Some major language families

Examples of language families (see image summary [1])

• Afro-Asiatic
• Altaic (disputed)
• Austro-Asiatic
• Austronesian
• Dravidian
• Eskimo-Aleut
• Indo-European
• Khoisan
• Na-Dené
• Niger-Congo
• Nilo-Saharan (disputed)
• Pama-Nyungan
• Sino-Tibetan
• Tai-Kadai
• Uralic

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1339x842, 48 KB) Summary My modification, of a commons image, in which some of the larger language families are divided (mistakes may have happened) and sample languages of many have been set on the map, where these are spoken (mistakes are... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1339x842, 48 KB) Summary My modification, of a commons image, in which some of the larger language families are divided (mistakes may have happened) and sample languages of many have been set on the map, where these are spoken (mistakes are... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... It has been suggested that Altaic hypothesis be merged into this article or section. ... Austro-Asiatic languages The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific ( with a few members spoken on continental Asia). ... The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of Afghanistan and Iran. ... Eskimo-Aleut languages Eskimo-Aleut is a language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. ... Map showing the distribution of the Khoi-San languages. ... Pre-contact distribution of Na-Dené languages (in red) Na-Dené (also Na-Dene, Nadene, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit) is a Native American language family which includes the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit. ... Map showing the distribution of Niger-Congo languages The Niger-Congo languages constitute one of the worlds major language families, and Africas largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers, and number of distinct languages. ... Map showing the distribution of the Nilo-Saharan languages. ... The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian languages. ... Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family of about 250 languages of East Asia, second only to Indo-European in terms of the number of speakers. ... The Tai-Kadai languages are a language family found in Southeast Asia and southern China. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages  Yukaghir  Samoyedic  Ugric  Finnic The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ...

Largest families

According to the numbers in Ethnologue[2], the largest language families in terms of number of languages are: Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with native language biblical texts. ...

1. Niger-Congo (1,514 languages)
2. Austronesian (1,268 languages)
3. Trans-New Guinea (564 languages) (validity disputed)
4. Indo-European (449 languages)
5. Sino-Tibetan (403 languages)
6. Afro-Asiatic (375 languages)
7. Nilo-Saharan (204 languages)
8. Pama-Nyungan (178 languages)
9. Oto-Manguean (174 languages) (number disputed; Lyle Campbell includes only 27)
10. Austro-Asiatic (169 languages)
11. Sepik-Ramu (100 languages) (validity disputed)
12. Tai-Kadai (76 languages)
13. Tupi (76 languages)
14. Dravidian (73 languages)
15. Mayan (69 languages)

Map showing the distribution of Niger-Congo languages The Niger-Congo languages constitute one of the worlds major language families, and Africas largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers, and number of distinct languages. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific ( with a few members spoken on continental Asia). ... Trans-New Guinea is a family of languages spoken mainly in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. ... Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family of about 250 languages of East Asia, in number of speakers worldwide second only to Indo-European. ... Map showing the distribution of Afro-Asiatic languages The Afro-Asiatic languages are a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia. ... Map showing the distribution of the Nilo-Saharan languages. ... The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian languages. ... Oto-Manguean languages are a large family of Native American languages spoken in Mexico. ... Lyle Campbell is a linguist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah, and the director of the universitys Center for American Indian Languages (CAIL). ... The Austroasiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia and India. ... The Sepik-Ramu languages are a hypothetical language phylum consisting of about one hundred languages of the Sepik and Ramu river basins of northern Papua New Guinea. ... The Tai-Kadai languages, also known simply as Kadai, are a language family found in Southeast Asia and southern China. ... The Tupi languages are a language family of 70 languages which are spoken by Indian tribesmen in South America. ... The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of Afghanistan and Iran. ... Mayan languages constitute a language family of related languages which are spoken in Mesoamerica, from southeastern Mexico to northern Central America, and as far south as Honduras. ...

Language families (spoken)

In the following, each "bulleted" item is a known or suspected language family. The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for grouping families into collections more comprehensible than an unstructured list of the dozen or two of independent families. Geographic relationship is convenient for that purpose, but these headings are not a suggestion of any "super-families" phylogenetically relating the families named.

Africa and southwest Asia

1. Afro-Asiatic languages (formerly Hamito-Semitic)
2. Niger-Congo languages (sometimes Niger-Kordofanian)
3. Nilo-Saharan languages
4. Khoe languages (part of the Khoisan proposal)
5. Tuu languages (part of Khoisan)

A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... The definition of cultural-geographical regions in use by the United Nations. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x657, 80 KB) Map showing the approximate distribution of the four African language families. ... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... Map showing the distribution of Niger-Congo languages The Niger-Congo languages constitute one of the worlds major language families, and Africas largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers, and number of distinct languages. ... Map showing the distribution of the Nilo-Saharan languages. ... The Khoe languages comprise the most diverse of the language families that existed in southern Africa prior to the Bantu expansion. ... Map showing the distribution of the Khoi-San languages. ... The Tuu or Ta’a-!Kwi (Ta’a-!ui, Ui-Taa, Kwi) languages are a language family consisting of two transparently related language clusters spoken in Botswana and South Africa. ...

Europe, and north, west, and south Asia

Map showing the approximate current distribution of languages in Europe.

1. Indo-European languages
2. Dravidian languages
3. Northwest Caucasian languages (often included in North Caucasian)
4. Northeast Caucasian languages (often included in North Caucasian)
5. Hurro-Urartian languages (extinct, perhaps related to Northeast Caucasian)
6. Kartvelian (South Caucasian)
7. Altaic languages
8. Uralic languages
9. Yukaghir languages (perhaps related to Uralic)
10. Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
11. Yeniseian languages (perhaps related to Burushaski)
12. Andamanese languages (perhaps two families)

World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... North Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... A map showing Southwest Asia - The term Middle East is more often used to refer to both Southwest Asia and some North African countries Southwest Asia, or West Asia, is the southwestern part of Asia. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir) South Asia, also Southern Asia, is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2879x2012, 589 KB) Beschreibung Description: The map shows the approximate current distribution of native languages in Europe. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2879x2012, 589 KB) Beschreibung Description: The map shows the approximate current distribution of native languages in Europe. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. ... The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of Afghanistan and Iran. ... The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in Caucasian Russia, Turkey, Jordan, Kabardino-Balkaria (an autonomous republic in Russia) and Abkhazia ( de facto independent formally an autonomous republic in Georgia). ... North Caucasian languages is a blanket term for two distinct, but possibly related, phyla of languages spoken in the north Caucasus and in Turkey. ... The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakh-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of languages spoken mostly in the Dagestan, Chechnya, and Ingushetia regions of Russia, in Northern Azerbaijan, and in Georgia. ... The Hurro-Urartian languages are an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East, which comprises only two languages, Hurrian and Urartian (Asia Minor and the Caucasus). ... An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ... It has been suggested that Kartvel be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Altaic hypothesis be merged into this article or section. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages  Yukaghir  Samoyedic  Ugric  Finnic The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ... Geographical distribution of Yukaghir, Finnic, Ugric and Samoyedic languages The Yukaghir languages are a family of related languages spoken in Russia by the Yukaghir, a Siberian people, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. ... The Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages are a language family of Siberia. ... The Yenisei-Ostyak language family is spoken in central Siberia. ... Ethnolinguistic map of the precolonial Andaman Islands (drawn 1902) The Andamanese languages form a language family spoken in the Andaman Islands, a India. ...

