This page aims to list articles related to linguistics. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by following the Related changes link. This list is not necessarily complete or up to date; if you see an article that should be here but is not (or one that should not be here but is), please update the page accordingly. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist or linguistician. ...

See also

• Main article: linguistics.
• Linguistics basic topics for a pared-down list.
• List of linguists.
• List of cognitive science topics.

Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist or linguistician. ... These should be the most basic topics in the field--topics about which wed like to have articles soon. ... The following is a list of linguists, those who study linguistics. ... This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to cognitive science. ...

A

Abbreviation - Abessive case - Ablaut - Absolutive case - Abugida - Accusative case - Acute accent - Accent - Acronym - Adessive case - Adjective - Adjunct - Adposition - Adpositional phrase - Adverb - Adverbial - Adverbial phrase - Affix - Affricate consonant - Agglutination - Agglutinative language - Allative case - Allomorph - Allophone - Alphabet - Analytic language - Anaphora - Anthropological linguistics - Alveolar consonant - Antonym - Approximant - Article - Articulatory phonetics - Aspect - Areal feature - Asterisk - Augment - Auxiliary verb It has been suggested that Acronym and initialism be merged into this article or section. ... In linguistics, the Abessive case is a noun case expressing the lack and absence of something. ... In linguistics, the term ablaut (from German ab- in the sense down, reducing + Laut sound) designates a system of vowel gradations in Proto-Indo-European and its far-reaching consequences in all of the modern Indo-European languages. ... In ergative-absolutive languages, the absolutive is the grammatical case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. ... An abugida or alphasyllabary is a writing system composed of signs (graphemes) denoting consonants with an inherent following vowel, which are consistently modified to indicate other vowels (or, in some cases, the lack of a vowel). ... The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a verb. ... The acute accent ( Â´ ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin script. ... Accents mark speakers as a member of a group by their pronunciation of the standard language. ... Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter or letters of words, such as NATO and XHTML, and are pronounced in a way that is distinct from the full pronunciation of what the letters stand for. ... In the Finnish language, Estonian language and Hungarian language the adessive case is the fourth of the locative cases with the basic meaning of on. For example, Estonian laud (table) and laual (on the table), Hungarian asztal and asztalon (on the table). ... An adjective is a part of speech which modifies a noun, usually making its meaning more specific. ... The following is about the linguistics term; adjunct is also a conjunct disjunct adverbial Categories: Linguistics stubs ... In grammar, an adposition is a word or affix which shows a words grammatical function. ... An adpositional phrase is a linguistic term for a phrase with an adposition - a preposition or a postposition - as head. ... An adverb is a part of speech that usually serves to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, clauses, and sentences. ... In linguistics, an adverbial is a sentence function like subject and object and so on. ... An adverbial phrase is a linguistic term for a phrase with an adverb as head. ... An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a base morpheme such as a root or to a stem, to form a word. ... Affricate consonants begin like stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ), but release as a fricative such as or (or, a couple languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into agglutinative language. ... It has been suggested that Agglutination be merged into this article or section. ... In the Finnish language, the Allative case is the fifth of the locative cases, with the basic meaning of onto. Its ending is -lle, for example pöytä (table) and pöydälle (onto the top of the table). ... This article is about a lingustic term. ... In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme. ... An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters — basic written symbols — each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past. ... An analytic language (or isolating language) is a language in which the vast majority of morphemes are free morphemes and considered to be full-fledged words. By contrast, in a synthetic language, a word is composed of agglutinated or fused morphemes that denote its syntactic meanings. ... In rhetoric, anaphora (from the Greek anaphérō, «I repeat») is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences or verses to emphasize an image or a concept. ... Anthropological linguistics is the study of language through human genetics and human development. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Antonyms, from the Greek anti (against) and onoma (name) are word pairs that are opposite in meaning, such as hot and cold, fat and thin, and up and down. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ... An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ... The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics. ... In linguistics, grammatical aspect is a property of a verb that defines the nature of temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. ... An areal feature, in linguistics, is the appearance of a given feature of typology in several unrelated languages due to the influence of geographical closeness. ... :This article refers to the asterisk symbol. ... In linguistics, the augment is a syllable added to the beginning of the word in certain Indo-European languages, most notably Greek (the augment survives and has been generalised in Modern Greek), Armenian, and the Indo-Iranian languages such as Sanskrit, to form the perfect, preterite, or aorist tenses. ... In linguistics, an auxiliary or helping verb is a verb whose function it is to give further semantic information about the main or full verb which follows it. ...

