Taiwan is known for its mountainous regions and many Taiwanese people take advantage of it by participating in mountain climbing all over the island. There are one hundred mountains (Chinese:百岳) that the most avid mountain climbers vow to conquer and is considered the holy grail of mountain climbing in Taiwan. Anyone who finishes climbing all one hundred mountains garner great respect from fellow mountain climbers.
Taiwan, as well as several smaller islands of Fujian, such as Quemoy and Matsu, have been administered since 1945 by a government called the Republic of China (ROC), the former government of mainland China before its 1949 defeat by the Communist Party of China.
Taiwan's indigenous population was first joined and intermarried with male traders and seasonal workers from Mainland China primarily during a brief period of Dutch control between 1624 and 1662.
The island of Taiwan lies some 200 km off the southeastern coast of Mainland China across the Taiwan Strait, with the East China Sea to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait directly to the south and the South China Sea to the southwest.
The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa (Portuguese sailors called it Ilha Formosa, which means "beautiful island"), is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean, to the south by the South China Sea, to the west by the Taiwan Strait and to the north by the East China Sea.
Taiwan's two largest cities, Taipei City and Kaohsiung City, although on the island of Taiwan, are not part of Taiwan Province but are centrally-administered municipalities, with the same level as provinces.
Taiwan's mainstream culture is primarily derived from traditional Chinese culture, with significant influences also from Japanese and American cultures, especially in the areas of politics and architecture.
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