East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific

1. Austroasiatic languages
2. Austronesian languages
3. Buyeo languages (also Puyŏ, Fuyu)
4. Hmong-Mien languages
5. Japonic languages
6. Sino-Tibetan languages
7. Tai-Kadai languages

East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... For other meanings of pacific, see pacific (disambiguation). ... The Austroasiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia and India. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific ( with a few members spoken on continental Asia). ... The Buyeo (Puyŏ) languages are a hypothetical language family that would relate the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje and the Japonic languages, and possibly place them together as a family under the hypothetical Altaic family. ... The Hmong-Mien or Miao-Yao languages are a small language family of southern China and Southeast Asia. ... The Japonic languages are a language family believed to descend from a common language known as Proto-Japonic. ... Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family of about 250 languages of East Asia, second only to Indo-European in terms of the number of speakers. ... The Tai-Kadai languages are a language family found in Southeast Asia and southern China. ...

Papuan languages

1. Baining languages
2. Border languages
3. Central Solomons languages
4. East Bird's Head-Sentani languages
5. Eastern Trans-Fly languages (one in Australia)
6. East Geelvink Bay languages
7. Lakes Plain languages (upper Mamberamo River)
8. Left May-Kwomtari languages
9. Mairasi languages
10. Nimboran languages
11. North Bougainville languages
12. Piawi languages
13. Ramu-Lower Sepik languages
14. Senagi languages
15. Sepik languages
16. Skou languages
17. South Bougainville languages
18. South-Central Papuan languages
19. Tor-Kwerba languages
20. Torricelli languages
21. West Papuan languages
22. Yuat languages

The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... The East Papuan languages, also called the East Papuan phylum, is a hypothetical family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands. ... The Border (Tami) languages are an independent family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Würms Trans-New Guinea proposal. ... The East Papuan languages, also called the East Papuan phylum, is a hypothetical family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands. ... The East Birds Head-Sentani languages form a family of Papuan languages proposed by Malcolm Ross which combines the East Birds Head and Sentani families along with the Burmeso and Tause language isolates. ... The Eastern Trans-Fly languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that inherits much of the Trans Fly-Bulaka River branch of Stephen Würms Trans-New Guinea proposal. ... The Geelvink Bay languages are a hypothetical language family of about two dozen languages in and to the south of Geelvink Bay in Indonesian Papua, also known as Sarera Bay or Cenderawasih. ... The Lakes Plain languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Würms Trans-New Guinea proposal and later classified with the Geelvink Bay languages by Clouse (1997). ... The Left May-Kwomtari languages are a small family of Papuan languages proposed by Malcolm Ross, which links the Left May (Arai) family with the Kwomtari-Baibai proposal (Loving & Bass 1964). ... The Mairasi languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Würms Trans-New Guinea proposal. ... The Nimboran languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Würms Trans-New Guinea proposal. ... The East Papuan languages, also called the East Papuan phylum, is a hypothetical family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands. ... The Piawi languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Würms Trans-New Guinea proposal. ... The Ramu-Lower Sepik languages form a family of 35 Papuan languages spoken in the Ramu and Sepik river basins of northern Papua New Guinea. ... The Senagi languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Würms Trans-New Guinea proposal. ... The Sepik languages are a proposed family of some 50 Papuan languages spoken in the Sepik river basin of northern Papua New Guinea. ... The Sko Phylum is a group of languages spoken mainly along the coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua (formerly known as Irian Jaya). ... The East Papuan languages, also called the East Papuan phylum, is a hypothetical family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands. ... The South-Central Papuan languages are a family of Papuan languages proposed in 2005 by Malcolm Ross. ... The Tor-Kwerba languages are an independent family of Papuan languages proposed in 2005 by Malcolm Ross. ... The Torricelli languages are a hypothetical language family of about fifty languages of the northern Papua New Guinea coast, spoken by only about 80 000 people in all. ... The West Papuan languages are a hypothetical language family of about two dozen languages of the Birds Head (Vogelkopf) Peninsula of far western New Guinea and the island of Halmahera, spoken by about 220 000 people in all. ... The Yuat languages are an independent family of a dozen Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, that had been part of Stephen Würms Sepik-Ramu proposal. ...

Australian Aboriginal languages

1. Bunaban languages
2. Daly languages
3. Limilngan languages
4. Djeragan languages
5. Nyulnyulan languages
6. Wororan languages
7. Mindi languages
8. Arnhem Land languages (3 families and 2 isolates)
9. Gunwinyguan languages
10. Pama-Nyungan languages

The Australian Aboriginal languages comprise several language families and isolates native to Australia and a few nearby islands, but by convention excluding Tasmania. ... The Bunaban languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ... The Daly languages are the third largest family of Australian Aboriginal languages after Pama-Nyungan and Gunwinguan. ... The Limilngan languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ... The Djeragan languages are a small family of three Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ... The Nyulnyulan languages are a small family of closely related Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ... The Wororan languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ... The Mindi languages are a recently proposed family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia, unifying the Djamindjungan languages with the West Barkly family. ... The Arnhem Land languages are a recently proposed Australian language family spoken over a large part of Arnhem Land in northern Australia. ... The Gunwinyguan languages form the second largest family of Australian Aboriginal languages. ... The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian languages. ...

North America

Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact.

See main article, Native American languages

1. Algic languages (incl. Algonquian languages) (29)
2. Alsean languages (2)
3. Caddoan languages (5)
4. Chimakuan languages (2)
5. Chinookan languages (3)
6. Chumashan languages (6)
7. Comecrudan languages (3)
8. Coosan languages (2)
9. Eskimo-Aleut languages (7)
10. Guacurian languages (a.k.a. Waikurian) (8)
11. Iroquoian languages (11)
12. Kalapuyan languages (3)
13. Kiowa-Tanoan languages (7)
14. Maiduan languages (4)
15. Mayan languages (North America & Central America) (31)
16. Mixe-Zoquean languages (North America) (19)
17. Muskogean languages (6)
18. Na-Dené languages (40)
19. Oto-Manguean languages (North America & Central America) (27)
20. Palaihnihan languages (2)
21. Plateau Penutian languages (a.k.a. Shahapwailutan) (4)
22. Pomoan languages (7)
23. Salishan languages (23)
24. Shastan languages (4)
25. Siouan languages (16)
26. Tequistlatecan languages (3)
27. Totonacan languages (2)
28. Tsimshian languages (2)
29. Utian languages (12)
30. Uto-Aztecan languages (31)
31. Wakashan languages (6)
32. Wintuan languages (4)
33. Yokutsan languages (3)
34. Yukian languages (2)
35. Yuman-Cochimí languages (11)

