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Encyclopedia > List of extinct states

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This page attempts to list the many extinct states, countries, nations, lands, or territories that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature. Image File history File links Information_icon. ... Shortcut: WP:WIN Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. ... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern the people in one or more societies, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ... In political geography and international politics a country is a geographical entity, a territory, most commonly associated with the notions of state or nation. ... One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... Types of political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ...

Contents

Ancient and medieval states

States and realms that disappeared in ancient history. The times before writing belong either to protohistory or to prehistory. ...


Europe, North Africa and the Near East

Adiabene (In Syriac: ܚܕܝܐܒ) was an ancient Assyrian kingdom in Mesopotamia with its capital at Arbela. ... Akkad (or Agade) was a city and its region of northern Mesopotamia, situated on the left bank of the Euphrates, between Sippar and Kish (located in present-day Iraq, ca. ... Aksu (also known as Ak-su, Akshu, Aqsu, Bharuka and Po-lu-chia. ... Ammon or Ammonites (עַמּוֹן People, Standard Hebrew Ê»Ammon, Tiberian Hebrew Ê»Ammôn), also referred to in the Bible as the children of Ammon, were a people living east of the Jordan river who along with the Moabites traced their origin to Lot, the nephew of the patriarch Abraham, and who were... An Assyrian winged bull, or lamassu. ... The Axumite Kingdom, also known as the Aksum Kingdom, was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from circa the 5th century BC to become an important trading nation by the 1st century AD. It converted to Christianity in 325 or 328 (various sources). ... Babylonia, named for its capital city, Babylon, was an ancient state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Carthage (Greek: , from the Phoenician Kart-hadasht meaning new town, Arabic: ‎, Latin: ) refers both to an ancient city in North Africa located in modern day Tunis and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ... For other uses, see Chaldean. ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... Edom (Hebrew: אֱדוֹם, Standard Tiberian  ; red) is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation purportedly descended from him. ... Elam (Persian: تمدن ایلام) is one of the oldest recorded civilizations. ... The area covered by the Etruscan civilzation. ... Hathor The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. ... Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times. ... Athens (Greek: Αθήνα - Athína) is the largest city and capital of Greece, located in the Attica periphery of Southern Greece. ... Sparta (Doric: Spártā, Attic: SpártÄ“) is a city in southern Greece. ... Syracuse (Italian, Siracusa, ancient Syracusa - see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a city on the eastern coast of Sicily and the capital of the province of Syracuse, Italy. ... The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance... cleopatra ruled seneca for 10 years before she ruled Egypt. ... The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexanders empire. ... The Antigonid dynasty was a dynasty of Macedonian kings descended from Alexander the Greats general Antigonus I Monophthalmus (the One-eyed). Antigonus himself ruled mostly over Asia Minor and northern Syria. ... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite empire was... For the history of the kingdom of Mitanni (1500–1300 BC), see Mitanni. ... The Fatimid Empire or Fatimid Caliphate ruled North Africa from A.D. 909 to 1171. ... The Kingdom of Fez was a powerful kindgom in what is today know as Algeria and Morocco. ... Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut YÉ™huda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ YÉ™hûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... Desert hills in southern Judea, looking east from the town of Arad Judea or Judaea (יהודה Praise, Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of historic Palestine, an area now divided... Kommagene (Latin Commagene) was a small kingdom, located in modern south-central Turkey, with its capital at Samosata (modern Samsat, near the Euphrates). ... This article is about the Nubian civilisation. ... Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordering the kingdom of Epirus on the west and the region of Thrace to the east[1... Moab (Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Standard Tiberian  ; Greek Μωάβ ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Muaba, Maba, Maab ; Egyptian Muab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. ... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans were a trading people of ancient Arabia, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ... The Kingdom of Nekor was an emirate in the Rif area of modern day Morocco, with its capital initially at Temsaman but later at Nekor. ... Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan. ... The Odrysian kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th century BC and the 3rd century BC. The area included in this kingdom ranged from Romania to northern Greece and Turkey. ... Thraciae veteris typvs. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... Traditional rural Pontic house A man in traditional clothes from Trabzon, illustration Pontus is the name which was applied, in ancient times, to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the main), by... Area under Roman control  Roman Republic  Roman Empire  Western Empire  Eastern Empire Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... Sumer (or Å umer) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian applies... Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city on the south coast of the Iberian peninsula (in modern Andalusia, Spain), at the mouth of the Guadalquivir river. ... Urartu at its greatest extent 743 BC Urartu (Biainili in Urartian) was an ancient kingdom in the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highland, and it centered around Lake Van (present-day eastern Turkey). ... Yamkhad (also written Jamhad) was an ancient Syrian kingdom centered around Aleppo. ... The Wattasids were a dynasty in Morocco. ...

