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Galaxy (disambiguation). ... The Triangulum Emission Nebula NGC 604 The Pillars of Creation from the Eagle Nebula For other uses, see Nebula (disambiguation). ... This article is about the astronomical object. ... A diagram of Keplerian orbital elements. ... Precession redirects here. ... Two bodies with similar mass orbiting around a common barycenter with elliptic orbits. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (also spelled Nur al-Din Ibn Ishaq Al-Bitruji and Abu Ishâk ibn al-Bitrogi; another spelling is al Bidrudschi) (known in the West by the Latinized name of Alpetragius) (died ca. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... // Main article: Heliocentrism Much has been which did not, however, revolve around a central sun. ... Copernicus redirects here. ... Jupiters 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter (Great Red Spot visible). ... Galileo redirects here. ... 400 year sunspot history A sunspot is a region on the Suns surface (photosphere) that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings, and intense magnetic activity. ... David and Johannes Fabricius were father and son astronomers from Frisia. ... David and Johannes Fabricius were father and son astronomers from Frisia. ... Christoph Scheiner (July 25, 1573 or 1575 – June 18, 1650) was a German astronomer and Jesuit. ... Galileo redirects here. ... For other uses, see Uranus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Neptune (disambiguation). ... The Andromeda Galaxy in ultraviolet In astronomy, The Great Debate was an influential debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis which concerned the nature of spiral nebulae and the size of the universe. ... For other uses, see Big Bang (disambiguation). ... This box:      Hubbles law is a statement in physical cosmology which states that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ... CMB redirects here. ...

Biology

• Discovery of measles and smallpox by al-Razi (Rhazes)
• The contagious nature of infectious diseases, including phthisis and tuberculosis, by Avicenna (Abū Alī ibn Sīnā)
• Discovery of sexually transmitted disease by Avicenna
• The discovery that disease can be distributed through water and soil by Avicenna
• Discovery of mediastinitis and pleurisy by Avicenna
• Discovery of bacteria and viral organisms by Avicenna
• The circulation of blood and pulmonary circulation by Ibn al-Nafis
• Discovery of microorganisms by Ibn Khatima and Ibn al-Khatib
• Discovery of the immune system by Muslim physicians
• Systemic circulation of blood and double circulatory system by William Harvey
• Observation of microorganisms by Antony van Leeuwenhoek
• Discovery of the role of oxygen in respiration and photosynthesis by Joseph Priestly, Antoine Lavoisier and Jan Ingenhousz
• Former existence of extinct species
• Mendel's Laws of Genetics
• Discovery of evidence for the evolution of species in the fossil record and DNA sequences.
• Chromosomes in the cell nucleus bear a definite linear arrangement of genes - the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance.
• Discovery of the essential minerals, nutrients and vitamins in foodstuffs.
• Discovery of the mechanism of evolution by natural selection, by Charles Darwin
• The role of microorganisms in causing infectious disease, by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister
• The nervous system acts via electrical impulses.
• Discovery of the structure and function of DNA and RNA
• Discovery of the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins.
• Discovery of restriction endonucleases, later used in genetic engineering, by Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith

This article is about the disease. ... For other uses, see Razi. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... Tuberculous lungs show up on an X-ray image Tuberculosis is an infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (miliary TB), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... For the lunar crater, see Avicenna (crater). ... A sexually transmitted disease (STD) or venereal disease (VD), is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans or animals by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. ... This article is about the medical term. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For other uses, see Soil (disambiguation). ... Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum. ... Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs, which can cause painful respiration (also called pleuritic chest pain) and other symptoms. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... This article is about biological infectious particles. ... Domains and Kingdoms Nanobes Acytota Cytota Bacteria Neomura Archaea Eukaryota Bikonta Apusozoa Rhizaria Excavata Archaeplastida Rhodophyta Glaucophyta Plantae Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Alveolata Unikonta Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Choanozoa Fungi Animalia An ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Life on Earth redirects here. ... For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ... Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. ... Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي ) known as ibn Al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس ), was an Arab physician who is mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. ... A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ... In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilisation and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilisation and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. ... Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. ... In the first circuit, the blood is pumped to the lungs, where it acquires oxygen. ... This article is about William Harvey, the English doctor. ... A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... Anton von Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 _ August 26, 1723) was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, in the Netherlands. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... Cellular respiration was discovered by mad scientist Mr. ... Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O2 and fixes CO2 into sugar The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ... Joseph Priestley (March 13, 1733 - February 6, 1804) was an English chemist, dissenting clergyman, and educator. ... Lavoisier redirects here. ... Jan Ingenhousz or Ingen-Housz (December 8, 1730 - September 7, 1799) was a Dutch-born British physiologist, botanist and physicist. ... For other uses, see Extinction (disambiguation). ... Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children; it underlies much of genetics. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... For other uses, see Fossil (disambiguation). ... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine... This article is about the biological chromosome. ... HeLa cells stained for DNA with the Blue Hoechst dye. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ... Nutrients and the body A nutrient is any element or compound necessary for or contributing to an organisms metabolism, growth, or other functioning. ... Retinol (Vitamin A) Vitamins are nutrients required in very small amounts for essential metabolic reactions in the body [1]. The term vitamin does not encompass other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. ... For the soldier and Victoria Cross recipient, see Joseph Lister (VC). ... Electricity (from New Latin ēlectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... For other uses, see RNA (disambiguation). ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA. The enzyme makes two incisions, one through each of the phosphate backbones of the double helix without damaging the bases. ... Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 - November 16, 1999) was a U.S. microbiologist. ... Hamilton Smith (1931- ) is a Nobel prize winning geneticist. ...

