This is a List of national leaders, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships. Some states have semi-presidential systems where the head of government role is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state.

Notes

1. The President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity.

See also

• State leaders by year
• Lists of office-holders
• List of political parties
• List of election results
• List of countries