World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Download high resolution version (1005x912, 422 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1005x912, 422 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the Americas, spoken by Native Americans from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland. ... The Algic (also Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok or Algonquian-Ritwan) languages are an indigenous language family of North America. ... Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (the two Algic languages that are not Algonquian are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... The Alsean (also Yakonan) language family consists of two closely related languages that were spoken along the central Oregon coast. ... The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. ... The Chimakuan language family consists of two languages that are spoken in northwestern Washington, USA on the Olympic Peninsula. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Chumashan languages Chumashan is a family of languages that were spoken on the southern California coast (from San Luis Obispo to Malibu), in neighboring inland regions (San Joaquin Valley), and on three nearby islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz). ... Comecrudan languages Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ... The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast: Hanis Miluk (a. ... Eskimo-Aleut languages Eskimo-Aleut is a language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia. ... Iroquoian languages The Iroquoian languages are a Native American language family. ... The Kalapuya (also Kalapooian, Calapooya, Calapooia) are a Native American ethnic group that once inhabited the area of present-day western Oregon in the United States and are now part of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. ... The Kiowa-Tanoan languages are a Native American language family. ... Pre-contact distribution of Maiduan languages Maiduan (also Maidun, Pujunan) is a small endangered language family of northeastern California. ... Mayan languages constitute a language family of related languages which are spoken in Mesoamerica, from southeastern Mexico to northern Central America, and as far south as Honduras. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... The Mixe-Zoque languages are a language family spoken in and around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Pre-contact distribution of Muskogean languages Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a language family of the U.S. Southeast. ... Pre-contact distribution of Na-Dené languages (in red) Na-Dené (also Na-Dene, Nadene, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit) is a Native American language family which includes the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit. ... Oto-Manguean languages are a large family of Native American languages spoken in Mexico. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Palaihnihan (also Palaihnih) is a language family of northeastern California. ... Pre-contact distribution of Plateau Penutian languages Plateau Penutian (also Shahapwailutan) is a family of languages spoken in northern California, reaching through central-western Oregon to northern Washington and central-northern Idaho. ... Pomoan is a family of endangered languages spoken in northern California on the Pacific coast. ... The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a group of languages of western Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. ... Pre-contact distribution of Shastan languages The Shastan (also Sastean) family consisted of four languages, spoken in present-day northern California and southern Oregon. ... Pre-contact distribution of the Siouan languages The Siouan (a. ... The Totonacan Languages are a family of closely-related languages spoken by approximately 200,000 speakers in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico. ... Tsimshianic languages Tsimshianic is a family of languages spoken in northernwestern British Columbia and southern Alaska. ... Utian (also Miwok-Costanoan) is language family consisting of Miwokan languages and Costanoan languages. ... Pre-contact distribution of Uto-Aztecan languages (note: this map does not show the distribution in Mesoamerica) The Uto-Aztecan languages are a Native American language family. ... Wakashan is a family of languages spoken around Vancouver Island. ... Wintuan languages Wintuan (also Wintun, Wintoon, Copeh, Copehan) is of family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California. ... Pre-contact distribution of Yokutsan languages Yokutsan (also Yokuts) is an endangered language family spoken in the interior of southern California in and around the San Joaquin valley by the Yokut tribe. ... Pre-contact distribution of Yuki-Wappo languages Yuki-Wappo (also Yukian, Wappo-Yuki) is a small extinct language family of eastern California consisting of only two languages. ... Yuman-Cochimí languages Yuman-Cochimí is a family of languages spoken in Baja California and northern Sonora in Mexico and southern California and southwestern Arizona in the USA. Genetic relations The Yuman-Cochimí family consists of 11 languages: I. Cochimí 1. ...

Central America and South America

See main article, Native American languages

1. Alacalufan languages (South America) (2)
2. Algic languages (North American & Central America) (29)
3. Arauan languages (South America) (8)
4. Araucanian languages (South America) (2)
5. Arawakan languages (South America, Caribbean) (73)
6. Arutani-Sape languages (South America) (2)
7. Aymaran languages (South America) (3)
8. Barbacoan languages (South America) (7)
9. Cahuapanan languages (South America) (2)
10. Carib languages (South America) (29)
11. Chapacura-Wanham languages (South America) (5)
12. Chibchan languages (Central America & South America) (22)
13. Choco languages (South America) (10)
14. Chon languages (South America) (2)
15. Comecrudan languages (North America & Central America) (3)
16. Guacurian languages (a.k.a. Waikurian) (8)
17. Harakmbet languages (South America) (2)
18. Jicaquean languages (Central America)
19. Jivaroan languages (South America) (4)
20. Katukinan languages (South America) (3)
21. Lencan languages (Central America)
22. Lule-Vilela languages (South America) (1)
23. Macro-Ge languages (South America) (32)
24. Maku languages (South America) (6)
25. Mascoian languages (South America) (5)
26. Mataco-Guaicuru languages (South America) (11)
27. Mayan languages (North and Central America) (31)
28. Misumalpan languages (Central America) (9)
29. Mosetenan languages (South America) (1)
30. Mura languages (South America) (1)
31. Na-Dené languages (North America & Central America) (40)
32. Nambiquaran languages (South America) (5)
33. Oto-Manguean languages (North America & Central America) (27)
34. Paezan languages (South America) (1)
35. Panoan languages (South America) (30)
36. Peba-Yaguan languages (South America) (2)
37. Quechuan languages (South America) (46)
38. Salivan languages (South America) (2)
39. Tacanan languages (South America) (6)
40. Tequistlatecan languages (Central America) (3)
41. Tucanoan languages (South America) (25)
42. Tupi languages (South America) (70)
43. Uru-Chipaya languages (South America) (2)
44. Uto-Aztecan languages (North America & Central America) (31)
45. Witotoan languages (South America) (6)
46. Xincan languages (Central America)
47. Yanomam languages (South America) (4)
48. Yuman-Cochimi languages (North America & Central America) (11)
49. Zamucoan languages (South America) (2)
50. Zaparoan languages (South America) (7)

Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the Americas, spoken by Native Americans from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland. ... Kawésqar, also known as Qawasqar, Alacaluf, and Halakwulup, is a language isolate spoken in southern Chile. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Algic (also Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok or Algonquian-Ritwan) languages are an indigenous language family of North America. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... The Aruan languages are : Arua, Banawá, Culina, Dení, Jamamadí, Jaruára, Paumarí and Suruahá. The languages which are still living are spoken in Brazil. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Araucanian languages are an indigenous language family of central Chile and west central Argentina in South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Arawakan languages (also Arahuacan, Arawakanas, Arahuacano, Maipurean, Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúrean) are a hypothetical indigenous language family of South America and the Caribbean. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... World map depicting Caribbean: West Indies redirects here. ... The Arutani-Sape are an endangered language family that includes two languages which are mainly spoken in Brazil and Venezuela. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Aymaran languages are a South American language family. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Cahuapanan languages include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Cariban languages are an indigenous language family of South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Chapacura-Wanham languages are a nearly extinct Native American language family of South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Chibchan languages (also Chíbchan, Chibchano) are a language family indigenous to Colombia and Central America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Choco languages are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The two Chon languages are Selknan which died out two years ago and Tehuelche. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Comecrudan languages Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Jivaroan (also Hívaro, Jívaro, Jibaroana, Jibaro) is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Macro-Ge, also spelled Macro-Gê, Macro-Je, and Macro-Jê, is a medium sized language stock proposed for South America, centered around the Gê-Kaingang language family. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Puinavean (also Makú, Puinávean, Puinave-Maku, Puinaveano) is a language family of Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Mataco-Guaicuru language family is mainly spoken in Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Mayan languages constitute a language family of related languages which are spoken in Mesoamerica, from southeastern Mexico to northern Central America, and as far south as Honduras. ... The Misumalpan languages are a small family of Native American languages spoken on the east coast of Nicaragua and nearby areas. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Mura language family is a language family of Brazil. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Na-Dené or Na-Dene is a Native American language family which includes the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Oto-Manguean languages are a large family of Native American languages spoken in Mexico. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Paezan (also Páesan, Paezano) is a family of languages spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Peba-Yaguan language family is located in the northwestern Amazon, but today Yagua is the only remaining spoken language of the family. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Quechuan languages are a family of related languages in South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Saliban (also Sálivan, Piaroan) is a small language family of Colombia (northern llanos) and Venezuela. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Tupi languages are a language family of 70 languages which are spoken by Indian tribesmen in South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Pre-contact distribution of Uto-Aztecan languages (note: this map does not show the distribution in Mesoamerica) The Uto-Aztecan languages are a Native American language family. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Witotoan (also Bora-Witotoan, Bora-Witótoan, Huitotoan, Bora-Huitoto, Bóra-Witóto, Bora-Uitoto, Huitotoano, Huitotoana) is a language family of northeastern Peru, southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department), and western Brazil (Amazonas State). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Yanomaman (also Yanomam, Yanomáman, Yamomámi, Yanomamana, Shamatari, Shirianan) is small family of languages spoken in northwestern Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas) and southern Venezuela. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Yuman-Cochimí languages Yuman-Cochimí is a family of languages spoken in Baja California and northern Sonora in Mexico and southern California and southwestern Arizona in the USA. Genetic relations The Yuman-Cochimí family consists of 11 languages: I. Cochimí 1. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... Zamucoan (also Samúkoan) is a small language family of Paraguay (northeast Chaco) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz Department). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is a endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with less than 700 speakers. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Language isolates

A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ...

Central & South America

1. Aikaná (Brazil: Rondônia)
2. Andoque (Colombia, Peru)
3. Aymara (Bolivia)'
4. Betoi (Colombia)
5. Camsá (Colombia)
6. Canichana (Bolivia)
7. Cayubaba (Bolivia)
8. Cofán (Colombia, Ecuador)
9. Huaorani (a.k.a. Sabela, Waorani, Waodani) (Ecuador, Peru)
10. Irantxe (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
11. Itonama (Bolivia)
12. Jotí (Venezuela)
13. Koayá (Brazil: Rondônia)
14. Mapudungun (Chile, Argentina)
15. Movima (Bolivia)
16. Munichi (Peru)
17. Nambiquaran (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
18. Omurano (Peru)
19. Otí (Brazil: São Paulo) [extinct]
20. Pankararú (Brazil: Pernambuco)
21. Puelche (Chile)
22. Puinave (Colombia)
23. Puquina (Bolivia) [extinct]
24. Taushiro (Peru)
25. Tequiraca (Peru)
26. Ticuna (Colombia, Peru, Brazil)
27. Warao (Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela)
28. Yámana (a.k.a Yagan) (Chile)
29. Yuracare (Bolivia)
30. Yuri (Colombia, Brazil)
31. Yurumanguí (Colombia)

Help wikipedia by translating the Spanish article into this article. ... The Cofán language (also Kofan, Kofan, Kofane; autonym: Aingae) is a language of the Chibchan family spoken by the Cofán people, an indigenous group native to Napo Province northeast Ecuador and southern Colombia, between the Guamués River (a tributary of the Putumayo River) and the Aguaric... The Huaorani language (also Waorani, Wao, Sabela, Ssabela; autonym: Huao Terero; pejorative: Auka, Auca) is an language isolate spoken by the Huaorani people, an indigenous group living in the Amazon rainforest between the Napo and Curaray Rivers. ... Itonama is a moribund language isolate of Bolivia. ... Mapudungun is an Araucanian language spoken in Chile and Argentina by the Mapuche people. ... Munichi (Ethnologue code MYR) is a recently extinct language which was spoken in the village of Munichis, about 10 miles/ 16 km West of Yurimaguas, Loreto Region, Peru. ... Puquina is an extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Inca in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca and in the north of what is now Chile. ... Ticuna is a language spoken by approximately 40,000 people in Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. ... Yuracaré (also Yurakaré, Yurakar, Yuracare, Yurucare, Yuracar, Yurakare, Yurujuré, Yurujare) is an endangered language isolate of central Bolivia in Cochabamba and Beni departments spoken by the Yuracaré people. ... Yurumanguí is an extinct language of Colombia. ...

North America

1. Chimariko (US: California)
2. Chitimacha (US: Lousiania)
3. Coahuilteco (US: Texas, northeast Mexico)
4. Cuitlatec (Mexico: Guerrero) [extinct]
5. Esselen (US: California)
6. Haida (Canada: British Columbia; US: Alaska)
7. Huave (Mexico: Oaxaca)
8. Karankawa (US: Texas)
9. Karok (a.k.a. Karuk) (US: California)
10. Keres (US: New Mexico)
11. Kootenai (Canada: British Columbia; US: Idaho, Montana)
12. Natchez (US: Mississippi, Louisiana) (sometimes linked to Muskogean)
13. Purepecha (a.k.a. Tarascan) (Mexico: Michoacán)
14. Salinan (US: California)
15. Seri (Mexico: Sonora)
16. Siuslaw (US: Oregon)
17. Takelma (US: Oregon)
18. Timucua (US: Florida, Georgia)
19. Tonkawa (US: Texas)
20. Tunica (US: Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas)
21. Washo (US: California, Nevada)
22. Yana (US: California)
23. Yuchi (US: Georgia, Oklahoma)
24. Zuni (a.k.a. Shiwi) (US: New Mexico)

