This is a list of topics in molecular biology. See also list of biochemistry topics. Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to biochemistry. ...

Contents: Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

#

3' end - 3' flanking region - 5' end - 5' flanking region - 5'-ribose- 3' - In molecular biology, the 5 end and the 3 end (pronounced 5-prime and 3-prime) are respectively the leading and tail ends of a strand of nucleic acid. ... In molecular biology, the 5 end and the 3 end (pronounced 5-prime and 3-prime) are respectively the leading and tail ends of a strand of nucleic acid. ...

A

acrylamide gels - adenine - adenosine deaminase deficiency - adenovirus - agarose gel electrophoresis - agarose gel - Alagille syndrome - allele - amino acids - amino terminus - amp resistance - amplification - amplimer - anchor sequence - animal model - anneal - anti-sense strand - antibiotic resistance - antibody - antisense - antisense strand - AP-1 site - apoptosis - assembled epitope - ataxia-telangiectasia - ATG or AUG - autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome - autoradiography - autosomal dominant - autosome - avidin - Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. In DNA, adenine (A) binds to thymine (T) to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. ... Adenosine deaminase deficiency, or ADA deficiency, is an inherited immunodeficiency syndrome accounting for about 25% of all cases of Severe combined immunodeficiency. ... Genera Mastadenovirus Aviadenovirus Atadenovirus Siadenovirus Adenoviruses are viruses of the family Adenoviridae. ... Digital printout of an agarose gel electrophoresis of cat-insert plasmid DNA Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in molecular biology to separate DNA strands by size, and to determine the size of the separated strands by comparison to strands of known length. ... An allele is any one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome. ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... Generally, amplification is a basic process sometimes seen in nature, and often used in processes which involve a signal which must be made stronger. ... An animal model usually refers to a non-human animal with a disease or altered health state that is similar to a human condition, these test subjects are often termed as animal models of disease. ... The word anneal has several meanings: In metallurgy and materials science annealing is a heat treatment wherein the microstructure of a material is altered, causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. ... Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... In biology, apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling, pronounced ap-a-tow-sis[1]) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). ... An autoradiograph is an image produced on a photographic film by the radiation from a radioactive substance. ... An autosomal dominant gene is an abnormal gene on one of the autosomal (non-sex determining) chromosomes. ... An autosome is a non-sex chromosome. ...

B

BAC - back mutation - bacteria - bacterial artificial chromosome - bacteriophage - bacteriophage lambda - band shift assay - base - base pair - binding site - biotin - birth defect - blotting - blunt end - bone marrow transplantation - box - BP - BRCA1 - BRCA2 - The abbreviation BAC can refer to: The British Aircraft Corporation Blood Alcohol Content Bacterial artificial chromosome Battersea Arts Centre This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria is also the fictional name of a warring nation under Benzino Napaloni as dictator, in the 1940 film The Great Dictator... A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a fertility plasmid, used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. ... A phage (also called bacteriophage) (in Greek phageton = food/consumption) is a small virus that infects only bacteria. ... Enterobacteria phage λ (lambda phage) is a temperate phage that lives in E. coli. ... A base is: in mathematics: A number that is raised to a power, or base of an exponential function. ... In genetics, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). ... A binding site is a region on a protein to which specific ligands bind. ... Biotin, also known as vitamin H or B7 and C10H16N2O3S (Biotin; Coenzyme R, Biopeiderm), is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is important in the catalysis of essential metabolic reactions to synthesize fatty acids, in gluconeogenesis, and to metabolize leucine. ... A congenital disorder is a medical condition or defect that is present at or before birth (for example, congenital heart disease). ... In biology, sticky end and blunt end are the two possible configurations resulting from the breaking of double-stranded DNA. DNA exhibits a stabilizing interaction between complementary base pairs, providing specificity to the pairing of two strands of DNA. If two complementary strands of DNA are of equal length, then... Bone marrow transplantation is a medical procedure that involves stem cell transplantation. ... This article is about the receptacle called a box. ... BP (formerly British Petroleum and briefly known as BP Amoco) (NYSE: BP) is a petroleum company headquartered in London, United Kingdom, and one of the top four oil companies in the world (along with Shell, ExxonMobil, and Total). ... External links Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man: OMIM 113705 Categories: Biology stubs | Oncology | Genes ... BRCA2 refers to either a gene (BReast-CAncer susceptibility gene 2, located on human chromosome 13, 13q12-13) or the protein coded for by that gene. ...