B

Back-formation - Backronym - Bilabial consonant - Breathy voice - Breve In etymology, the process of back-formation is the creation of a neologism by reinterpreting an earlier word as a compound and removing the spuriously supposed affixes. ... A backronym or bacronym is a type of acronym that is formed to match the letters of a word already in use. ... In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... Breathy voice or murmured voice is a phonation in which the vocal folds are vibrating as in normal voicing, but the glottal closure is incomplete, so that the voicing is somewhat inefficient and air continues to leak between the vocal folds throughout the vibration cycle with audible friction noise. ... This article is about the breve breve in music, see double whole note. ...

C

Calque - Capitalization - Capitonym - Cardinal vowel - Case - Cedilla - Circumfix - Circumflex - Clefting - Click consonant - Closed-class word - Cognate - Cognitive science - Coherence - Colloquialism - Comitative case - Common phrases in different languages - Communication skill Comparative - Comparative linguistics - Comparative method - Compound noun and adjective - Compound verb - Computer-assisted language learning - Computational linguistics - Conjugation - Conjunct - Conjunction - Consonant - Constructed language - Context - Copula - Corpus - Corpus linguistics - Cranberry morpheme - Creaky voice - Creole language - Cryptanalysis - Cuneiform In linguistics, a calque (pronounced [kælk]) or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word translation. ... For any word written in a language with whose alphabet or alphabet equivalent has two cases, such as those using the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, or Armenian alphabet, capitalization (or capitalisation) is the writing of that word with its first letter in majuscules (uppercase) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lowercase). ... A capitonym is a word that changes its meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) when it is capitalized, and usually applies to capitalization due to proper nouns or eponyms. ... Vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low. ... In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ... A cedilla is a hook (¸) added under certain consonant letters as a diacritic mark to modify their pronunciation. ... A circumfix or circumflection is an affix, a morpheme which is placed around another morpheme. ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Esperanto, French, Greek, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Welsh, and other languages. ... A cleft sentence is a sentence formed by a main clause and a subordinate clause, which together express a meaning that could be shown using a simple sentence, but focusing on a particular constituent. ... Clicks are stops produced with two articulatory closures in the oral cavity. ... A closed word class, in linguistics, is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that usually contains a relatively small number of items. ... Cognates are words that have a common origin. ... Rendering of human brain based on MRI data Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... Coherence in linguistics is what makes a text semantically meaningful. ... A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech or writing. ... The Comitative case is used where English would use in company with or together with. It, and many other cases, are found in the Finnish language, the Hungarian language, and the Estonian language. ... Here is a list of common phrases in different languages. ... Communication skill is the basic trait required in nurturing relationships, building a good business and in every aspect of human interactions. ... In grammar the comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. ... Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages. ... The comparative method (in linguistics) is a method used to detect genetic relationships between languages and to establish a consistent relationship hypothesis by reconstructing: the common ancestor of the languages in question, a plausible sequence of regular changes by which the historically known languages can be derived from that common... A compound is a word composed of more than one free morphemes. ... A compound is a word composed of more than one free morphemes. ... Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is an approach to language teaching and learning in which computer technology is used as an aid to the presentation, reinforcement and assessment of material to be learned, usually including a substantial interactive element. ... Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and logical modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. ... In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ... Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-07-20, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose phonology, grammar and vocabulary are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture as with natural languages. ... Look up Context in Wiktionary, the free dictionary See also ConTeXt, a macro package for the TeX typesetting system. ... The word copula originates from the Latin noun for a link or tie that connects two different things. ... In law a corpus (Latin: body) is a set, a collection of documents and sources. ... Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) or real world text. ... In linguistics, a cranberry morpheme is a bound morpheme that exists only in one lexeme. ... Creaky voice (also called laryngealisation or vocal fry, especially in the US), is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact, and forming a large, irregularly vibrating... // A Creole is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people. ... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... Cuneiform script The Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. ...