Chemistry

• The discovery that there are more than four chemical elements by Ja'far al-Sadiq
• Discovery of atoms being made up of tiny particle with two opposite poles by Ja'far al-Sadiq
• Discovery of materials which are solid and absorbent being opaque, and materials which are solid and repellent being more or less transparent by Ja'far al-Sadiq
• The discovery that opaque materials absorb heat by Ja'far al-Sadiq
• Discovery of hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and acetic acids by Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan)
• Discovery of soda and potash by Geber
• Distilled water and distilled alcohol by Geber
• The discovery that aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, could dissolve metals such as gold by Geber
• Discovery of liquefaction, crystallisation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation, filtration and sublimation by Geber
• The discovery that transmutation of metals are not possible by al-Kindi (Alkindus)
• Discovery of kerosene and distilled petroleum by al-Razi (Rhazes)
• Discovery of conservation of mass by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
• Law of conservation of mass by Antoine Lavoisier
• The synthesis of urea from inorganic chemicals, by Friedrich Woehler, disproving Vitalism
• Chirality or handedness of asymmetrical molecules, by Louis Pasteur
• Periodicity of the elements by Dmitri Mendeleev
• Practical synthesis of ammonia, by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch
• X-ray crystallography, allowing for the determination of molecular structures
• Synthesis of Neoprene and Nylon by Wallace Carothers and colleagues
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the rapid determination of molecular structures in solution.
• Chromatography for the efficient separation and purification of chemicals.
• Dideoxy method of DNA sequencing, by Fred Sanger