Pre-contact distribution of Chimariko Chimariko is an extinct language isolate formerly spoken in Trinity County in northwestern California by Chimariko peoples. ... The Chitimacha (also Chitimachan, Chetimacha) are a Native American group that lives in the U.S. state of Louisiana, mainly in St. ... Coahuilteco (also Pajalate) was a language isolate that was spoken in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. ... The Esselen were the Native American inhabitants of what is now known as Big Sur on the Central Coast of California. ... Pre-contact distribution of Haida The Haida language is the language of the Haida people. ... Karankawa The Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs) Indian tribes played a pivotal part in early Texas history. ... Karuk Karuk (also Karok) are an indigenous people of California in the United States. ... The Keres language is a group of seven related dialects spoken by Pueblo peoples in New Mexico, U.S.A. Each is mutually intelligible with its neighbors. ... Kootenai language The Kootenai language (also Kutenai or Ktunaxa language) is named after and is spoken by some of the Kootenai Native American/First Nations people who are indigenous to the area of North America that is now Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia. ... Pre-contact distribution of Natchez peoples Although suffering a turbulent history since European contact, the Natchez Nation still represents a vital part of the United States Native American community. ... The Salinan Native Americans lived in what is now Northern California, in the Salinas Valley. ... Seri is a language isolate spoken by the Seri people in two villages on the coast of Sonora, Mexico. ... Siuslaw can refer to many things; did you mean: Siuslaw River Siuslaw Native American tribe This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Takelma was the language spoken by the Takelma people. ... Pre-contact distribution of the Timucua language. ... The Tonkawa language was spoken in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico by the Tonkawa people. ... The Tunica (or Tonica) language was a language isolate spoken in present-day Louisiana in the United States by Tunica peoples. ... The Washoe language is a Native American language spoken by the Washoe. ... Pre-contact distribution of the Yana language Yana is an extinct language isolate formerly spoken in north-central California between the Feather and Pit rivers in what is now Shasta and Tehama counties. ... Pre-contact distribution of the Yuchi Language The Yuchi language is the language of the Yuchi people living in the southeastern United States, including eastern Tennessee, western Carolinas, northern Georgia and Alabama, in the period of early European colonization. ... Zuni language Zuni (also Zuñi or Shiwi) is spoken by over 10000 people in New Mexico and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona. ...

Australia

1. Enindhilyagwa (AKA Andilyaugwa, Anindilyakwa)
2. Laragiya
3. Minkin [extinct; perhaps a member of Yiwaidjan or Tankic]
4. Ngurmbur (perhaps a member of Macro-Pama-Nyungan)
5. Tiwi (Melville and Bathurst Islands)

The Enindhilyagwa language, also spelled Andilyaugwa and Anindilyakwa, is an Australian language isolate spoken by the Warnindhilyagwa people on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia. ... The Laragiya language is an Australian language isolate spoken by just six people near the city of Darwin in northern Australia as of 1983. ... The Minkin language is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language, perhaps a language isolate, of northern Australia. ... The Ngumbur language is an Australian language isolate spoken by just one person in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, as of 1981. ... Tiwi is a language spoken on the Tiwi Islands. ...

New Guinea

1. Abinomn (Baso, Foia) (north Irian)
2. Anêm (New Britain)
3. Ata (Pele-Ata, Wasi) (New Britain)
4. Busa (Sandaun)
5. Isirawa (north Irian)
6. Kol (New Britain)
7. Kuot (Panaras) (New Ireland)
8. Massep
9. Kwotari-Baibai (a.k.a. Pyu)
10. Sulka (New Britain)
11. Taiap (Gapun) (Sepik)
12. Yalë (Nagatman) (Sandaun)
13. Yawa (Geelvink Bay)
14. Yélî Dnye (Yele) (Rennell Island)
15. Yuri (Karkar) (Sandaun)

The Abinomn language is a language isolate initially reported by Mark Donohue from Papua province, Indonesia. ... The Anêm language is a language isolate spoken in five main villages along the northwestern coast of New Britain island, Papua New Guinea: Malasoŋo (where it is spoken alongside Bariai), Karaiai, Mosiliki, Pudêlîŋ, Atiatu (where it is spoken alongside Lusi) and Bolo (where it is spoken alongside... The Ata language, also known as Pele-Ata or Wasi, is a language isolate spoken on New Britain island, Papua New Guinea. ... The Busa language, also known as Odiai (Uriai), is a language isolate in northwestern Papua New Guinea. ... The Isirawa language is a language isolate in Malcolm Ross classification of Papuan languages, and linked to the Dani languages within the Trans-New Guinea family by Stephen Würm. ... The Kol language is a language spoken in eastern New Britain island, Papua New Guinea. ... The Kuot language, or Panaras, is a language isolate, the only non-Austronesian language spoken on the island of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. ... The Kwomtari-Baibai languages are a hypothetical language family of five languages spoken by some 4000 people in central New Guinea. ... The Sulka language is a possible language isolate scattered across the eastern end of New Britain island, Papua New Guinea. ... Taiap (also called Gapun) is a language isolate spoken by around a hundred people in the remote village of Gupun in Papua New Guinea. ... The Yalë language, also known as Nagatman, is a language isolate in northwestern Papua New Guinea. ... The Yawa languages are a small family of two closely related Papuan languages, Yawa (or Yava) and Saweru, which are often considered to be divergent dialects of a single language (and thus a language isolate). ... The Yélî Dnye language, also known as Yele, is the language of Rossel island, the easternmost island in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of Papua New Guinea. ... The Yuri language, also known as Karkar, is a language isolate in Papua New Guinea, along the Indonesian border. ...

Asia

1. Ainu language or languages (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
2. Burushaski (Pakistan, India) (sometimes linked to Yeniseian)
3. Kalto or Nahali (India) (sometimes linked to Munda)
4. Korean (North & South Korea, China, USA) (sometimes linked to Altaic)
5. Nivkh or Gilyak (Russia) (sometimes linked to Chukchi-Kamchatkan)
6. Sumerian (Iraq) [extinct]
7. Elamite (Iran) [extinct] (sometimes linked to Dravidian)
8. Hattic (Turkey) [extinct] (sometimes linked to Northwest Caucasian)

The Ainu language (Ainu: , aynu itak; Japanese: ainu-go) is spoken by the Ainu ethnic group on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Burushaski (ISO/DIS 639-3 bsk) is a language isolate spoken by some 50,000-60,000 Burusho people in the Hunza, Nagir, Yasin, and parts of the Gilgit valleys in northern Pakistan. ... The Yenisei-Ostyak language family is spoken in central Siberia. ... Kalto or Nahali is a language isolate spoken in west-central India (in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) by around 5,000 people. ... It has been suggested that Altaic hypothesis be merged into this article or section. ... Nivkh or Gilyak (ethnonym: Nivxi) (language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) is a language spoken in Outer Manchuria, in the basin of the Amgun, a tributary of the Amur, along the lower reaches of the Amur and on the northern half of Sakhalin. ... The Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages are a language family of Siberia. ... The Sumerian language of ancient Sumer was spoken in Southern Mesopotamia from at least the 4th millennium BCE. Sumerian was replaced by Akkadian as a spoken language around 1800 BCE, but continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century AD... Elamite is an extinct language, which was spoken in the ancient Elamite Empire. ... The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, and eastern and central India. ... Hattic was a non-Indo-European language spoken in Asia Minor between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC, before the appearance of the Hittites. ... The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in Caucasian Russia, Turkey, Jordan, Kabardino-Balkaria (an autonomous republic in Russia) and Abkhazia ( de facto independent formally an autonomous republic in Georgia). ...