C

C terminus - cancer - candidate gene - cap - cap site - carboxyl terminus - carcinoma - carrier - CAT assay - CCAAT box - cDNA - cDNA clone - cDNA library - cell - centimorgan - centromere - chain terminator - chaperone protein - chromosome - chromosome walking - CIS - cistron - clone - clone (noun) - clone (verb) - cloning - coding sequence - coding strand - codon - codon bias - competent - complementary - conformational epitope - congenital - consensus sequence - conservative substitution - conserved - contig - cosmid - craniosynostosis - cystic fibrosis - cytogenetic map - cytosine - The C-terminal end refers to the extremity of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free carboxyl group (COOH). ... When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ... The initialism CAP, when used by itself, can refer to: the Canadian Action Party the Civil Air Patrol Combat Air Patrol College of American Pathologists Common Agricultural Policy Central Arizona Project Aqueduct Central Atlanta Progress Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other... The C-terminal end refers to the extremity of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free carboxyl group (COOH). ... In medicine, carcinoma is any cancer that arises from epithelial cells. ... Carrier has several different meanings: in telecommunication, a carrier wave in biology, an asymptomatic carrier the Carrier tribe, a First Nations tribe living in Canada a common carrier, a transport business (shipping or telecom) an aircraft carrier Willis Carrier, the inventor of air-conditioning Carrier, the company which he founded... In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is single-stranded DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template. ... In genetics, a cDNA library is a set of strands of complementatary DNA (cDNA), that is, a DNA strand equivalent to a mRNA that is translated by ribosomes into protein. ... A cell is a single unit or compartment, enclosed by a border or wall. ... The centromere is a region of a eukaryotic chromosome where the kinetochore is assembled. ... Figure 1: Chromosome. ... Chromosome walking is a method in genetics for identifying and sequencing long parts of a DNA strand, e. ... CIS is an abbreviation of: Commonwealth of Independent States Canadian Interuniversity Sport Contact Image Sensor CompuServe Information Service Chinese International School Confederacy of Independent Systems (Star Wars) Continuous injection system Communication Information Services Card Information Structure Cisalpino See also uses of the word cis. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... The term clone is derived from κλων, the Greek word for twig. In horticulture, the spelling clon was used until the twentieth century. ... Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. ... The coding strand is basically a template strand that is used in the coding of proteins. ... RNA codons. ... The word complement (with an e in the second syllable, not to be confused with a different word, compliment with an i) has a number of uses. ... A congenital disorder is a medical condition or defect that is present at or before birth (for example, congenital heart disease). ... In molecular biology and bioinformatics, a consensus sequence is a way of representing the results of a multiple sequence alignment, where related seqeunces are compared to each other, and similar functional sequence motifs are found. ... In shotgun DNA sequencing projects, a contig (from contiguous) is a set of overlapping DNA segments derived from a single genetic source. ... A cosmid is a type of plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) constructed by the insertion of cos sequences enabling them to be packaged into λ phage particles in vitro. ... It is the medical condition where the bones in the head fuse prematurely in a growing infant. ... Cytosine Cytosine is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell. ...

D

database search - degeneracy - deletion - denaturation - denaturing gel - deoxyribonuclease (DNase) - deoxyribonucleic acid - deoxyribonucleotide - diabetes mellitus - dideoxy sequencing - dideoxyribonucleotide - diploid - direct repeat - DNA ligase - DNA polymerase - DNA replication - DNA sequencing - DNase - dominant - dot blot - double helix - downstream (molecular biology) - ds - duplex - duplication - The word degeneracy has more than one meaning: In general, degeneracy means reverting to an earlier, simpler, state In mathematics, a limiting case in which a class of object changes its nature so as to belong to another, usually simpler, class. ... Shortcut: WP:DP In the normal operations of Wikipedia, several hundred articles are deleted each day. ... Denaturation is a structural change in biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, usually caused by heat, acids, bases, detergents, or certain chemicals such as urea. ... DNA replication Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid which carries genetic instructions for the biological development of all cellular forms of life and many viruses. ... Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. ... The chain termination or Sanger or dideoxy method is a process used to sequence (read the bases) of DNA. It is named after Frederick Sanger who developed the process in 1975. ... Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ... In molecular biology, DNA ligase is an enzyme that repairs broken DNA strands. ... DNA polymerase 3D structure. ... DNA replication. ... For the sense of sequencing used in electronic music, see the music sequencer article. ... A deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone. ... The word dominant has several possible meanings: In music theory, the dominant or dominant note (second most important) of a key is that which is a perfect fifth above the tonic; in just intonation the note whose pitch is 1. ... The Double-Helix are an alien race in the Wing Commander science fiction series. ... DS may stand for: Dancing Stage, a series of video games by Konami The Nintendo DS, a portable gaming device The French Citroën DS automobile Directory service Dominance and submission A Text Based MMO, Dragon Soldier (http://www. ... Duplex is the having of two principal elements or parts. ... In computer science, duplication of data or objects involves copying data byte by byte and, if needed, changing metadata about objects. ...