The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... Jafar Al-Sadiq (Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn (702 AD - 765 AD ) is the sixth infallible Imam and one of Ahl al-Bayt of the Shia Muslims. ... For other uses, see Atom (disambiguation). ... Helium atom (schematic) Showing two protons (red), two neutrons (green) and two electrons (yellow). ... Jafar Al-Sadiq (Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn (702 AD - 765 AD ) is the sixth infallible Imam and one of Ahl al-Bayt of the Shia Muslims. ... This box:      For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... Absorption, in chemistry, is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase - gas, liquid or solid material. ... A substance or object that is opaque is neither transparent nor translucent. ... Repellent can refer to: Insect repellent Animal repellent Category: ... Transparent glass ball In optics, transparency is the property of allowing light to pass. ... Jafar Al-Sadiq (Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn (702 AD - 765 AD ) is the sixth infallible Imam and one of Ahl al-Bayt of the Shia Muslims. ... Jafar Al-Sadiq (Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn (702 AD - 765 AD ) is the sixth infallible Imam and one of Ahl al-Bayt of the Shia Muslims. ... Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ... Sulfuric acid, (also known as sulphuric acid) H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... R-phrases , S-phrases , , , Flash point 43 °C Related Compounds Related carboxylic; acids Formic acid; Propionic acid; Butyric acid Related compounds acetamide; ethyl acetate; acetyl chloride; acetic anhydride; acetonitrile; acetaldehyde; ethanol; thioacetic acid; acetylcholine; acetylcholinesterase Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Potash Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3). ... Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... Bottle for Distilled water in the Real Farmacia in Madrid. ... A distilled beverage is a consumable liquid containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol) purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as fruit, vegetables, or grain. ... Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns orange within seconds. ... For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ... This article is about metallic materials. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... Liquefaction may refer to: Soil liquefaction, the process by which sediments are converted into suspension, as in earthquake liquefaction, quicksand, quick clay, and turbidity currents. ... Crystal (disambiguation) Insulin crystals A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. ... Categories: Move to Wiktionary | Stub | Chemistry ... Vaporization redirects here. ... This article is about operation of solid-fluid separation. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... For other uses, see Philosophers stone (disambiguation). ... For the Christian theologian, see Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi. ... For other uses, see Kerosene (disambiguation). ... Laboratory distillation set-up: 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate... Petro redirects here. ... For other uses, see Razi. ... The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov-Lavoisier law), states that the mass of a closed system of substances will remain constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system. ... Tusi couple from Vat. ... The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov-Lavoisier law), states that the mass of a closed system of substances will remain constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system. ... Lavoisier redirects here. ... In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ... Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known by the International Nonproprietary Name (rINN) carbamide, as established by the World Health Organization. ... Friedrich Wöhler Friedrich Wöhler (July 31, 1800 - September 23, 1882) was a German chemist, best-known for his synthesis of urea, but also the first to isolate several of the elements. ... Vitalism is the doctrine that vital forces are active in living organisms, so that life cannot be explained solely by mechanism. ... The term chiral (pronounced ) is used to describe an object which is non-superimposable on its mirror image. ... Symmetry is a characteristic of geometrical shapes, equations and other objects; we say that such an object is symmetric with respect to a given operation if this operation, when applied to the object, does not appear to change it. ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. ... The Periodic Table redirects here. ... Portrait of Dmitri Mendeleev by Ilya Repin (Russian: , Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev  ) (8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 in Tobolsk – 2 February [O.S. 20 January] 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist and inventor. ... For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development of synthetic ammonia, important for fertilisers and explosives. ... Carl Bosch (August 27, 1874 – April 26, 1940) was a German chemist and engineer. ... X-ray crystallography, also known as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is the oldest and most common crystallographic method for determining the structure of molecules. ... Neoprene is the DuPont Chemical trade name for a family of synthetic rubbers based on polychloroprene. ... For other uses of this word, see nylon (disambiguation). ... Wallace Hume Carothers (April 27, 1896 – April 29, 1937) was an American chemist, inventor, and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, who is credited with the invention of nylon. ... 900MHz, 21. ... For the Second Person album, see Chromatography (album). ... The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. ... This article or section should be merged with Frederick Sanger Fred Sanger (born 1918), is an English biochemist, the winner of two Nobel prizes in Chemistry. ...

Geography/Geology

• 11th century : Law of superposition, first discovered by Abu Ali Sina Balkhi
• 16th century : Continental drift, put forward by Flemish geographer Abraham Ortelius
• 20th century : Geologic time scale, proposed by British geologist Arthur Holmes
• 20th century : Great age of the Earth, finally discovered by C. C. Patterson

See here for the superposition principle of physics. ... For the lunar crater, see Avicenna (crater). ... Plates in the crust of the earth, according to the plate tectonics theory Continental drift refers to the movement of the Earths continents relative to each other. ... A geographer is a crazy psycho whose area of study is geocrap, the pseudoscientific study of Earths physical environment and human habitat and the study of boring students to death. ... Abraham Ortelius. ... Diagram of geological time scale. ... The Geologist by Carl Spitzweg A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... Arthur Holmes (January 14, 1890 – September 20, 1965) was a British geologist. ... Earth as seen from Apollo 17 Modern geologists consider the age of the Earth to be around 4. ... Clair Cameron Patterson (1922 - 1995) was a geochemist born in Iowa, United States. ...