Africa

1. Hadza (Tanzania)
2. Sandawe (Tanzania)
3. Juu (Angola, Botswana, Namibia)
4. ǂQhôã (Botswana) (may be related to Juu)

(all sometimes included under Khoisan) Hadza is a language of Tanzania. ... Sandawe is a tonal language spoken in the Dodoma region of Tanzania. ... The Ju or Zhu languages, actually a dialect continuum, form a branch of the hypothetical Khoisan language family. ... ‡Hõã or ‡Hoan, a variant of the ethnonym ‡Qhôã, is an unclassified Khoisan language of Botswana. ... Map showing the distribution of the Khoi-San languages. ...

Europe

1. Basque (Spain, France) (related to extinct Aquitanian)
2. Etruscan (Italy) [extinct; part of the poorly attested Tyrrhenian family]

Basque (in Basque: Euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Aquitanian language was spoken in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne), region later known as Gascony before the Roman conquest and, probably much later until the Upper Middle Ages. ... Etruscan was a language spoken and written in the ancient region of Etruria (current Tuscany) and in parts of what are now Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls), in Italy. ...

Unclassified languages

Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages, or, more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification. Most such languages are extinct and most likely will never be known well enough to classify.

Europe

1. Iberian (Spain) [extinct]
2. Tartessian (Spain, Portugal) [extinct]

The Iberian language describes a linguistic group identified with the Iberian civilization (7th century BC – 1st century BC), formed in the eastern and south-eastern regions of the Iberian peninsula. ... The Tartessian language is seemingly unrelated to all other languages, including Indo-European or Iberian language families, and is therefore considered a language isolate. ...

Africa

1. Shabo
2. Meroitic [extinct]

Shabo (also called Mikeyir) is an endangered language spoken by less than 1,000 hunter-gatherers in southwestern Ethiopia, in the south-central portion of the former Illubabor province. ... Meroitic funerary stela of Waleye son or daughter of Kadeye, from Sai, now at the British Museum. ...

Asia

1. Quti [extinct]
2. Kaskian [extinct]
3. Cimmerian [extinct]

The Cimmerians (Greek Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian records, however, first place them in the region of Azerbaijan in...

Australia

1. Tasmanian languages [extinct]

The Tasmanian languages are a group of aborigine languages spoken in the island of Tasmania, Australia, extinct by 1877. ...

South America

1. Baenan (Brazil) [extinct]
2. Culle (Peru) [extinct]
3. Cunza (Chile, Bolivia, Argentina) [extinct]
4. Gamela (Brazil: Maranhão) [extinct]
5. Gorgotoqui (Bolivia) [extinct]
6. Huamoé (Brazil: Pernambuco) [extinct]
7. Kukurá (Brazil: Mato Grosso) [extinct]
8. Natú (Brazil: Pernambuco) [extinct]
9. Tarairiú (Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte)
10. Tuxá (Brazil: Bahia, Pernambuco) [extinct]
11. Xokó (Brazil: Alagoas, Pernambuco) [extinct]
12. Xukurú (Brazil: Pernambuco, Paraíba) [extinct]
13. Yurumanguí (Colombia) [extinct]

Yurumanguí is an extinct language of Colombia. ...

North America

1. Adai (US: Louisiana, Texas) [extinct]
2. Alagüilac (Guatemala)
3. Aranama-Tamique (US: Texas) [extinct]
4. Atakapa (US: Louisiana, Texas) [extinct]
5. Beothuk (Canada: Newfoundland) [extinct]
6. Calusa (US: Florida) [extinct]
7. Cayuse (US: Oregon, Washington) [extinct]
8. Cotoname (northeast Mexico; US: Texas) [extinct]
9. Maratino (northeastern Mexico) [extinct]
10. Naolan (Mexico: Tamaulipas) [extinct]
11. Quinigua (northeast Mexico) [extinct]
12. Solano (northeast Mexico; US: Texas) [extinct]

Adai (also Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos) is the name of a people and language that was spoken in eastern Louisiana and were a Southeastern culture of Native Americans. ... Pre-contact distribution of the Atakapa language Atakapa is an extinct language isolate native to southwestern Louisiana and nearby eastern Texas. ... Pre-contact distribution of Beothuk language The Beothuk language (also Beothukan) was the language spoken by the Beothuk indigenous people of Newfoundland. ... The Calusa, sometimes spelled Caloosa or Calosa, were a Native American group that lived on the coast and along the inner waterways of Floridas southwest coast. ... Cayuse & Sahaptin Tribal Representatives to Washington D.C. (1890) Umapine (Wakonkonwelasonmi), a Cayuse chief, September, 1909 The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in the state of Oregon in the United States. ... Map indicating where Cotoname is spoken Cotoname is a Southwestern language family, spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas (United States). ... Pre-contact distribution of Solano language Solano is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast Mexico and perhaps also in neighboring Texas. ...

Sign languages

See also List of sign languages.

Although deaf sign languages have emerged naturally in deaf communities alongside or among spoken languages, they are unrelated to spoken languages and have different grammatical structures at their core. A group of sign "languages" known as manually coded languages are more properly understood as signed modes of spoken languages, and therefore belong to the language family of the spoken language. One example of such a signed language is Warlpiri Sign Language, which belongs to the family of Ngarrkic languages. Sign language is not universal. ... A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express fluidly a speakers thoughts. ... Manually Coded Languages (MCL) are representations of spoken languages in a gestural-visual form; that is, sign language versions of spoken langauges. ... The Warlpiri language is spoken by the Warlpiri Aboriginal community in the central desert region of Australia, and is also known as WALBIRI, ELPIRA, ILPARA, WAILBRI and WALPIRI. When in mourning, Warlpiri women often do not talk for long periods of time, and a signed mode of the language is... Ngarrkic is a collective name for a pair of closely-related languages of Central Australia. ...

There has been very little historical linguistic research on sign languages, and few attempts to determine genetic relationships between sign languages, other than simple comparison of lexical data and some discussion about whether certain sign languages are dialects of a language or languages of a family. Languages may be spread through migration, through the establishment of deaf schools (often by foreign-trained educators), or due to political domination. Look up lexicon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Language contact is common, making clear family classifications difficult — it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between signed and spoken languages (Contact Sign), and between sign languages and gestural systems used by the broader community. One author has speculated that Adamorobe Sign Language may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and areal features including prosody and phonetics. Language contact occurs when speakers of distinct speech varieties interact. ... -1... Military signalmen use hand and body gestures to direct flight operations aboard aircraft carriers. ... Adamorobe Sign Language is an indigenous sign language used in Adamorobe, an Akan village in eastern Ghana. ... An areal feature, in linguistics, is the appearance of a given feature of typology in several unrelated languages due to the influence of geographical closeness. ...