D

Dangling modifier - Dative case - Decipherment - Declension - Defective verb - Descriptive linguistics - Dental consonant - Derivation - Determiner - Diacritic - Diaeresis - Dialect - Dictionary - Diphthong - Discourse - Disjunct - Dislocation - Double acute accent - Dual grammatical number — from the 1918 edition of The Elements of Style In grammar a dangling modifier or misplaced modifier is a word or clause that modifies another word or clause ambiguously, possibly causing confusion with regard to the speakers intended meaning. ... The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. ... Decipherment is the analysis of documents written in ancient languages, where the language is unknown, or knowledge of the language has been lost. ... In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ... A defective verb is a verb with an incomplete conjugation. ... Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how language is actually spoken now (or how it was actually spoken in the past), by any group of people. ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... In linguistics, derivation is the process of creating new lexemes from other lexemes, for example, by adding a derivational affix. ... Determiners are words which quantify or identify nouns. ... A diacritical mark or diacritic, sometimes called an accent mark, is a mark added to a letter to alter a words pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ... In linguistics, a, diaeresis, or dieresis (AE) (from Greek (diaerein), to divide) is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its vowels. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... ... In phonetics, a diphthong (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds) is a vowel combination in a single syllable involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... In semantics, discourses are linguistic units composed of several sentences — in other words, conversations, arguments or speeches. ... In linguistics, a disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speakers or writers attittude towards the propositional content of the sentence. ... Dislocation is the syntaxic operation in which a constituent is detached from a phrase and taken up by a pronoun. ... The double acute accent ( ˝ ) is a diacritic mark of the latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. ... Dual is the grammatical number used for two referents. ...

E

Ecolect - Eggcorn - Ecolinguistics - Elative case - Endangered language - English pronunciation - Entailment - Ergative case - Error - Essive case - Ethnologue - Etymology - Etymologist - Evolutionary linguistics - Example-based machine translation - Expletive An ecolect is a language dialect unique to a household (from the Greek eco (oikos) for house, as in economy or ecology, and lect for language). ... Eggcorn is a linguistics term that refers to a language error in which a person fallaciously replaces a word or phrase with a word or words that sound identical, at least in the dialect the person uses. ... Ecolinguistics A branch of linguistics which links ecology with the study of language. ... Elative is a locative case with the basic meaning out of. In Finnish elative is typically formed by adding sta/stä, in Estonian - st to the genitive stem. ... An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ... English pronunciation includes the usage of consonant and vowel sounds in the English language. ... Implication or entailment is used in propositional logic and predicate logic to describe a relationship between two sentences or sets of sentences. ... In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject of a transitive verb. ... The word error has different meanings in different domains. ... The essive or similaris case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English as a. ... Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with native language biblical texts. ... Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ... Headline text --67. ... Evolutionary linguistics is the scientific study of the origins and development of language. ... Example-based machine translation (EBMT) approach is often characterised by its use of a bilingual corpus as its main knowledge base, at run-time. ... The word expletive is currently used in three senses: syntactic expletives, expletive attributives, and bad language. The word expletive comes from the Latin verb explere, meaning to fill, via expletivus, filling out. It was introduced into English in the seventeenth century to refer to various kinds of padding -- the padding...

F

False cognate - False friend - Formal language - Fricative consonant - Function word - Fusional language - Future tense A pair of false cognates consists of two words in different languages that appear to be or are sometimes considered cognates (words in different languages with a common root) when they are in fact not. ... False friends are pairs of words in two languages (or letters in two alphabets) that look and/or sound similar, but differ in meaning. ... In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is a set of finite-length words (i. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... Function words are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. ... A fusional language is a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by its tendency to squish together many morphemes in a way which can be difficult to segment. ... In linguistics, a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by a verb as not having happened yet, but expected to in the future. ...

G

Gender - General semantics - Genitive case - Gerund - Glottal consonant - Glottal stop - Glottochronology - Government - Grammar - Grammatical mood - Grammatical number - Grammatical voice - Grave accent - Great Vowel Shift - Grimm's law - Guttural consonant All languages can use different nouns to differentiate between people of different biological or social gender, e. ... General Semantics is a school of thought founded by Alfred Korzybski in about 1933 in response to his observations that most people had difficulty defining human and social discussions and problems and could almost never predictably resolve them into elements that were responsive to successful intervention or correction. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... In linguistics, a gerund is a kind of verbal noun. ... Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. ... The glottal stop or voiceless glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages. ... Glottochronology was a linguistics method used to estimate the time of divergence of two related languages. ... Grammar is the discovery, enunciation, and study of rules governing the use of language. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... Number, in linguistics, is a grammatical category used to express the quantity of objects referred to by a noun. ... In grammar, voice is the relationship between the action or state expressed by a verb, and its arguments (subject, object, etc. ... The grave accent ( ` ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek until 1982 (polytonic orthography), French, Catalan, Welsh, Italian, Vietnamese, Scottish Gaelic, Norwegian, Portuguese and other languages. ... The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language, generally accomplished in the 15th century, although evidence suggests it began as early as the 14th century. ... Grimms law (also known as the [First] Germanic Sound Shift; German: Erste Deutsche (Germanische) Lautverschiebung) was the first non-trivial systematic sound change ever to be discovered; its formulation was a turning-point in the development of linguistics, enabling the introduction of rigorous methodology in historical linguistic research. ... In articulatory phonetics, the term guttural consonant is sometimes used to describe any of several consonantal speech sounds whose primary place of articulation is near the back of the oral cavity, specifically some velar consonants, uvular consonants, pharyngeal consonants, and epiglottal consonants (see for more information). ...