E

E. coli - electrophoresis - electroporation - Ellis-van Creveld syndrome - end labeling - endonuclease - enhancer - enzyme - epitope - ERE - ethidium bromide - evolutionary clock - evolutionary footprinting - exon - exonuclease - expression - expression clone - expression vector - Binomial name Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of food. ... SDS-PAGE autoradiography Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point. ... In molecular biology, the process of electroporation is used for the transformation of bacteria or plant protoplasts. ... Genetic disorder that has symptoms similar to short limbed dwarfism and polydactyly. ... Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a nucleotide chain. ... In genetics, an enhancer is a short region of DNA which can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes (hence the name) in a gene-cluster. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = leaven) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... An epitope is the part of a foreign organism (or its proteins) that is being recognised by the immune system and targeted by antibodies, cytotoxic T cells or both. ... Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is an intercalating agent commonly used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. ... The exon portion of a DNA strand encodes a specific portion of a protein. ... Exonucleases are enzymes that cleave nucleotides one at a time from an end of a polynucleotide chain. ... Expression may refer to: (in the vernacular) the act or particular way of expressing something (including an emotion through a facial expression or configuration) (in mathematics) a mathematical expression (in computing) a programming language expression (in computing) a vector graphics software Microsoft Expression (in genetics) the effect produced by a... An expression vector is a relatively small DNA molecule that can be used to carry a specific gene into a target cell. ...

F

familial Mediterranean fever - fibroblasts - fluorescence in situ hybridization - footprinting - Fragile X syndrome - frameshift mutation - fusion protein - Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary inflammatory disorder that affects groups of patients originating from around the Mediterranean Sea (hence its name). ... A fibroblast is a cell that makes the structural fibers and ground substance of connective tissue. ... Fragile X Syndrome is the most common inherited cause of mental impairment, and the most common known cause of autism. ... A frameshift mutation (also called a frameshift or a framing error) is a mutation that inserts or deletes a single nucleotide from a DNA sequence. ... A fusion protein is a protein created through genetic engineering from two or more proteins/peptides. ...

G

gel electrophoresis - gel shift - gel shift assay - gene - gene amplification - gene conversion - gene expression - gene mapping - gene pool - gene therapy - gene transfer - genetic code - genetic counseling - genetic map - genetic marker - genetic screening - genome - genomic blot - genomic clone - genomic library - genotype - germ line - glycoprotein - glycosylation - Golgi apparatus - GRE - guanine - SDS-PAGE autoradiography Gel electrophoresis is a group of techniques used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical characteristics such as size, shape, or isoelectric point. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... Gene expression (also protein expression or often simply expression) is the process by which a genes information is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. ... Greg Flesch is a guitarist and musician, best known for his work with the rock bands Daniel Amos and The Swirling Eddies (credited as Gene Pool). Flesch also works in the Atmospheric Laser Spectroscopy Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, writing software for the groups tunable... Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individuals cells and tissues to treat a disease, and hereditary diseases in particular. ... RNA codons. ... Genetic counseling generally refers to prenatal counseling done when a genetic condition is suspected in a pregnancy. ... A genetic map is a chromosome map of a species that shows the position of its known genes and/or markers relative to each other, rather than as specific physical points on each chromosome. ... A genetic marker is a certain piece of DNA (a gene or simply a piece of DNA without any known purpose) with an identifiable physical location whose inheritance can be followed. ... Genome is also a popular science book by Matt Ridley. ... The genotype is the specific genetic makeup (the specific genome) of an individual, usually in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of that individual. ... Germline is a word used in biology and genetics. ... A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (a sugar). ... Glycosylation is the addition of polysaccharides to molecules such as proteins. ... In cell biology, the Golgi apparatus, Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome is an organelle found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. ... For GRE in the context of computer network protocols, see Generic Routing Encapsulation The Graduate Record Examination or the GRE, is a standardized test taken in order to get into graduate school in the United States. ... Guanine is one of the four main nucleobases found in nucleic acids (e. ...