Australia

See List of Indigenous Australian group names This List of Indigenous Australian group names contains names and collective designations which have been applied, either formerly or in the past, to groups of Indigenous Australians. ...


South Asia

Bactria, about 320 BC Bactria (Bactriana, Bākhtar in Persian, also Bhalika in Arabic and Indian languages, and Ta-Hsia in Chinese) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus); its capital, Bactra or Balhika or Bokhdi (now... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... The Indus Valley Civilization existed along the Indus River and the Vedic Sarasvati River in present-day Pakistan. ... Harappa (Urdu: ہڑپا) is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. ... Mohenjo-daro ( Urdu: موئن جودڑو, Sindhi: موئن جو دڙو, English: Mound of the dead) was a city of the Indus Valley Civilization built around 2600 BC and is located in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. ... This article is about the geopolitical region in Asia. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... The Tuʻi Tonga Empire or Tongan Empire was a powerful Oceanian empire. ...

China

A number of small states existed in what is now China in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. These states were subsumed by either the Qin or those states that were defeated by Qin. The culmination of the Qin conquests was the creation of the first unified Chinese state in 221 BC. These extinct states were: The Spring and Autumn Period (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) represented an era in Chinese history between 722 BC and 481 BC. The period takes its name from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the period whose authorship was traditionally attributed to Confucius. ... Alternative meaning: Warring States Period (Japan) The Warring States Period (Traditional Chinese: 戰國時代; Simplified Chinese: 战国时代; Pinyin: Zhànguó Shídài) covers the period from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part... Qin or Chin (Wade-Giles) (秦), pronounced something like Shin, (778 BC-207 BC) was a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC - 221 BC - 220 BC 219 BC...