H

Hacek - Heaps' law - High rising terminal - Historical-comparative linguistics - Historical linguistics - History of linguistics - Homonym - Hypernym - Hyponym Caron redirects here, for the French actress, see Leslie Caron. ... In linguistics, Heaps law is an empirical law which describes the portion of a vocabulary which is represented by an instance document (or set of instance documents) consisting of words chosen from the vocabulary. ... The High Rising Terminal (HRT), known colloquially as uptalk or upspeak, is a feature of some accents of English where statements have a rising intonation pattern. ... Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages. ... Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages. ... Efforts to describe and explain the human language faculty have been undertaken throughout recorded history. ... A homonym is one of a group of two or more words that have the same phonetic form (i. ... A hypernym (in Greek υπερνύμιον, literally meaning extra name) is a word whose extension includes the extension of the word of which it is a hypernym. ... A hyponym (in Greek: υπονύμιον, literally meaning few names) is a word whose extension is included within that of another word. ...

I

Ideogram - Idiolect - Idiom - Illative case - Impersonal pronoun - Impersonal verb - Implication (pragmatics) - Indo-European languages - Inessive case - Infinitive - Infix - Inflected language - Inflection - Initialism - Initial-stress-derived noun - Instructive case - Interjection - International Phonetic Alphabet - IPA chart for English Irregular verb A Chinese character. ... An idiolect (sometimes misspelled ideolect) is a variety of a language unique to an individual. ... An idiom is an expression whose meaning is not compositional—that is, whose meaning does not follow from the meaning of the individual words of which it is composed. ... Illative case in the Finno-Ugric languages Illative is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of into (the inside of). An example from Hungarian would be a házba (into the house). ... A dummy pronoun (or more formally expletive pronoun or pleonastic pronoun) is a type of pronoun used in non-pro-drop languages, such as English, when a particular argument of a verb (or preposition) is nonexistent, unknown, irrelevant, already understood, or otherwise not to be spoken of directly, but a... An impersonal verb is a verb that cannot take a true subject, because it does not represent an action, occurrence, or state-of-being of any specific person, place, or thing. ... In pragmatics (linguistics), implication is the relationship between two statements where the truth of one suggests the truth of the other, but--distinguishing implication from entailment--does not require it. ... The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects, including most of the major language families of Europe, as well as many languages of Southwest and South Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. ... Inessive case is a locative grammatical case. ... In grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. ... Infix has meanings in linguistics, mathematics and computer science, and chemistry. ... This article is about inflection in linguistics. ... Inflection or inflexion refers to a modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) so that it reflects grammatical (i. ... Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter or letters of words, such as NATO and XHTML, and are pronounced in a way that is distinct from the full pronunciation of what the letters stand for. ... Initial-stress-derivation is a phonological process in English, wherein verbs become nouns or adjectives when the stress is moved to the first syllable from a later one -- usually, but not always, the second. ... In the Finnish language, the instructive case has the basic meaning of by means of. It is a comparatively rarely used case, though it is found in some commonly used expressions, such as omin silmin -> with my own eyes. In modern Finnish, many of its instrumental uses are being superseded... An interjection, sometimes called a filled pause, is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet. ... This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ... In contrast to regular verbs, irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of conjugation in the languages in which they occur. ...