H

hairpin - haploid - haploinsufficiency - helix-loop-helix - hematopoietic stem cell - hemophilia - heteroduplex DNA - heterozygous - highly conserved sequence - Hirschsprung's disease - hnRNA - holoprosencephaly - homologous recombination - homology - homozygous - host strain (bacterial) - human artificial chromosome - Human Genome Project - human immunodeficiency virus - Huntington's disease - hybridization - hybridoma - hydrophilicity plot - The word hairpin may refer to: a blunt needle in the form of a narrow U to fix hair into position hairpin turn hairpin (genetics) the symbol used to denote crescendo/decrescendo in music; see dynamics (music) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that... Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ... Sketch of bone marrow and its cells Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) are stem cells found in the bone marrow. ... Haemophilia or hemophilia is the name of any of several hereditary genetic illnesses that impair the bodys ability to control bleeding. ... Heterozygote cells are diploid or polyploid and have different alleles at a locus (position) on homologous chromosomes. ... Hirschsprungs disease, or aganglionic megacolon. ... ... Cephalic disorders are congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding nervous system. ... Homology is an important concept in several disciplines: Homology (anthropology) in archaeology and anthropology. ... Homozygote cells are diploid or polyploid and have the same alleles at a locus (position) on homologous chromosomes. ... The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavoured to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the genes present in it. ... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a frequently mutating retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and which has been shown to cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ... In genetics, hybridisation is the process of mixing different species or varieties of organisms. ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ...

I

immunoblot - immunoprecipitation - immunotherapy - in situ hybridization - in vitro translation - inducer - inherited - initiation codon - insert - insertion - insertion sequence - intellectual property rights - intergenic - intron - inverted repeat - Immunoprecipitation is the use of a specific antibody to draw the corresponding protein or antigen out of solution. ... Immunotherapy is a disease treatment based upon the concept of triggering the bodys own natural defenses to fight off the disease, usually by stimulating the immune system either locally or systemically. ... To inherit something is to get it from ones ancestors. ... For the insert keyword in SQL language, see insert (SQL) In film, an insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. ... In law, particularly in common law jurisdictions, intellectual property is a form of legal entitlement which allows its holder to control the use of certain intangible ideas and expressions. ... Diagram of the location of introns and exons within a gene. ... An inverted repeat is a sequence of nucleotides that is the reversed complement of another sequence further downstream. ...

K

karyotype - KB - kilobase - kinase - Klenow fragment - knock-out - knock-out experiment - knockout - Kozak sequence Karyogram of human female A karyotype is the complete set of all chromosomes of a cell of any living organism. ... kb can refer to: A kilobyte, a unit of measuring information storage in computers A kilo-base pair, a unit of measurement used in genetics equal to 1,000 nucleotides. ... In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from, for example, ATP to a specified substrate or target; the process is termed phosphorylation. Typically, the target is activated or energized by being phosphorylated. ... The Klenow fragment is a large fragment of DNA polymerase I, E. coli. ... Knockout (K.O.), or simply knock, is a winning criterion of many ringsports, such as boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai and others. ...

L

lambda - leucine zipper - leukemia - library - ligase - linear epitope - linkage - linker - lipofectin - locus - LOD score - lymphocyte - The lambda is a unit of measure of volume (symbol λ) equal to one microlitre (1 μL) or one cubic millimetre (1 mm³). ... Leukemia (leukaemia in Commonwealth English) is a group of blood diseases characterized by malignancies (cancer) of the blood-forming tissues. ... Modern-style library itories and/or access points for maps, prints or other artwork, microfilm, microfiche, audio tapes, CDs, LPs, video tapes and DVDs, and provide public facilities to access CD-ROM databases and the Internet. ... In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyse the joining of two molecules (ligation or glue together) by forming a new chemical bond, with concomitant hydrolysis of ATP or other similar molecules. ... Linkage can refer to: Genetic linkage Linkage (mechanical engineering) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A linker or link editor is a program that takes one or more objects generated by compilers and assembles them into a single executable program. ... The word locus (plural loci) is Latin for place. In biology, a locus is the position of a gene (or other significant sequence) on a chromosome. ... A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell involved in the human bodys immune system. ...