Physics

• 9th century : Celestial mechanics and the discovery of the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres being subject to the same laws of physics as the Earth by Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir and Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
• 9th century : The existence of gravitation between heavenly bodies and within the celestial spheres by Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• 9th century : Concept of relativity by al-Kindi (Alkindus)
• 10th century : Law of refraction by Ibn Sahl and Ibn al-Haytham
• 10th century : Discovery of light rays travelling in straight lines and being made up of energy particles; principle of least time; vision being caused by light rays entering the eye; the rectilinear propagation, constituent colors and electromagnetic aspects of light; explanations of shadows, binocular vision, atmospheric refraction and the moon illusion; and the relationship of the density of the atmosphere with altitude, by Ibn al-Haytham
• 10th century : The speed of light being finite by Ibn al-Haytham, Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• 11th century : The speed of light being much faster than the speed of sound by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• 11th century : Law of inertia (Newton's first law of motion) and discovery of momentum (part of Newton's second law of motion) by Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Alī ibn Sīnā
• 11th century : Discovery of the attraction between masses and the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity at a distance by Ibn al-Haytham
• 11th century : The relationship between acceleration and non-uniform motion (part of Newton's second law of motion) by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• 12th century : Variation of gravitation and gravitational potential energy at a distance; differentiation between force, mass and weight; the decrease of air density with altitude; and the greater density of water when nearer to the Earth's centre, by al-Khazini
• 12th century : Discovery of reaction (precursor to Newton's third law of motion) by Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
• 12th century : Relationship between force and acceleration (precursor to Newton's second law of motion) by Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi
• 12th century : Relationship between force, work and kinetic energy by Averroes
• 13th century : Correct explanation of rainbow phenomenon by Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi and Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
• 17th century : Principle of relativity by Galileo Galilei
• 17th century : Newton's laws of motion by Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton
• 17th century : Classical mechanics and inverse square law of gravity (Newton's law of universal gravitation) by Isaac Newton
• 18th century : Kinetic energy is proportional to mass × velocity squared by Émilie du Châtelet, based on experiments by Willem 'sGravesande.
• 18th century : +/- Electric charges and their conservation, by Benjamin Franklin
• 18th century : Mechanical energy equivalent of heat, by Count Rumford and others.
• 19th century : Phenomena of Electromagnetism, discovered by Hans Christian Ørsted and Michael Faraday
• 19th century : Laws of Electromagnetism, developed by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell
• 19th century : Experiments onDiffraction done by Augustin-Jean Fresnel provide evidence for the wave theory of light
• 19th century : Electromagnetic waves, predicted by James Clerk Maxwell, discovered by Heinrich Hertz
• 19th century : The Michelson-Morley experiment demonstrates that light is not carried by Aether
• 19th century : Radioactivity by Henri Becquerel and others.
• 19th century : Electron, discovered by J. J. Thomson and his team
• 20th century : Photon, theoretically proven by Albert Einstein
• 20th century : Quantum theory to account for the photoelectric effect by Albert Einstein
• 20th century : The demonstration of time dilation as a real physical phenomenon by Albert Einstein
• 20th century : The theories of special and general relativity by Albert Einstein

Celestial mechanics is a division of astronomy dealing with the motions and gravitational effects of celestial objects. ... Astronomical objects are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current science has confirmed to exist in space. ... The celestial sphere is divided by the celestial equator. ... For a list of set rules, see Laws of science. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... This article is about the scientist. ... Gravity redirects here. ... Astronomical objects are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current science has confirmed to exist in space. ... The celestial sphere is divided by the celestial equator. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Relativity: The Special and General Theory A principle of relativity is a criterion for judging physical theories, stating that they are inadequate if they do not prescribe the exact same laws of physics in certain similar situations. ... For the Christian theologian, see Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi. ... Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n2 > n1. ... Ibn Sahl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article is about the scientist. ... For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... In optics, a ray is an idealized narrow beam of light. ... In modern physics the photon is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. ... Fermats principle assures that the angles given by Snells law always reflect lights quickest path between P and Q. Fermats principle in optics states: This principle was first stated by Pierre de Fermat. ... In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from visible light reaching the eyes. ... For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ... Rectilinear propagation is a wave property which states that waves propagate (move or spread out) in straight lines. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... This box:      Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ... For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... Shadows on pavement A shadow is a region of darkness where light is blocked. ... Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used synchronously to produce a single image. ... Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of altitude. ... The Moon illusion is a visual illusion (optical illusion) in which the Moon appears larger near the horizon than it does while higher up in the sky. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... Atmospheres redirects here. ... Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. ... This article is about the scientist. ... A line showing the speed of light on a scale model of Earth and the Moon, taking about 1â…“ seconds to traverse that distance. ... This article is about the scientist. ... A line showing the speed of light on a scale model of Earth and the Moon, taking about 1â…“ seconds to traverse that distance. ... For other uses, see Speed of sound (disambiguation). ... This article is about inertia as it applies to local motion. ... Newtons laws of motion are three scientific laws which Isaac Newton discovered concerning the behaviour of moving bodies. ... This article is about momentum in physics. ... Newtons laws of motion are the three scientific laws which Isaac Newton discovered concerning the behaviour of moving bodies. ... This article is about the scientist. ... Gravity redirects here. ... For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). ... The magnitude of a mathematical object is its size: a property by which it can be larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind; in technical terms, an ordering of the class of objects to which it belongs. ... Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity and/or direction, and at any point on a velocity-time graph, it is given by the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point. ... Gravity redirects here. ... This article is about the scientist. ... Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity and/or direction, and at any point on a velocity-time graph, it is given by the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point. ... Newtons laws of motion are the three scientific laws which Isaac Newton discovered concerning the behaviour of moving bodies. ... Gravity redirects here. ... Potential energy (U, or Ep), a kind of scalar potential, is energy by virtue of matter being able to move to a lower-energy state, releasing energy in some form. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Weight (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. ... Abd Al-Rahman Al-Khazini (flourished 1115–1130) was a Muslim scientist, astronomer, mathematician and physicist from the city of Merv in Greater Khorasan (in modern day Turkmenistan), who made important contributions to physics and astronomy. ... In classical mechanics, Newtons third law states that forces occur in pairs, one called the Action and the other the Reaction (actio et reactio in Latin). ... Newtons laws of motion are the three scientific laws which Isaac Newton discovered concerning the behaviour of moving bodies. ... Ibn Bajjah ابن باجة Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn al-Sayegh أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصايغ was an Andalusian Muslim philosopher and physician who was known in the West using his latinized name, Avempace. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity and/or direction, and at any point on a velocity-time graph, it is given by the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point. ... Newtons laws of motion are the three scientific laws which Isaac Newton discovered concerning the behaviour of moving bodies. ... Hibat Allah Abul-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (1080? - 1165?) was an Arab philosopher and physicist. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force. ... The cars of a roller coaster reach their maximum kinetic energy when at the bottom of their path. ... AbÅ« l-WalÄ«d Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabic:أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد), better known just as Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد), and in European literature as Averroes (pronounced ) (1126 – December 10, 1198), was a Muslim Andalusian philosopher, physician, and polymath: a master of philosophy, theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, astronomy, geography, mathematics... For other uses, see Rainbow (disambiguation). ... Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311) was a 13th century Persian scientist and astronomer from Shiraz, Iran. ... Galilean invariance is a principle which states that the fundamental laws of physics are the same in all inertial (uniform-velocity) frames of reference. ... Galileo redirects here. ... Newtons First and Second laws, in Latin, from the original 1687 edition of the Principia Mathematica. ... Galileo redirects here. ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... Classical mechanics (commonly confused with Newtonian mechanics, which is a subfield thereof) is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. ... Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ... Isaac Newtons theory of universal gravitation (part of classical mechanics) states the following: Every single point mass attracts every other point mass by a force pointing along the line combining the two. ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... Émilie du Châtelet Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet (December 17, 1706 – September 10, 1749) was a French mathematician, physicist, and author. ... Willem s Gravesande (1688 – 1742) was a Dutch scientist and lawyer. ... This box:      Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ... This article is about the American political figure. ... Benjamin Thompson. ... This box:      Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ... Ørsted redirects here. ... Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of that time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... This box:      Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ... Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of that time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. ... The intensity pattern formed on a screen by diffraction from a square aperture Diffraction refers to various phenomena associated with wave propagation, such as the bending, spreading and interference of waves passing by an object or aperture that disrupts the wave. ... Augustin Fresnel Augustin-Jean Fresnel (pronounced [] in AmE (or fray-NELL), [] in French) (May 10, 1788 – July 14, 1827), was a French physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics. ... Electromagnetic radiation or EM radiation is a combination (cross product) of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other, moving through space as a wave, effectively transporting energy and momentum. ... James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. ... The Michelson-Morley experiment, one of the most important and famous experiments in the history of physics, was performed in 1887 by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University, and is considered by some to be the first strong evidence against the theory of... Look up aether, ether in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Radioactivity may mean: Look up radioactivity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Sir Joseph John “J.J.” Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel laureate, credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. ... In modern physics the photon is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ... A diagram illustrating the emission of electrons from a metal plate, requiring energy gained from an incoming photon to be more than the work function of the material. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... Time dilation is the phenomenon whereby an observer finds that anothers clock which is physically identical to their own is ticking at a slower rate as measured by their own clock. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... The special theory of relativity was proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in his article On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Some three centuries earlier, Galileos principle of relativity had stated that all uniform motion was relative, and that there was no absolute and well-defined state of rest... General relativity (GR) or general relativity theory (GRT) is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915. ... -1... “Einstein” redirects here. ...

See also

• List of famous experiments
• Obsolete scientific theories
• List of multiple independent discoveries
• History of science