J

K

L

Labiodental consonant - Language - Language acquisition - Language ecology - Language education - Language families and languages - Language game - The Language Instinct - Language isolate - Laryngeal theory - Lateral consonant - Lemma - Lexeme - Lexical semantics - Lexicography - Lexicology - Lexicon - Linguist - Linguistic layers - Linguistic anthropology - Linguistics - Linguistics basic topics - Liquid consonant - List of linguists - Loanword - Locative case In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Language education is the teaching and learning of a language or languages, usually as foreign languages. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families (families hereforth). ... A language-game is a philosophical term of art developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein, referring to simple examples of language use and the actions into which the language is woven. ... The Language Instinct is a book by Steven Pinker, published in 1995, in which he argues the case for the belief that humans are born with an innate capacity for language. ... A language isolate is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ... The laryngeals were three consonant sounds that appear in most current reconstructions of the Proto-Indo-European language. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ... In linguistics, and particularly in morphology, a lemma is the canonical form of a lexeme. ... Definition A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are the same in basic meaning. ... Lexical semantics is a field in computer science and linguistics which deals mainly with word meaning. ... Lexicography is either of two things Practical lexicography is the art or craft of writing dictionaries. ... Lexicology is a speciality in linguistics dealing with the study of the lexicon . ... A lexicon is usually a list of words together with additional word-specific information, i. ... The following is a list of linguists, those who study linguistics. ... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ... Anthropological linguistics is the study of language through human genetics and human development. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist or linguistician. ... These should be the most basic topics in the field--topics about which wed like to have articles soon. ... Liquid consonants, or liquids, are approximant consonants that are not classified as semivowels (glides) because they do not correspond phonetically to specific vowels (in the way that, for example, the initial in English yes corresponds to ). The class of liquids can be divided into lateral liquids and rhotics. ... The following is a list of linguists, those who study linguistics. ... A loanword is a word directly taken into by one language from another with little or no translation. ... Locative is a case which indicates a location. ...

M

Machine translation - Macron - Manner of articulation - Meaning - Meronymy - Metathesis - Minimal pair - Mispronunciation - Mora - Morpheme - Morphology This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A macron (from Gr. ... In speech there are different ways of producing a consonant. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Meronymy (from the Greek words meros = part and onoma = name) is a semantic relation. ... Metathesis is a sound change that alters the order of phonemes in a word. ... In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phoneme, toneme or chroneme and have a distinct meaning. ... Mispronunciation is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as bad pronunciation. The matter of what is or is not mispronunciation is a contentious one, and indeed there is some disagreement about the extent to which the term is even meaningful. ... Mora (plural moras or morae) is a unit of sound used in phonology that determines syllable weight (which in turn determines stress) in some languages. ... In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest language unit that carries a semantic interpretation. ... Morphology is a subdiscipline of linguistics that studies word structure. ...

N

Naming - Nasal consonant - Natural language - Natural language processing - Natural language understanding - Neologism - Neurolinguistics - Nominative case - Noun - Noun phrase - Null morpheme A name is a label for a thing, person, place, product (as in a brand name), and even an idea or concept, normally used to distinguish one from another. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... The term natural language is used to distinguish languages spoken and signed (by hand signals and facial expressions) by humans for general-purpose communication from constructs such as writing, computer-programming languages or the languages used in the study of formal logic, especially mathematical logic. ... Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. ... Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. ... A neologism is word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) —often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer language form. ... Neurolinguistics is the science concerned with the human brain mechanisms underlying the comprehension, production, and abstract knowledge of language, be it spoken, signed, or written. ... The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ... A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance or quality. ... In linguistics, a noun phrase is a phrase whose Head is a noun. ... A null morpheme is a morpheme that is realized by a phonologically null affix (an empty string of phonological segments). ...

O

Onomatopoeia - Open class word - Optimality theory - Origin of language - Orthography - Object subject verb - Object verb subject - Oxytone Look up onomatopoeia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An open word class, in linguistics, is a word class that accepts the addition of new items, through such processes as compounding, derivation, coining, borrowing, etc. ... Optimality theory or OT is a linguistic model proposed by the linguists Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky in 1993, and expanded by John J. McCarthy and Alan Prince in 1993. ... The origin of language (glottogony, glossogeny) is a topic that has been written about for centuries, but the ephemeral nature of speech means that there is almost no data on which to base conclusions on the subject. ... The orthography of a language is the set of rules of how to write correctly in the writing system of a language. ... Object Subject Verb (OSV) is one of the permutations of expression used in Linguistic typology. ... Object Verb Subject (OVS) is one of the permutations of expression used in linguistic typology. ...