M

M13 - malformation - mapping - marker - melanoma - melting - Johann Mendel - Mendelian inheritance - message - messenger RNA - metaphase - microarray technology - microsatellite - missense mutation - mitochondrial DNA - mobility shift - molecular weight size marker - monoclonal antibody - monosomy - motif - mouse model - mRNA - multicistronic message - multicopy plasmid - multiple cloning site - multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 - mutation - M13 refers to: Messier Object 13, the Hercules Globular Cluster a globular cluster and a messier object in the Hercules constellation. ... The word mapping has several senses: In mathematics and related technical fields, it is some kind of function: see map (mathematics). ... Marker may refer to: a felt-tipped marker pen. ... Skin cancer, close-up of level IV melanoma Melanoma is a malignant tumour of melanocytes . ... Physics In physics, melting is the process of heating a solid substance to a point (called melting point) where it turns liquid. ... Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets that underlie much of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel in the latter part of the 19th century. ... Message in its most general meaning is the object of communication. ... The interaction of mRNA in a eukaryote cell. ... Categories: Cell biology stubs | Mitosis ... A microsatellite is a short, noncoding DNA sequence (a Tandemly Repetitive DNA sequence) that is repeated many times within the genome of an organism. ... Missense mutations or nonsynonymous mutations are types of point mutations where a nucleotide is changed which results in a different amino acid. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ... In literature, a motif is any recurring element that has symbolic significance. ... The interaction of mRNA in a eukaryote cell. ... This article is about mutation in biology, for other meanings see: mutation (disambiguation). ...

N

N terminus - native gel - nested PCR - neurofibromatosis - nick (DNA) - nick translation - Niemann-Pick disease, type C - non-coding DNA - non-coding strand - non-directiveness - nonconservative substitution - nonsense codon - nonsense mutation - nontranslated RNA - Northern blot - NT - nuclear run-on - nuclease - nuclease protection assay - nucleoside - nucleotide - nucleus - The N-terminal end refers to the extremity of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free amine group (NH2). ... In medicine, the neurofibromatoses (singular, neurofibromatosis) are certain genetic disorders of the nervous system. ... In genetics, noncoding DNA describes DNA which does not contain instructions for making proteins (or other cell products such as RNAs). ... In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon (also called a nonsense codon) in the transcribed mRNA, and possibly a truncated (and often nonfunctional) protein product. ... In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon (also called a nonsense codon) in the transcribed mRNA, and possibly a truncated (and often nonfunctional) protein product. ... The Northern Blot is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression. ... NT may stand for: The New Testament of the Bible Windows NT, an operating system from Microsoft. ... A nuclease is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. ... Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose ring. ... A nucleotide is an organic molecule consisting of a heterocyclic nucleobase (a purine or a pyrimidine), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA), and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. ... Plural: nuclei In chemistry and physics, the nucleus (atomic nucleus) is the collection of protons and neutrons in the center of an atom that carries the bulk of the atoms mass and positive charge. ...

O

oligo - oligodeoxyribonucleotide - oligonucleotide - oncogene - oncovirus - open reading frame - operator - operon - origin - origin of replication - overhang - Oligonucleotides are short sequences of nucleotides (RNA or DNA), typically with twenty or fewer base pairs. ... An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. ... An oncovirus is a virus associated with cancer. ... An open reading frame or ORF is any sequence of DNA or RNA that can be (translation) into a protein. ... This article is about operators in mathematics, for other kinds of operators see operator (disambiguation). ... An operon is a group of genes including an operator, a common promoter, and one or more structural genes that are controlled as a unit to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). ... The origin of something (from the Latin origo, beginning) is where it came from, in the sense of a physical location or a metaphysical source. ... The origin of replication (also called replication origin or oriC) is a unique DNA sequence at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. ...