• Auslan, NZSL and BSL are usually considered to belong to a language family known as BANZSL.

• Japanese Sign Language, Taiwanese Sign Language and Korean Sign Language are thought to be members of a Japanese Sign Language family.

• There are a number of sign languages that emerged from French Sign Language (LSF), or were the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include: French Sign Language, Quebec Sign Language, American Sign Language, Irish Sign Language, Russian Sign Language, Dutch Sign Language, Flemish Sign Language, Belgian-French Sign Language, Spanish Sign Language, Mexican Sign Language and others.

• A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL. Bolivian Sign Language is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL. Thai Sign Language is a mixed language derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include Ugandan Sign Language, Kenyan Sign Language, Philippine Sign Language and Malaysian Sign Language.

• Anecdotal evidence suggests that Finnish Sign Language, Swedish Sign Language and Norwegian Sign Language belong to a Scandinavian Sign Language family.

• According to a SIL report, sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around Czech Sign Language, Hungarian Sign Language and Slovakian Sign Language. This group may also include Romanian, Bulgarian, and Polish sign languages.

• Known isolates include Nicaraguan Sign Language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, and Providence Island Sign Language.

• Sign languages of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly Saudi Arabia) may be part of a sprachbund, or may be one dialect of a larger Eastern Arabic Sign Language.

Auslan is the sign language used by the Australian Deaf community. ... New Zealand Sign Language, or NZSL, is the main language of the Deaf Community in New Zealand. ... BSL could mean any of the following: Biologic Space Laboratories from the Metroid Fusion video game. ... BANZSL, or British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language, is the name given to the parent language which British Sign Language (BSL), Auslan and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) may be considered dialects of. ... Japanese Sign Language is the sign language most commonly used in Japan. ... Taiwanese Sign Language (TSL) is the sign language most commonly used in Taiwan. ... French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Français or LSF) is the language of the deaf in the nation of France. ... French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Français or LSF) is the language of the deaf in the nation of France. ... Quebec Sign Language, known in French as Langue des Signes Québécoise and typically abbreviated LSQ, is a sign language used in Canada. ... American Sign Language (ASL, Ameslan) is the dominant sign language of the Deaf community in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico. ... Irish Sign Language (ISL) is the sign language of Ireland, used primarily in the Republic of Ireland. ... Russian Sign Language is the sign language of the deaf community in Russia. ... Dutch Sign Language (Nederlande Gebaren Taal or NGT) is the sign language used by deaf people in the Netherlands. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Mexican Sign Language (“lenguaje de signos mexicano” or LSM, also known by several other names), is the langauge of the Deaf community in the urban regions of Mexico. ... Thai Sign Language (TSL) or Modern Standard Thai Sign Language (MSTSL), is the national sign language of Thailands Deaf community and is used in most parts of the country by an estimated 56,000 deaf people. ... A mixed language is a language that arises when two languages are in contact and there is a high degree of bilingualism among speakers. ... Kenyan Sign Language is the language of the Deaf community in Kenya, used throughout the country by a large number of the countrys estimated Deaf population of 200,000. ... Malaysian Sign Language (MSL), or Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM), is the sign language in every day use in many parts of Malaysia. ... Finnish Sign Language is the sign language most commonly used in Finland. ... Norwegian Sign Language is the third official language in Norway, and is the preferred sign language amongst deaf Norwegians. ... Hungarian Sign Language is the sign language of Hungary. ... Nicaraguan Sign Language (or ISN, Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua or Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense) is a signed language spontaneously developed by deaf children in a number of schools in western Nicaragua in the 1970s and 1980s. ... The Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) is a sign language used by about 150 deaf and many hearing members of a Bedouin community in the Negev desert of southern Israel. ... Providence Island Sign Language (also known as Providencia Sign Language) is the sign language used by the deaf community on the small island community of Providence Island in the Western Caribbean, off the coast of Nicaragua but belonging to Colombia. ... A Sprachbund (German for language bond, also known as a linguistic area, convergence area, diffusion area) is a group of languages that have become similar in some way because of geographical proximity. ...

Creole languages, pidgins, mixed languages, and trade languages

• American Indian Pidgin English
• Basque-Algonquian Pidgin (a.k.a. Micmac-Basque Pidgin, Souriquois)
• Bislamic languages
  • Australian Creole (a.k.a. Kriol)
  • Bislama
  • Pijin
  • Tok Pisin
  • Torres Strait Creole (a.k.a. Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole)
• Broken Oghibbeway (a.k.a. Broken Ojibwa)
• Broken Slavey (a.k.a. Slavey Jargon, Broken Slavé)
• Callahuaya (a.k.a. Machaj-Juyai, Kallawaya)
• Carib Pidgin (a.k.a. Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin, Ndjuka-Trio)
• Carib Pidgin-Arawak Mixed Language
• Catalangu
• Chabacano - A Spanish creole spoken in mostly in southern Philippines.
• Chinook Jargon
• Creole (a.k.a. Capeverdian Creole, Crioulo, Kriol, Caboverdiano, Kabuverdianu)
• Delaware Jargon (a.k.a. Pidgin Delaware)
• Englog - An English creole spoken in the Philippines.
• Eskimo Trade Jargon (a.k.a. Herschel Island Eskimo Pidgin, Ship's Jargon)
• Greenlandic Eskimo Pidgin
• Guajiro-Spanish
• Güegüence-Nicarao
• Haida Jargon
• Haitian creole
• Hawaiian Creole English
• Hiri Motu
• Hudson Strait Pidgin
• International Sign or Gestuno - constructed language
• Inuktitut-English Pidgin
• Jargonized Powhatan
• Kutenai Jargon
• Labrador Eskimo Pidgin (a.k.a. Labrador Inuit Pidgin)
• Lingua Franca Apalachee
• Lingua Franca Creek
• Lingua franca
• Língua Geral do Norte (a.k.a. Old Tupi, Língua Geral Amazônica, Língua Boa, Língua Brasílica), and its modern descendent, Nheengatu
• Lingua Geral do Sul (a.k.a. Língua Geral Paulista, Tupi Austral)
• Loucheux Jargon (a.k.a. Jargon Loucheux)
• Media Lengua
• Mednyj Aleut (a.k.a. Copper Island Aleut, Medniy Aleut, CIA)
• Michif (a.k.a. French Cree, Métis, Metchif, Mitchif, Métchif)
• Mobilian Jargon (a.k.a. Mobilian Trade Jargon, Chickasaw-Chocaw Trade Language, Yamá
• Montagnais Pidgin Basque (a.k.a. Pidgin Basque-Montagnais)
• Norfuk
• Nootka Jargon
• Ocaneechi
• Papiamento
• PitkernWe are the champions
• Pidgin Massachusett
• Rusnorsk
• Sango

// A creole language, or just creole, is a well-defined and stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A mixed language is a language that arises when two languages are in contact and there is a high degree of bilingualism among speakers. ... Kriol is an Australian creole that developed out of the contact between European settlers and the indigenous people in the northern regions of Australia. ... Bislama is a Melanesian creole language, one of the official languages of Vanuatu. ... Pijin is a language spoken in the Solomon Islands. ... Tok Pisin (tok means word or speech, pisin means pidgin) is the creole spoken in Papua New Guinea (PNG). ... Torres Strait Creole (also Torres Strait Pidgin, Torres Strait Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole) is a creole language spoken on several Torres Strait Islands (Queensland, Australia). ... Chavacano, (also Chabacano or Zamboangueño), is a Spanish creole spoken in the Philippines. ... Chinook Jargon was a trade language (or pidgin) of the Pacific Northwest, which spread quickly up the West Coast from Oregon, through Washington, British Columbia, and as far as Alaska. ... The Cape Verdean Crioulo is a dialect continuum spoken on the islands of Cape Verde, whose extremes lie at the islands of Santiago and that of Santo Antão. ... Englog, in the Philippines, is an informal form of English infused with Tagalog words, a popular type of which is called Konyo English. ... Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen) is a creole language based on the French language. ... Hawaiian Pidgin English, also known as Hawaiian Creole English or simply Pidgin, is a creole language based on English that is widely used by residents of Hawai‘i. ... Hiri Motu is an official language of Papua New Guinea. ... Gestuno or International Sign Language of the Deaf is a constructed sign language, which the World Congress of the World Federation of the Deaf originally discussed in 1951. ... An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose phonology, grammar and vocabulary are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture the way natural languages do. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ... Old Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native people from Brazil, mostly those who lived close to the sea. ... The Nheengatu tongue, often spelled Nhengatu, is also known by the Portuguese names língua geral da Amazônia and língua geral amazônica, both meaning Amazonian General Language, or even by the Latin lingua brasilica (Brazilian Language). ... Língua Geral (Portuguese: literally, common or general language) is the name of two distinct lingua francas spoken in Brazil: Língua Geral Paulista, now extinct; and Língua Geral Amazônica with its modern descendant Nhengatu. ... Media Lengua (Spanish for half language or in-between language) is a language spoken in Salcedo, about 100 km south of Quito, Ecuador, by about 1,000 people of Native American ancestry. ... Michif is the indigenous language of the Métis people of Canada. ... Mobilian Jargon was a pidgin trade language used as a lingua franca among Native American groups living along the Gulf of Mexico around the time of European settlement of the region. ... Norfuk (increasingly spelled Norfolk) is the language spoken on Norfolk Island by the local residents. ... Papiamento or Papiamentu is the primary language spoken on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (the so-called ABC islands). ... Pitkern (also Pitcairnese) is a creole language formed on the basis of an 18th century dialect of the English language and the Tahitian language spoken in the Pitcairn Islands. ... ... Sango (also spelt Sangho) is the primary language spoken in the Central African Republic: it has 5 million second-language speakers, but only 400,000 native speakers, mainly in the towns. ...

Proposed language stocks

The Alarodian languages are a proposed language family that encompasses two language families of the Caucasus: Northeast or Dagestan (sometimes called Avar or Lezgian which are also the names of its most major members) and North-central or Vaynakh (which includes Chechen and Ingush), as well as the extinct Hurro_Urartian... Algonquian-Wakashan (also Almosan, Algonkian-Mosan, Algonkin-Wakashan) is a hypothetical language phylum composed of several established language families that was proposed by Edward Sapir in 1929. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Austric language superfamily is a large theoretical grouping of languages primarily spoken in South East Asia, the Pacific, and the eastern Indian subcontinent. ... Coahuiltecan A general group of people living in the southern Texas region near the Rio Grande. ... The Dené-Caucasian (also called Sino-Dené) language family is a conjectural language superfamily containing the Sino-Tibetan, North Caucasian, Yenisseian, Burushaski, Basque and Na-Dené languages. ... The Eurasiatic languages are a hypothetical language group from which allegedly descend several language families of Europe and Asia, including Indo-European languages, Uralic and Altaic. ... The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken in California and Mexico. ... In linguistics, Hokan-Siouan family of languages that includes various Native American languages. ... The term Ibero-Caucasian (or Iberian-Caucasian) was proposed by Georgian linguist Arnold Chikobava for the union of the four language families that are specific to the Caucasus area, namely South Caucasian, also called Georgian or Kartvelian; Northwest Caucasian, also called Abkhaz/Adygh or Circassian; North-central Caucasian or Vaynakh. ... The Indo-Pacific super-family groups together several language families, mainly spoken in Papua New Guinea and nearby regions, which are not Austronesian, together with the native languages of Tasmania and the Andaman Islands. ... Macro-Ge, also spelled Macro-Gê, Macro-Je, and Macro-Jê, is a medium sized language stock proposed for South America, centered around the Gê-Kaingang language family. ... The Macro-Siouan languages are a proposed language family that includes the Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan languages. ... Mosan is a hypothetical language family consisting of the Salishan, Wakashan, and Chimakuan languages of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. ... Na-Dené or Na-Dene is a Native American language family which includes the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Penutian is a phylum (or stock) of language families that include many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California. ... Proto-Pontic is a postulated proto-language. ... The term Proto-World language refers to the hypothetical, most recent common ancestor of all the worlds languages – an ancient proto-language from which is derived all modern languages, all language families, and all dead languages known from the past 6,000 years of recorded history. ... It has been suggested that Altaic hypothesis be merged into this article or section. ... Pre-contact distribution of Yuki-Wappo languages Yuki-Wappo (also Yukian, Wappo-Yuki) is a small extinct language family of eastern California consisting of only two languages. ...

See also

• Language family
• Endangered language
• Extinct language
• Constructed language
• List of language families by percentage of speakers in mankind

Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ... An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ... An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose phonology, grammar and vocabulary are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture the way natural languages do. ... Indo-European languages (~48% of mankind) Sino-Tibetan languages (~23%) Niger-Congo languages (~10%) Afro-Asiatic languages (~5%) Austronesian languages (~5%) Dravidian languages (~3%) Altaic languages (~3%) (those contains Turkish) Japonic languages (~2%) Austro-Asiatic languages (~1 %) Uralic languages (~0,4%) Caucasian languages (~0,2%) Nilo-Saharan languages (~0,12...

External links

• http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp
• http://gebaren.ugent.be
• http://www.elanguages.info - articles, products, & info about language learning online
• Number of speakers by language

Bibliography

• Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
• Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
• Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
• Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). The Languages of Africa (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Ross, Malcom. (2005). Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages. In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples [3]
• Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). A guide to the world's languages. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
• Voegelin, C. F.; & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. New York: Elsevier.