P

Palatal consonant - Paradigm - Paroxytone - Part of speech - Participle - Particle - Partitive case - Persuasion - Pharyngeal consonant - Philology - Philosophy of language - Phonation - Phone - Phonetics - Phonetic complement - Phonetic transcription - Phonology - Phoneme - Phonemics - Phrase - Phrase structure rules - Pidgin - Place Manner Time - Place of articulation - Pleonasm - Pluperfect - Polysemy - Polysynthetic language - Portmanteau - Possessive case - Postalveolar consonant - Postposition - Pragmatics - Prefix - Preposition - Prepositional phrase - Prescription and description - Presupposition - Preterite - Profanity - Prolative case - Pronoun - Pronunciation - Prosody (linguistics) - Proparoxytone - Pseudo-acronym - Pseudo-Anglicism - Psycholinguistics - Punctuation Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Since the late 1800s, the word paradigm (IPA: ) has referred to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context. ... Paroxytone is a linguistic term for a word with stress on the penultimate syllable, that is, the syllable before the last syllable, , the English word canasta. ... In grammar, a part of speech or word class is defined as the role that a word (or sometimes a phrase) plays in a sentence. ... In linguistics, a participle is an adjective derived from a verb. ... In linguistics, the term particle is often employed as a useful catch-all lacking a strict definition. ... The basic meaning of the Partitive case is partialness, without result or without specifying identity. In the Finnish language, its used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. ... See also: Persuasion the last completed novel by Jane Austen. ... A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx. ... Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. ... Philosophy of language is the branch of philosophy that studies language. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... Within phonetics, a phone is a speech sound or gesture considered as a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone = sound/voice) is the study of sounds (voice). ... In languages written in cuneiform, a phonetic complement is a sign used to indicate the type of the word it either precedes or follows. ... Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human language. ... Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics closely associated with phonetics. ... In human language, a phoneme is a set of phones (speech sounds or sign elements) that are cognitively equivalent. ... Phonemics is the branch of linguistics which deals with the study of the phonemes of a language. ... A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. ... Phrase-structure rules were used in early transformational grammar (TGG) to describe a given languages syntax. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Place Manner Time is a term used in linguistic typology to state the general order of adpositional phrases in a languages sentences: to the store by car yesterday. It would seem that it is common among SVO languages. ... Places of articulation (passive & active): 1. ... Pleonasm is the use of more words than necessary to express an idea. ... The pluperfect tense exists in most Indo-European languages, including English. ... Polysemy (from the Greek πολυσημεία = multiple meaning) is the state of being a polyseme; i. ... Polysynthetic languages are highly synthetic languages, i. ... Look up Portmanteau in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Possessive case is a case that exists in some languages used for possession. ... Postalveolar (or palato-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge (the place of articulation for alveolar consonants) and the palate (the place of articulation for palatal consonants). ... A postposition is a type of adposition, a grammatical particle that expresses some sort of relationship between a noun phrase (its object) and another part of the sentence; an adpositional phrase functions as an adjective or adverb. ... Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings. ... Look up prefix on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with adposition. ... A prepositional phrase is a linguistic term for a phrase whose head is a preposition. ... In linguistics, prescription is the laying down or prescribing of normative rules for a language. ... In pragmatics, a presupposition is an assumption about the world whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. ... This article is about the grammatical term. ... Profanity is a word choice or usage which its audience considers to be offensive. ... The prolative case is a declension of a noun or pronoun that has the basic meaning of by way of. The prolative is widely used in Estonian. ... In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. ... Pronunciation refers to: the way a word or a language is usually spoken; the manner in which someone utters a word. ... In linguistics, prosody refers to intonation, rhythm, and vocal stress in speech. ... Proparoxytone is a linguistic term for a word with stress on the antepenultimate syllable, that is, the last but two, the English words acromegaly and operational. ... A pseudo-acronym is an apparent acronym or other abbreviation which doesnt stand for anything, or cannot be officially expanded to some meaning. ... Pseudo-Anglicisms are words in languages other than English which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. ... Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. ... Punctuation marks are written symbols that do not correspond to either phonemes (sounds) of a spoken language nor to lexemes (words and phrases) of a written language, but which serve to organize or clarify written language. ...

Q

R

Radical - Regimen - Retroflex consonant - Retronym - Rhotics - Romanization - Rounded vowel The left part of mā, a Chinese character meaning mother, is a radical that means woman A radical (from Latin radix, meaning root) is a basic identifiable component of every Chinese character. ... ... Sub-apical retroflex plosive In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. ... A retronym is a new word or phrase coined for an old object or concept whose original name has become used for something else or is no longer unique. ... Rhotic consonants, or R-like sounds, are non-lateral liquids. ... In linguistics, romanization or latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, where the original word or language used a different writing system. ... Exolabial and endolabial [ʏ] in Swedish. ...