P

p53 - package - palindromic sequence - Parkinson's disease - pBR322 - PCR - pedigree - peptide - peptide bond - PFGE - phage - phagemid - phenotype - phosphatase, alkaline - phosphodiester bond - phosphorylation - physical map - plasmid - point mutation - poly-A track - polyA tail - polyacrylamide gel - polyclonal antibody - polydactyly - polymerase - polymerase chain reaction - polymorphism - polynucleotide kinase - polypeptide - positional cloning - post-transcriptional regulation - post-translational modification - post-translational processing - post-translational regulation - PRE - PRE-mRNA - primary immunodeficiency - primary transcript - primer - primer extension - probe - processing - processivity - promoter - pronucleus - prostate cancer - protease - protein - proto-oncogene - pseudogene - pseudoknot - pseudorevertant - pulsed field gel electrophoresis - pulsed-field gel electrophoresis - purine base - pyrimidine base - Human p53 protein bound to a short DNA fragment. ... Package can refer to: a box, or such, containing something (perhaps, a present). ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A pedigree is a list of ancestors (usually implying distinguished), a list of ancestors of the same breed (usually in the case of animals), the purity of a breed, individual, or strain, or a document proving any of these things. ... Peptides (from the Greek πεπτος, digestable), are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Diagram showing the π-bonded amino acids and the point of rotation A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). ... A phage (also called bacteriophage) (in Greek phageton = food/consumption) is a small virus that infects only bacteria. ... A phagemid is a type of cloning genetics vector developed as a fusion of the M13 phage and plasmides, and used only with E coli. ... The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution, or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ... Diagram of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between the phosphorus atom in a phosphate group and two other molecules over two ester bonds. ... Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or a small molecule. ... A physical map is a map that shows identifable landmarks such as mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, and other permanent geologic features. ... Figure 1 : Schematic drawing of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed. ... A point mutation is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base pair with another pair. ... Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines. ... Polydactyly, or polydactylism, is the anatomical abnormality of having more than the usual number of digits on the hands or feet. ... Categories: Biochemistry stubs | EC 2. ... Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biological technique for amplifying (creating multiple copies of) DNA without using a living organism, such as E. coli or yeast. ... In general, polymorphism describes multiple possible states for a single property (it is said to be polymorphic). ... Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Posttranslational modification means the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. ... Primary transcript is an RNA molecule that has not yet undergone any modification after its synthesis. ... This article is about molecular biology for alternate uses, see primer (disambiguation). ... Probe is a generic term used to refer to a device used to gather information. ... Typically, processing describes the act of taking something through an established and usually routine set of procedures to convert it from one form to another, as a manufacturing procedure (processing milk into cheese) or administrative procedure (processing paperwork to grant a mortgage loan). ... Processivity is the frequency with which an enzyme dissociates from the template during DNA replication. ... for disambiguation of the term promoter, see the promoter Wiktionary article In genetics, a promoter is a DNA sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed. ... Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in the United States. ... Peptidases (proteases [pronounced pro-tea-aces] and proteolytic enzymes are also commonly used) are enzymes which break peptide bonds of proteins. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. ... A pseudogene is a nucleotide sequence that is part of the DNA or an organism that appears to have once coded a gene product (typically a protein) but no longer does so. ...

R

random primed synthesis - reading frame - recessive - recognition sequence - recombinant DNA - recombination - recombination-repair - relaxed DNA - repetitive DNA - replication - reporter gene - repression - repressor - residue - response element - restriction - restriction endonuclease - restriction enzyme - restriction fragment - restriction fragment length polymorphism - restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) - restriction fragments - restriction map - restriction site - reticulocyte lysate - retrovirus - reverse transcriptase - reverse transcription - revertant - RFLP - ribonuclease - ribonuclease (RNase) - ribonucleic acid - riboprobe - ribosomal binding sequence - ribosome - ribozyme - risk communication - RNA polymerase - RNA splicing - RNAi - RNase - RNase protection assay - rRNA - RT-PCR - RT/PCR reaction - run-off - run-on - runoff transcript - In biology, a reading frame is a contiguous and non-overlapping set of three-nucleotide codons in DNA or RNA. There are 3 possible reading frames in a strand. ... In genetics, the term recessive gene refers to an allele that causes a phenotype (visible or detectable characteristic) that is only seen in a homozygous genotype (an organism that has two copies of the same allele). ... Recombinant DNA is a DNA sequence resulting from the combining of two other DNA sequences in a plasmid. ... Recombination usually denotes a genetic event that occurs during the formation of sperm and egg cells (especially in areas of study of biology topics). ... In biology, replication is the act or ability to make a copy. ... In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to another they wish to study in cell culture, animals or plants. ... A repressed memory, according to some theories of psychology, a memory (often traumatic) of an event or environment which is stored by the unconscious mind but outside the awareness of the conscious mind. ... The term residue has several meanings in mathematics. ... In mathematics, a function is a relation, such that each element of a set (the domain) is associated with a unique element of another (possibly the same) set (the codomain, not to be confused with the range). ... A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA. The enzyme makes two incisions, one through each of the phosphate backbones of the double helix without damaging the bases. ... A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA. The enzyme makes two incisions, one through each of the phosphate backbones of the double helix without damaging the bases. ... In molecular biology, the term restriction fragment length polymorphism (or RFLP) is used in two related contexts: as a characteristic of DNA molecules (arising from their differing nucleotide sequences) by which they may be distinguished, and as the laboratory technique which uses this characteristic to compare DNA molecules. ... Genera Alpharetrovirus Betaretrovirus Gammaretrovirus Deltaretrovirus Epsilonretrovirus Lentivirus Spumavirus A retrovirus is a virus which has a genome consisting of two plus sense RNA molecules, which may or not be identical. ... Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used by all retroviruses and retrotransposons that transcribes the genetic information from the virus or retrotransposon from RNA into DNA, which can integrate into the host genome. ... Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used by all retroviruses and retrotransposons that transcribes the genetic information from the virus or retrotransposon from RNA into DNA, which can integrate into the host genome. ... In molecular biology, the term restriction fragment length polymorphism (or RFLP) is used in two related contexts: as a characteristic of DNA molecules (arising from their differing nucleotide sequences) by which they may be distinguished, and as the laboratory technique which uses this characteristic to compare DNA molecules. ... Ribonuclease (RNase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of RNA into smaller components. ... Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid consisting of a string of covalently-bound nucleotides. ... Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ... A ribozyme, or RNA enzyme, is an RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction. ... The enzyme RNA polymerase or RNAP is a nucleotidyltransferase that polymerises ribonucleotides in accordance with the information present in DNA. RNA polymerase enzymes are essential and are found in all cells of all organisms. ... RNA splicing is the excision of introns from RNA during the formation of mRNA and the removal of introns from mRNA precursors and the reattachment or annealing of exons. ... In molecular biology, RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism in which the presence of small fragments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) whose sequence matches a given gene interferes with the expression of that gene. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... RT-PCR is short for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. ... Run-off or runoff may refer to one of the following. ...