China was to remain unified until the period of the Three Kingdoms, which came about after the fall of the Han Dynasty in 190. These states were eventually reunified by the Jin Dynasty in 280. These were the Kingdom of Shu, the Kingdom of Wei and the Kingdom of Wu. China did not remain unified for long under the Jin dynasty and the period known as the Sixteen Kingdoms (304-439) saw a number of short-lived states emerge in northern China, after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty to southern China. These states were: State of Chu (small seal script, 220 BC) Chu (楚) was a kingdom in what is now southern China during the Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BCE) and Warring States Period (481-212 BCE). ... Chen (陳 Trần) was a minor state of the Spring and Autumn Period in Ancient China. ... Lu ( Chinese: 魯國; pinyin: ) was an ancient state in China during the Spring and Autumn Period. ... Sòng (宋國) was a state during the Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476 BC). ... Yue was a state in China which existed during the Spring and Autumn Period. ... This article is about the Spring and Autumn state. ... Categories: Ancient Chinese states | China-related stubs ... The Han (simplified Chinese: 韩, traditional Chinese: 韓) was a state during the Warring States Period in China. ... Zheng (é„­) was a Zhou city-state in the middle of ancient China, modern Henan Province. ... The following details the state of Wei of the Warring States Period. ... State of Zhao (small seal script, 220 BC) Zhao (pinyin: zhao4, simplified Chinese: 赵, traditional Chinese: 趙) was a Chinese state during the Warring States Period. ... State of Qi (small seal script, 220 BC) See Qi (disambiguation) for other meanings of Qi. Qi (齊; pinyin: qi2) was a relatively powerful state during the Spring and Autumn Period and Period of the Warring States. ... State of Yan (small seal script, 220 BC) Yan (Pinyin: yān, simplified Chinese/traditional Chinese: 燕) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Later Han redirects here. ... Events A part of Rome burns, and emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt under the name Colonia Commodiana First year of Chuping era of Chinese Han Dynasty Births 190 is a number Deaths Athenagoras of Athens, Christian apologist Categories: 190 ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events The Chinese Jin Dynasty under Emperor Wu of Jin China unifies China by conquering the Kingdom of Wu, ending the Period of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The Kingdom of Wei (ch. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignities in the China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. ... For other uses, see 304 (disambiguation). ... Events Licinia Eudoxia, wife of the Roman Emperor Valentinian III, is granted the rank of Augusta following the birth of their daughter Eudocia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The early Chinese states had an influence on the surrounding region. A number of now-extinct states formed under Chinese influence along the Silk Road including: The Cheng Han (Simplified Chinese character: 成汉, Traditional Chinese character: 成漢, pinyin Chénghàn) (303 or 304-347) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. ... The Former Liang (Chinese character: 前凉, Hanyu pinyin Qián Liáng) (320-376) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. ... The Former Qin (Chinese character: 前秦, Hanyu pinyin Qiánqín) (351-394) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... The Former Yan (Simplified Chinese character: 前燕, Traditional Chinese character: 前燕, pinyin Qiányàn) (337-370) was a state of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... The Han Zhao (Simplified Chinese script: 汉赵, Traditional Chinese script: 漢趙, pinyin: Hànzhào) (304-329) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420). ... The Later Liang (Simplified Chinese character: 后凉, Traditional Chinese character: 後凉, Hanyu pinyin Hòu Liáng) (320-376) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. ... The Later Qin (Simplified Chinese character: 后秦, Traditional Chinese character: 後秦, pinyin Hòuqín) (384-417) was a state of Qiang ethnicity of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. ... The Later Yan (Simplified Chinese character: 后燕, Traditional Chinese character: 後燕, pinyin Hòuyàn) (384-407 or 409) was a state of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... The Later Zhao (Simplified Chinese character: 后赵, Traditional Chinese character: 後趙, Hanyu pinyin Hòuzhào) (319-351) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. ... The Northern Liang (Chinese character: 北凉, Hanyu pinyin BÄ•i Liáng) (397-439) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... The Northern Yan (Simplified Chinese character: 北燕, Traditional Chinese character: 北燕, pinyin Bĕiyàn) (407 or 409-436) was a state of Han Chinese during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... The Southern Liang (Chinese character: 南凉, Hanyu pinyin Nánliáng) (397-414) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. ... The Southern Yan (Simplified Chinese character: 南燕, Traditional Chinese character: 南燕, pinyin Nányàn) (398-410) was a state of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... The Western Liang (Chinese character: 西凉, Hanyu pinyin Xī Liáng) (400-421) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... The Western Qin (Simplified Chinese character: 西秦, Traditional Chinese character: 西秦, pinyin Xīqín (385-400, 409-431)) was a state of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. ... Xia details several meanings in the Chinese language and the History of China: The season of summer (夏) Xia (philosophy) is a Chinese philosophy similar (but not identical) to the chivalrous code of European knights. ... The Silk Road. ...

Karasahr (Also Karashahr, meaning black city. Sanskrit Agnideśa. ... The Kingdom of Khotan is an ancient Buddhist kingdom that was located on the branch of the Silk road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim basin. ... Kucha/Kuchar (Chinese Simplified: 库车; Traditional: 庫車; pinyin KùchÄ“; also romanized as Chiu-tzu, Kiu-che, Kuei-tzu. ... Yarkand or Yecheng (modern Chinese name 叶城, pinyin: Yèchéng, also Chokkuka, anciently Suoju 莎車, also written Shache and Suoche; alt. ...