S

SAMPA - Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - Schwa - Second language - Semantics - Semantic class - Semantic feature - Semantic property - Semiotics - Semivowel - Sentence - Shall - Sign - Sign language - Sociolinguistics - Slack voice - Slang - Sociolect - Sound change - The sound pattern of English - SOV - Speaker recognition - Specialized lexicography - Speech - Speech act - Speech disorder - Speech processing - Speech recognition - Speech synthesis - Speech therapy - Spiritus asper - Split infinitive - Standard language - Stop consonant - Stratificational linguistics - Structuralism - Stylistics - Superlative - Suppletion - Subject - SVO - Supine - Syllabary - Syllable - Synonym - Syntactic ambiguity - Syntactic categories - Syntax - Synthetic language The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). ... In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A second language is any language other than the first, or native, language learned; it is typically used because of geographical or social reasons. ... In the main, semantics (from the Greek semantikos, or significant meaning, derived from sema, sign) is the study of meaning, in some sense of that term. ... A semantic class contains words that share a semantic property. ... A Semantic feature is a notational method which can be used to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties by using plus and minus signs. ... A semantic property consists of the components of meaning of a word. ... Semiotics, or semiology, is the study of signs, both individually and grouped in sign systems. ... Semivowels (also called semiconsonants or glides) are vowels that function phonemically as consonants. ... In linguistics, a sentence is a unit of language, characterised in most languages by the presence of a finite verb. ... According to one tradition of prescriptive grammar, the modal verb shall in English has traditionally been used to express mere futurity for the first person. ... In general linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure described a sign as a combination of a concept and a sound-image. ... A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts. ... Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. ... The term slack voice (or lax voice) describes the pronunciation of consonants with a glottal opening slightly wider than that occurring in normal full voice. ... Slang is the non-standard use of words in a language of a particular social group, and sometimes the creation of new words or importation of words from another language. ... In linguistics, a sociolect is the language spoken by a social group, social class or subculture. ... Sound change or phonetic change is a historical process of language change consisting in the replacement of one speech sound or, more generally, one phonetic feature by another in a given phonological environment. ... The Sound Pattern of English is a work on phonology (a branch of linguistics) by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle. ... In linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. ... The task of recognizing people from their voices is termed as speaker recognition. ... One might be looking for the academic discipline of communications. ... A speech act is best described as in saying something, we do something, such as when a minister says, I now pronounce you husband and wife, or an action performed by means of language, such as describing something (), asking a question (Is it snowing?), making a request or order (Could... Speech disorders, or speech impediments as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where normal speech is disrupted. ... Speech processing is the study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals. ... // Speech recognition technologies allow computers equipped with a source of sound input, such as a microphone, to interpret human speech, for example, for transcription or as an alternative method of interacting with a computer. ... Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. ... R1 Speech therapy is the corrective or rehabilitative treatment of physical and/or cognitive deficits/disorders resulting in difficulty with verbal communication. ... The spiritus asper (rough breathing) or dasy pneuma (Greek: dasu, δασύ) is a diacritical mark used in Greek. ... A split infinitive is a grammatical construction in the English language where a word or phrase, usually an adverb or adverbial phrase, occurs between the marker to and the bare infinitive (uninflected) form of the verb. ... A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Stratificational Linguistics is a view of linguistics advocated by Sydney Lamb. ... Structuralism is a general approach in various academic disciplines that explores the inter-relationships between fundamental elements of some kind, upon which some higher mental, linguistic, social, cultural etc structures are built, through which then meaning is produced within a particular person, system, culture. ... Stylistics is the study of style used in literary, and verbal language and the effect the writer/speaker wishes to communicate to the reader/hearer. ... In grammar the superlative of an adjective or adverb indicates that a member of a set transcends the other members in some way. ... In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate. ... See subject (grammar) for the linguistic definition of subject. ... In linguistic typology, subject-verb-object (SVO) is the sequence subject verb object in neutral expressions: Sam ate oranges. ... Supine as an adjective generally refers to any upward-facing position. ... A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables, which make up words. ... This article discusses the unit of speech. ... Look up Synonym on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Synonyms (in ancient Greek syn συν = plus and onoma όνομα = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings and are interchangable. ... Syntactic ambiguity is a property of sentences which may be parsed in more that one way. ... A syntactic category is either a phrasal category, such as noun phrase or verb phrase, which can be decomposed into smaller syntactic categories, or a lexical category, such as noun or verb, which cannot be further decomposed. ... Syntax, originating from the Greek words συν (syn, meaning co- or together) and τάξις (táxis, meaning sequence, order, arrangement), can be described as the study of the rules, or patterned relations that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. ... A synthetic language, in linguistic typology, is a language with a high morpheme-to-word ratio. ...