S

S1 end mapping - S1 nuclease - screening - SDS-PAGE - secondary structure - selection - sense strand - sequence - sequence polymorphism - sequence-tagged site - sequential epitope - severe combined immunodeficiency - sex chromosome - sex-linked - Shine-Dalgarno sequence - shotgun cloning - shotgun cloning or sequencing - shotgun sequencing - shuttle vector - sickle cell disease - side chain - sigma factor - signal peptidase - signal sequence - silent mutation - single nucleotide polymorphism - siRNA - site-directed mutagenesis - site-specific recombination - slot blot - SNP - snRNA - snRNP - solution hybridization - somatic cells - Southern blot - southwestern blot - SP6 RNA polymerase - spectral karyotype - splicing - SSR - stable transfection - start codon - stem-loop - sticky end - stop codon - streptavidin - stringency - sub-cloning - substitution - suicide gene - supercoil - syndrome - Picture of an SDS-PAGE. The molecular marker is in the left lane SDS-PAGE stands for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. ... A representation of the 3D structure of the Myoglobin protein. ... For computer science algorithms that find the kth smallest number in a list, see selection algorithm. ... This is a page about mathematics. ... In Genomics, a sequence-tagged site (or STS) is a short (200 to 500 base pairs) DNA sequence that has a single occurrence in a genome and whose location and base sequence are known. ... Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, or SCID, is a genetic disorder in which both arms (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system are crippled. ... A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. ... Sex-linked genes are those carried on the mammalian X chromosome but not the Y chromosome. ... The Shine-Dalgarno Sequence is the signal for initiation of protein synthesis. ... Shotgun sequencing is a method used in genetics for sequencing long DNA strands. ... ... The term Side chain can have different meanings depending on the context: In chemistry and biochemistry a side chain is a part of a molecule attached to a core structure. ... Sigma factor (σ factor) is an initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase and promotes attachment to promoter sites on DNA. Structure Sigma factor has four main regions: N----------C 1 2 3 4 Region 1 regulates interaction with DNA. Region 2 binds RNAP and binds to the -10 promoter... The term signal sequence can refer to any of the following: protein targeting signal peptide This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Silent mutations or synonymous mutations are DNA mutations that, although they alter a particular codon, they do not alter the final amino acid, and hence do not affect the final protein. ... A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism or SNP (pronounced snip) is a DNA sequence variation, occurring when a single nucleotide: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) or guanine (G) - in the genome is altered. ... Small interfering RNA (siRNA) are a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long RNA molecules that interfere with the expression of genes. ... (in vitro mutagenesis) Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique in which a mutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule. ... SNP may refer to: The Scottish National Party A single nucleotide polymorphism This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid consisting of a string of covalently-bound nucleotides. ... A somatic cell is a type of cell in an organism, such as the human body. ... A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology of enhancing the result of an agarose gel electrophoresis by marking specific DNA sequences. ... Karyogram of human female A karyotype is the complete set of all chromosomes of a cell of any living organism. ... In genetics, splicing is a modification of genetic information prior to translation. ... SSR stands for: Soviet Socialist Republic - see Republics of the Soviet Union Secondary Surveillance Radar Signal Stability Routing protocol Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Small Screen Rendering - see Opera web browser, Microbrowser Società svizzera di radiotelevisione, the Italian name of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision, the French... In biology, sticky end and blunt end are the two possible configurations resulting from the breaking of double-stranded DNA. DNA exhibits a stabilizing interaction between complementary base pairs, providing specificity to the pairing of two strands of DNA. If two complementary strands of DNA are of equal length, then... RNA codons. ... Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein which binds very tightly to Biotin. ... In general, substitution is the replacement of one thing with another. ... A suicide gene, in genetics, will cause a cell to kill itself through apoptosis. ... In a relaxed double-helical segment of DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10. ... In medicine, the term syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics which often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others. ...

T

T7 RNA polymerase - taq polymerase - TATA box - technology transfer - template - termination codon - terminator - tertiary structure - tet resistance - thymine - tissue-specific expression - tm - trans - transcript - transcription - transcription factor - transcription/translation reaction - transcriptional start site - transfection - transformation - transformation (with respect to bacteria) - transformation (with respect to cultured cells) - transgene - transgenic - transgenic mouse - transient transfection - transition - translation - translocation - transposition - transposon - transversion - triplet - trisomy - tRNA - tumor suppressor - tumor suppressor gene - A TATA box is a DNA sequence (cis-element) found in the promoter region of most genes (it is considered to be a promoter sequence). ... Technology transfer is the process of developing practical applications for the results of scientific research. ... For the list of templates used in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Template messages. ... The word terminator is from Latin and means roughly the finisher. ... In biochemistry, the tertiary structure of a protein is its overall shape. ... Thymine Thymine (C5H6N2O2, 2-oxy-4-oxy-5-methylpyrimidine, 2,4-dioxy-5-methylpyrimidine, 5-methyluracil) is one of the bases of the nucleic acid found in DNA. It can base pair with adenine. ... TM, Tm or tm may stand for: trademark (™) Turkmenistan Toyota Motor Corporation NYSE symbol. ... Trans is a Latin word meaning on the opposite side and is the opposite of cis, which means on the same side. In chemistry, a double bond in which the greater radical on both ends is on the opposite side of the bond is called trans. ... For the programming language of this name, see Transcript. ... In genetics, transcription is the first of the two-step protein biosynthesis process. ... In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription. ... Introducing DNA into eukaryotic cells, such as animal cells, is called transfection. ... Transformation has two meanings in molecular biology: Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign DNA. Transformation is also the process by which normal cells are converted into cells that will continue to divide without limit. ... A genetically modified organism is an organism whose genetic material has been deliberately altered. ... In telecommunication, a transition is the change from one signal state to another signal state. ... Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language—the called the source text—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language—called the target text, or the translation. ... Chromosomal translocation of the 4th and 20th chromosome. ... In music, transposition is moving a note or collection of notes up or down in pitch by a constant interval. ... Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called Transposition. ... In molecular biology, Transversion refers to the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa. ... A triplet is a set of three items, and includes in particular: one of three babies in a multiple birth a preparation of opal as a gemstone, with a thin layer of opal backed with a dark material and covered with cap of clear quartz in poetry, a tercet (three... A trisomy means the presence of three (instead of the normal two) chromosomes of a particular numbered type in an organism. ... Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA chain (74-93 nucleotides) that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. ... A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that reduces the probability that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell. ...

U

untranslated RNA - upstream - upstream activator sequence - upstream (molecular biology) - uracil - The term upstream has several possible meanings: In geography, upstream means literally towards the source of a stream or river, against the normal direction of water flow. ... Uracil Uracil is one of the four RNA bases, replacing thymine as found in DNA. Just like thymine, uracil can form a base pair with adenine via two hydrogen bonds, but it lacks the methyl group present in thymine. ...

V

vector - Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. ...

W

Western blot - wildtype - wobble position - Wolfram syndrome - Picture of a Western blot with 5 vertical lanes A Western blot is a method in molecular biology to detect a certain protein in a sample by using antibody specific to that protein. ... Wolfram syndrome, also called DIDMOAD (Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness), is a rare genetic disorder, causing diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. ...

Y

YAC - yeast artificial chromosome - A yeast artificial chromosome (short YAC) is a vector used to clone large DNA fragments (up to 400 kb). ... A yeast artificial chromosome (short YAC) is a vector used to clone large DNA fragments (up to 400 kb). ...

Z

zinc finger - A zinc finger is part of a protein that can bind to DNA. Zinc finger domains typically consist of two β sheets, each carrying a cysteine residue, and an α helix carrying two histidine residues. ...

See also

• List of biochemistry topics