Korea

The early history of Korea was as complex as that of neighbouring China. A number of Korean states existed on the peninsula and reached up into Manchuria before the formation of the modern state of Korea. These included: This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom. ... Fuyu (Buyeo) was an ancient ethnic group and its kingdom in northern Manchuria. ... Jin was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north. ... Baekje (or Paekche) and later Nambuyeo (18 BCE – 660 CE) was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... Goguryeo (traditional founding date 37 BCE; probably 2nd century BCE – 668 CE) was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Gaya was a confederacy of chiefdoms in the Nakdong River valley of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy and later annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... Taebong was a state established by Gung Ye(궁예, 弓裔) on the Korean peninsula in 901, during the Later Three Kingdoms period. ... Hubaekje, or Later Baekje, was one of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Hugoguryeo and Silla. ... Alternate meaning: Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926) was an ancient kingdom established as the successor to Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... Taegeuk is a traditional symbol of Korea Capital Gaegyeong Language(s) Korean Religion Buddhism Government Monarchy Wang  - 918 - 946 Taejo  - 949 - 975 Gwangjong  - 1259 - 1274 Wonjong  - 1351 - 1374 Gongmin Historical era 918 - 1392  - Later Three Kingdoms rise 892  - Coronation of Taejo June 15, 918  - Korea-Khitan Wars 993 - 1019  - Mongolian... Joseon (Cháoxiǎn (朝鲜) in Chinese; Chosen (朝鮮) in Japanese) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon Dynasty, when the country... Joseon or Chosun (Korean: ì¡°ì„ ; Hanja: 朝鮮; Revised: Joseon; McCune-Reischauer: Chosŏn; Chinese: CháoxiÇŽn; Japanese: Chōsen) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon...

Việt Nam

The country of Việt Nam in the past was very very different to the modern day. The first Vietnamese kingdom occupied only present-day North Việt Nam. In the 10th century, Vietnam began to push to the South for the next 1000 years which was called Nam Tiến (southward expansion) in Vietnamese. It conquered other kingdoms and was split into civil war. All the kingdoms that united and forming Việt Nam were: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), or less commonly, Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cá»™ng Hòa), also known as North Vietnam, was proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, September 2nd1945 and was recognized by the Peoples Republic of China and the... Trịnh-Nguyen War (1627 - 1673) - A long war waged between the two ruling families in Vietnam. ...

Amaravati may refer to: Amaravati (capital), in Hinduism, (అమరావతి) is the capital of Svarga, a temporary paradise where the dead live. ... Annam, literally meaning Pacified South, is a region of central Vietnam that fell under Chinese rule in 111 BC as Annan (安南). Known locally as Trung Bộ, meaning Central Boundary, it was formerly a kingdom the size of Sweden with its capital at Huế. It had been seized by the French... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... Cochinchina, from Cochin China (see note below) (known locally as Nam Kỳ, meaning southern region), in French: Cochinchine) is a name for the southernmost part of Vietnam, lying southeast of Cambodia. ... Funan was the pre-southern Chinese inhabitant in SEA (the Mongoloid-southern Chinese), which is today became Thai-Lao-and Vietnam. ... The fishing harbour in Nha Trang. ... Nányuè, or Nam Việt, (Chinese: ; pinyin: Nányuè, Quốc ngữ: Nam Việt) was an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and much of modern northern Vietnam. ... This article is about Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ... Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Chinas Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces, east of northern Laos, and west of the Gulf of Tonkin. ... There is a story about Vijaya and his men landing on the shores of Sri-Lanka. ...

Southeast Asia

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Map of Southeast Asia at end of 12th century. ... The Sukhothai kingdom was a kingdom in the north of Thailand around the city Sukhothai. ...

Pre-Columbian America

The Americas have historically been home to a number of indigenous states, civilizations and societies of great complexity. Of those indigenous states which were still in existence by the time of the first permanent European colonizations from the late fifteenth century onwards were soon substantively destroyed and/or absorbed. The below list includes both those which had ceased to exist before this European arrival, and those which ceased to independently function as a result of this impact. World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... Territories in the Americas colonized or claimed by a European great power in 1750. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...

In addition, there were a wide variety of pre-Inca cultures, few of which developed into organised states. Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans are terms preferred by some modern archaeologists for the cultural group of people often known as Anasazi, the ancestors of the modern Pueblo peoples. ... The Aztecs is a collective term used for all of the Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican peoples under the control of the Mexica, founders of Tenochtitlan, and their two principal allies, who built an extensive empire in the late Postclassic period in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries in Central Mexico. ... Cahokia is the site of an ancient Native American city near Collinsville, Illinois, across the Mississippi River from St. ... This article is about the Island Carib people, who lived on the islands of the Caribbean. ... The Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the Clouds, were an Andean people living in the cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day Peru. ... The Chimú were the residents of Chimor with its capital at the city of Chan Chan in the Moche valley of Peru. ... Ciboney (also Siboney) is a word derived from the Caribbean Indian language of the Arawak. ... Middle Horizon The Huari (or Wari) was a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the southern Andes from about 500 to 1200 AD. The capital city is located near the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. ... 74. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Moche pottery (Image © PROMPERU, used with permission) The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... Late Intermediate Period Cultures The Nazca culture flourished in the Nazca region between 300 BC and 800 AD. They created the famous Nazca lines and built an impressive system of underground aqueducts that still function today. ... Monument 1, one of the four Olmec colossal heads at La Venta. ... Isis in Egypt Early Isis Isis (Greek corruption; the Egyptian is Aset) was originally a goddess from Nubia, and was adopted into Egyptian belief very early on. ... The reconstruction of Taino village, Cuba The Taíno are pre-Colombian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and some of the Lesser Antilles. ... The Timucuans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day central and north Florida and southeastern Georgia area of the Southeast United States. ... Teotihuacan is the largest Pre-Columbian archeological site in the Americas. ... Picture from the History of Tlaxcala showing Cortés meeting with the Tlaxcallan messengers. ... The Atlantes – columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula The word Toltec in Mesoamerican studies has been used in different ways by different scholars to refer to actual populations and polities of precolumbian central Mexico or to the mythical ancestors mentioned in the mythical/historical narratives of the... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... This is a chart of the Peruvian cultural periods used by archaeologist studying the area. ...


Medieval Europe, North Africa and the Near East

British Isles

Following the collapse of the Roman Empire there followed a period where the Romano-British political entity fragmented caused mainly by the Celtic system of dividing a realm between the sons of a king on his death. This situation was made worse after c.449 when Jutish and later Anglo-Saxons began colonising the eastern and southern seaboards and driving inland. Eventually the Romano-Britons (now known to the Anglo-Saxons as "Welsh") were assimilated or driven into the highlands of Cambria (Wales) or Caledonia (Scotland). Wales and Scotland will be considered separately to what once existed in England. Jutlandic or Jutish (jysk in Danish), is a term for the dialects of Danish spoken on the peninsula of Jutland. ... The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... Cambria is a latinised form of Cymru, which is the Welsh name for Wales. ... Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Caledonia Caledonia is the Latin name given by the Roman Empire to a northern area of the island of Great Britain. ...


Sub-Roman Brythonic kingdoms in England

  • Dumnonia, a realm named after the Dumnonii in the south-west. In its reduced state, it became known as Kernow or Cornwall.
  • Bryneich, a kingdom in the modern day north east of England.
  • Ebrauc, a small kingdom centred on York.
  • Calchfynedd, a kingdom in the Chiltern Hills
  • Elmet, a substantial kingdom in the midlands near Leeds extinguished in 616.
  • Rheged, another substantial kingdom, divided into north and south, in the north west of modern England.
  • Pengwern, a significant kingdom in what is now modern Shropshire.

Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England Dumnonia was a Brythonic kingdom of sub-Roman Britain, located in the south-west peninsula of modern England and covering Cornwall, Devon, most of Somerset and possibly part of Dorset. ... The Dumnonii is the Latin name for a Celtic tribe that inhabited the Westcountry of England. ... The Kingdom of Kernyw existed during the Dark Ages in Britains southwestern peninsula. ... Bernicia (originally called in Brythonic, Brynaich or Bryneich) was a British kingdom in northern England which was invaded by Angles during the 6th and 7th centuries AD and renamed by them Bernicia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with York. ... Calchfynedd (originally Cynwidion) was a Celtic kingdom of medieval Britain, established in the Chiltern Hills. ... The Chiltern Hills are a chalk escarpment that stretches in a south-west to north-east diagonal from Goring-On-Thames to Luton, but is most prominent in Buckinghamshire. ... Elmet is an area close to Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. ... Leeds is a major city in West Yorkshire, England. ... Entrance to the Rheged Discovery Centre Rheged was a Brythonic nation of Sub-Roman Britain, where the natives spoke Cumbric. ... Pengwern is the name of a dark age kingdom that existed in what is now the West Midlands region of England. ... Shropshire (alternatively Salop or abbreviated Shrops) is an English county in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom. ...

Sub-Roman and Medieval Brythonic kingdoms in Wales Wales experienced a similar history during this time, although the Welsh population successfully resisted the influx of Anglo-Saxon settlers into the British Isles. The country was home to a number of princedoms until England's ultimate conquest of the region in the later medieval period. Section from Shepherds map of the British Isles about 802 AD showing the kingdom of Northumbria Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, from two smaller kingdoms of Bernicia and Diera, and... Bernicia (Brythonic, Brynaich or Bryneich) was a kingdom of the Angles in northern England during the 6th and 7th centuries AD. It later merged with the kingdom of Deira to form the kingdom of Northumbria. ... Deira (perhaps corresponding with the Brythonic kingdom of Ebrauc) was a kingdom in England during the 6th century AD. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia (Brythonic, Brynaich) to the north to form the kingdom of Northumbria. ... The Kingdom of Mercia at its greatest extent (7th to 9th centuries) is shown in green, with the original core area (6th century) given a darker tint. ... Lindsey was a unit of local government until 1974 in Lincolnshire, England, covering the northern part of the county. ... The Hwicce were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon Britain. ... Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ... The Kingdom of Kent was a kingdom of Jutes in southeast England, one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. ... The Kingdom of Sussex, (Suth Seaxe, i. ... South Saxons were the followers of King Ælle (see Aelle of Sussex) a warlord from Old Saxony in north-western Germany who were among the Anglo-Saxon Dark Age invaders of Britannia at the end of the 5th Century. ... Map of the British Isles circa 802 Wessex was one of the seven major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy) that preceded the Kingdom of England. ... This article concerns the English kingdom, not the Westland Wessex helicopter Wessex was one of the seven major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy) that preceded the kingdom of England. ... The Kingdom of the East Seaxe (one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy) was founded around 500 AD and covered the territory currently occupied by the counties of Essex, Hertfordshire and Middlesex. ... The Kingdom of the East Seaxe (one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy) was founded around 500 AD and covered the territory currently occupied by the counties of Essex, Hertfordshire and Middlesex. ... Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. ... Magonsaete was a minor sub-kingdom of the greater Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, thought to be coterminous with the Diocese of Hereford. ... Shropshire (alternatively Salop or abbreviated Shrops) is an English county in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom. ... The Hwicce were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon Britain. ... Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. ... Worcestershire (pronounced ; abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. ... Middlesex is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest (after Rutland). ... Hertfordshire (pronounced Hartfordshire and abbreviated as Herts) is an inland county in the United Kingdom and part of the East of England Government Office region. ... For other uses, see Saxon (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Surry. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... Shropshire (alternatively Salop or abbreviated Shrops) is an English county in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... Jutland peninsula The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have originated from Jutland in modern Denmark and part of the Frisian coast. ... The Isle of Wight is an English island and county, off the southern English coast, to the south of the county of Hampshire. ... This article is about the country. ...

Sub-Roman Cumbric kingdoms in Scotland Gwynedd was one of the kingdoms or principalities of medieval Wales. ... National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location within the UK Official languages English and Welsh Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff First Minister Rhodri Morgan Area  - Total Ranked 3rd UK 20,779 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 3rd UK 2,903,085 140/km² NUTS... The Kingdom of Dyfed was a sub-Roman and early medieval kingdom in south-west Wales. ... Deheubarth was a south-western kingdom or principality of medieval Wales. ... Medeival kingdoms of Wales. ... Brecknockshire, also known as Breconshire or, in Welsh, as Sir Frycheiniog is an inland traditional county of Wales, bounded to the north by Radnorshire, to the east by Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, to the south by Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire, and west by Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire. ... Brecknockshire (Welsh: ), also known as Breconshire, or the County of Brecon is one of thirteen historic counties of Wales, and a former administrative county. ... For other uses please see Ceredigion (disambiguation) Ceredigion is a county and principal area in mid Wales. ... Mediaeval kingdoms of Wales. ... Glamorgan or Morgannwg is a maritime traditional county of Wales, UK, and was previously a medieval kingdom or principality. ... Glamorgan or Glamorganshire (Welsh: ) is one of thirteen historic counties and former administrative counties of Wales. ... Categories: UK geography stubs | Gwynedd ... Merionethshire (Meirionnydd in Welsh) is a traditional county of Wales. ... Seisyllwg was a kingdom of medieval Wales. ... Rhufoniog was a small sub-kingdom of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in medieval Wales. ... Rhos may refer to any of the following places in Wales, UK: Rhôs, a small kingdom in medieval Wales Rhos-on-Sea (or Llandrillo-yn-Rhôs), a village on the outskirts of Colwyn Bay Rhosllanerchrugog, a town in north east Wales. ... Dogfeiling was a minor sub-kingdom that formed part of the eastern border of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in early medieval Wales. ... National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location within the UK Official languages English and Welsh Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff First Minister Rhodri Morgan Area  - Total Ranked 3rd UK 20,779 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 3rd UK 2,903,085 140/km² NUTS... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Evolution and Extinction Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in much of Cumbria, Northern Northumbria, and parts of lowland Scotland until about the 11th century. ...

Pictish kingdoms in Scotland Valentia can refer to: Valentia Island, off the coast of Ireland Valentia (Roman Britain), a province of Roman Britain Valence, Drôme, France, known in Roman times as Valentia Vibo Valentia, a city in Italy Province of Vibo Valentia, a province of Italy The Roman name of the Spanish city... Hadrians Wall was a stone and turf fortification, built by the Romans across the width of Great Britain to prevent military raids by the Pictish tribes of Scotland to the north. ... The Antonine Wall, looking east, from Barr Hill between Twechar and Croy The Antonine Wall, remains of Roman fortlet, Barr Hill, near Twechar Location of Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Scotland and Northern England. ... Strathclyde (Welsh: Ystrad Clud) was one of the kingdoms of ancient Scotland in the post-Roman period. ... Gododdin (pronounced god-o-th-in), or Guotodin (Votadini in Latin), refers to both the people and to the region of a Dark Ages Brythonic kingdom south of the Firth of Forth, extending from the Stirling area to the Northumberland kingdom of Brynaich, and including what are now the Lothian... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ...

  • Cait — situated in modern Caithness and Sutherland
  • Ce — situated in modern Mar and Buchan
  • Circinn — perhaps situated in modern Angus and the Mearns[37]
  • Fib — the modern Fife, known to this day as 'the Kingdom of Fife'
  • Fidach — location unknown
  • Fotla — modern Atholl (Ath-Fotla)[38]
  • Fortriu — cognate with the Verturiones of the Romans; recently shown to be centered around Moray

Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland Caithness (Gallaibh in Gaelic)[1] is a committee area of Highland Council, Scotland; a lieutenancy area; and a registration county, Caithness was formerly a district within the Highland region from 1975 to 1996 and a local government county with its own county council from 1890 to 1975. ... Sutherland (Cataibh in Gaelic) is a committee area of the Highland Council, Scotland, a registration county, and a lieutenancy area. ... Marr is a committee area in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ... Buchan comprises a traditional area and earldom of north-eastern Scotland. ... Angus (Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. ... Fife (Fìobh in Gaelic) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with landward boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. ... The Highlands district of Atholl or Athole in the north of Perthshire in Scotland lies between Braemar, Badenoch, Breadalbane and Lochaber. ... Fortriu or the the Kingdom of Fortriu is the name given by historians for an ancient Pictish kingdom, and often used synonymously with Pictland in general. ... Moray (pronounced Murray, spelled A Moireibh in Gaelic) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ...

Extinct kingdoms in Ireland Ireland during the early medieval period, consisted of a number of small tribal kingdoms. These were nominally unified into a single state, the Lordship of Ireland, between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries. This was followed by a Kingdom of Ireland, which existed until Ireland's union with the Britain in 1801. The most prominent of the tribal kingdoms were: Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Goidelic kingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland and the northern coasts of Ireland, situated in the traditional Scottish and Northern Irish counties of Argyll, Bute and County Antrim. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots3 Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  -  First Minister Jack McConnell... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Norman French, Irish, Welsh, English Government Monarchy Lord of Ireland  - 1171-1189 Henry II  - 1509-1541 Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant  - 1528-1529 Piers Butler  - 1540–1548 Anthony St Leger Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Monarchy King¹  - 1542-1547 Henry I  - 1760-1801 George III Chief Secretary  - 1660 Matthew Lock  - 1798-1801 Viscount Castlereagh Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House of Commons History  - Act of Parliament 1541  - Act of Union... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

Aidhne also known as, Uí Fhiachrach Aidhne, Maigh Aidhne / Maigh nAidhne (Plain (of) Aidhne) was the territory of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne, a tuath (notribal kingdom) located in the south of what is now County Galway in the south of Connacht, Ireland. ... Grianan of Aileach are the ruins of an Iron Age stone fortress in Donegal in the north-west of Ireland which was the seat of the Kingdom of Aileach (Aileach). ... It has been suggested that Kingdom of Oriel be merged into this article or section. ... The Kingdom of Bréifne (also Breffny, Brefnie, Brenny) was the traditional territory for an early Irish tribal group known as the Uí Briúin Bréifne. ... The Conmhaicne (descendants of Con Mhac) were an ancient tribal grouping that were divided into a number of distinct branches that were found scattered around Ireland in the early medieval period. ... The Delbhna Nuadat were lords of a large section of what is now County Roscommon, situated between the Suca and Shannon rivers. ... Dealbhne Thíre Dhá Loch(a) (The Dealbhne of the Two Lochs) was a tuath (a tribal kingdom) of medieval Ireland, located in Iar Connacht in the west of Co. ... The Dál Fiatach were a group of related tribes located in north-east Ulster in the Early Christian and Early Medieval periods of the history of Ireland. ... Dál nAraidi (sometimes anglicised as Dalaradia — which should not be confused with Dalriada) was a kingdom of the Cruithne in the north-east of Ireland in the first millennium. ... Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Goidelic kingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland and the northern coasts of Ireland, situated in the traditional Scottish and Northern Irish counties of Argyll, Bute and County Antrim. ... County Desmond was an historic county of Ireland on the south-western coast of Ireland. ... Hy-Many, or Ui Maine, was one of the oldest and largest kingdoms located in Connacht, Ireland. ... Meath (An Mhí in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, the county is often informally called The Royal County. ... Moylurg was the name of a kingdom located in the north-east of Connaught, the western province of Ireland, from c. ... The Kingdom of Osraige (also spelt Ossory, Osraighe or Osraighibh), was an ancient kingdom of Ireland. ... Thomond (Irish: Tuadh Mumhan, meaning North Munster) sometimes called County Thomond was an ancient Kingdom of Ireland which included much of what is now County Clare and at its greatest extents included parts of the counties of Kerry, Limerick, Offaly and Tipperary. ... The Uí Fiachrach were a dynasty who originated in, and whos descendants later ruled, the coicead or fifth of Connacht (a western province of Ireland) at different times from the mid-first millennium onwards. ... The Ulaid, also known as the Ulaidh and the Ulad, are a people of Early Ireland who gave their name to the Irish Province of Ulster. ...

Continental European states