T

Tagmemics - Tense - Text types - Thematic role - Theoretical linguistics - Thesaurus - Thou - Time Manner Place - Tonal language - Tongue-twister - Transcription - Transformational-generative grammar - Translation - Translative case - Truth condition - T-V distinction - Typology Tagmemics is a linguistic theory developed by Kenneth L. Pike in his book Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, 3 vol. ... Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Thematic role is the semantic relationship between a predicate (e. ... Theoretical linguistics studies diverse questions: how certain languages managed to communicate, what properties all languages have in common, what knowledge a person must have to be able to use a language, and language acquisition. ... The word thesaurus, New Latin for treasure, was coined in the early 1820s. ... Most modern English speakers think of thou as a relic of Shakespeares day Thou is a second person singular pronoun of the English language. ... Time Manner Place is a term used in linguistic typology to state the general order of adpositional phrases in a languages sentences: yesterday by car to the store. It is common among SOV languages. ... Tone refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words. ... A tongue-twister is a phrase in any language that is designed to be difficult to articulate properly. ... Transcription is the conversion into written, typewritten or printed form, of a spoken language source, such as the proceedings of a court hearing. ... Transformational grammar is a broad term describing grammars (almost exclusively those of natural languages) which have been developed in a Chomskyan tradition. ... Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language — the source text — and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language — called the target text, or the translation. ... This declension (case) indicates a change in state of a noun, with the general sense of becoming X or change to X. In the Finnish language, this is the counterpart of the Essive case, with the basic meaning of a change of state. ... In semantics, truth conditions are what obtain precisely when a sentence is true. ... In sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction describes the situation wherein a language, unlike current English, has pronouns that distinguish varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity, or insult toward the addressee. ... Linguistic typology is the typology that classifies languages by their features. ...

U

Umlaut - Uninflected word - Universal grammar - Uvular consonant Ä ä Ö ö Ü ü The term umlaut is used for two closely related notions: a special kind of vowel modification and a particular diacritic mark. ... In the context of linguistic morphology, an uninflected word is a word that has no morphological marks (inflection) such as affixes, Umlaut, Ablaut, consonant gradation, etc. ... Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans. ... Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. ...

V

V2 word order - Variety - Velar consonant - Verb - Verb object subject - Verb phrase - Verb subject object - Verbal noun - Verner's law - Vocative case - Vowel - Vowel harmony - Vowel stems - Verb-second (V2) word order, in syntax, is the effect that in some languages the second constituent of declarative main clauses is always a verb, while this is not necessarily the case in other types of clauses. ... A variety of a language is a form that differs from other forms of the language systematically and coherently. ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action (bring, read), occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. ... Verb Object Subject - commonly used in its abbreviated form VOS - is a term in Linguistic typology. ... A verb phrase (VP) is a phrase whose head is a verb. ... Verb Subject Object—commonly used in its abbreviated form VSO—is a term in linguistic typology. ... A verbal noun is a noun formed directly as an inflexion of a verb or a verb stem, sharing at least in part its constructions. ... Verners law, stated by Karl Verner in 1875, describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby voiceless fricatives *f, *þ, *s and *x, when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and became respectively *b, *d, *z and *g. ... The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person (animal, object, etc. ... Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-07-18, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... In linguistics, a language is said to possess vowel harmony (also metaphony) when it has a phonological rule that requires all vowels in a word to belong to a single class. ... Vowel stems, in Indo-European linguistics, are the stems of nouns or verbs that are thematic. ...

W

Will (verb) - Word - Word sense disambiguation - Writing - Writing systems - Wug test The verb will in English has multiple meanings. ... A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together. ... In computational linguistics, word sense disambiguation (WSD) is the problem of determining in which sense a word having a number of distinct senses is used in a given sentence. ... Writing may refer to two activities: the inscribing of characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other constructs that represent language or record information, and the creation of material to be conveyed through written language. ... A writing system, also called a script, is used to visually record a language with symbols. ... The wug test is an experiment in linguistics, created by Jean Berko Gleason in 1958. ...

X

X-bar theory X-bar theory is a component of linguistic theory which attempts to identify syntactic features common to all languages. ...

Y

Z

Zipf's law This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ...