The following is a list of laser types, their operational wavelengths, and their applications. Many thousands of different kinds of laser are known, although most of these are not used beyond specialised research.
Pumping of dye lasers, measurement of air pollution, scientific research, nitrogen lasers are capable of operating superradiantly (without a resonator cavity), amateur laser construction.
Chemical reaction in a jet of singlet delta oxygen and iodine
Laser weaponry, scientific and materials research, laser used in the U.S. military's Airborne laser, operated in continuous wave mode and capable of extremely high powers in the megawatt range.
Material processing, rangefinding, laser target designation, surgery, research, pumping other lasers (in combination with frequency doubling). One of the most common high power lasers. Usually pulsed (down to fractions of a nanosecond)
Used in extremely high power (Terawatt scale), high energy (Megajoules) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion. Nd:Glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices.
Spectroscopy, LIDAR, research. This material is often used in highly-tunable mode-lockedinfrared lasers to produce ultra-short pulses and in amplifier lasers to produce ultra-short and ultra-intense pulses.
Laser material is radioactive, one time demonstration of use at LLNL in 1987, room temperature 4 level lasing in 147Pm doped into a lead-indium-phosphate glass étalon.
First 4-level solid state laser (1960) developed by Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson, second laser invented overall (after Maiman's ruby laser), liquid helium cooled, unused today.
there exist free electron lasers over a broad wavelength range (about 100 nm - several mm); a single free electron laser may be tunable over a certain wavelength range
Lasing in ultra-hot samarium plasma which was formed by double pulse terawatt scale irradiation fluences created by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's (http://www.rl.ac.uk) Nd:glass VULCAN laser. [1] (http://www.clf.rl.ac.uk/Reports/1996-1997/pdf/16.pdf)
First demonstration of efficient "saturated" operation of a sub-10 nm X-ray laser, possible applications in high resolution microscopy and holography, operation is close to the "water window" at 2.2 to 4.4 nm where observation of DNA structure and the action of viruses and drugs on cells can be examined.
For a laser to operate, the gain medium must be "pumped" by an external energy source, such as electricity or light (from a classical source such as a flash lamp, or another laser).
Lasers are also used for dermatological procedures including removal of tattoos, birthmarks, and hair; laser types used in dermatology include ruby (694 nm), alexandrite (755 nm), pulsed diode array (810 nm), Nd:YAG (1064 nm), Ho:YAG (2090 nm), and Er:YAG (2940 nm).
Furthermore, science-fiction film special effects often depict weapon laser beams propagating at only a few metres per second—i.e., slowly enough to see their progress, in a manner reminiscent of conventional tracer ammunition—whereas in reality a laser beam travels at the speed of light, and would be instantly visible along its entire length.
Laser weaponry, scientific and materials research, laser used in the U.S. military's Airborne laser, operated in continuous wave mode and capable of extremely high powers in the megawatt range.
Nd:Glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices.
This material is often used in highly-tunable mode-lockedinfraredlasers to produce ultrashort pulses and in amplifier lasers to produce ultrashort and ultra-intense pulses.
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