Ancient, medieval and incipient modernist

• Confucius (551-479 BCE)
• Socrates (470-399 BCE)
• Mozi (470-390 BCE)
• Xenophon (427-355 BCE)
• Plato (427-347 BCE)
• Diogenes of Sinope (412-323 BCE)
• Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
• Mencius (372-289 BCE)
• Xun Zi (310-237 BCE)
• Han Feizi (?-233 BCE)
• Cicero (106-43 BCE)
• Pliny the Younger (63-113 CE)
• Saint Augustine (354-430 CE)
• Al-Farabi (870-950)
• Maimonides (1135-1204)
• St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
• Marsilius of Padua (1270-1342)
• William of Ockham (1285–1349)
• Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Richard Hooker (1554-1600)

Modern (born pre-19th century) Confucius (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu), lit. ... This page is about the ancient Greek philosopher. ... Mozi (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Mo Tzu, Lat. ... Xenophon, Greek historian Xenophon (In Greek , ca. ... PLATO was one of the first generalized Computer assisted instruction systems, originally built by the University of Illinois (U of I) and later taken over by Control Data Corporation (CDC), who provided the machines it ran on. ... Diogenes by John William Waterhouse, depicting his lamp, tub and diet of onions. ... Aristotle (Greek: Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... Mencius (Romanization; 孟子, pinyin: Mèng Zǐ; Wade-Giles: Meng Tzu; most accepted dates: 372 – 289 BCE; other possible dates: 385 – 303/302 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself. ... Xunzi Xún Zǐ (荀子, or Hsün Tzu c. ... Traditional Chinese: 韓非子 Simplified Chinese: 韩非子 Pinyin: Hán Fēizǐ Wade-Giles: Han Fei-tzu Han Feizi (韓非子) (d. ... For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ... Gayus Plinius Colonoscopy Caecilius Secundus (63 - ca. ... “Augustinus” redirects here. ... Al Farabi (870-950) was born of a Turkish family and educated by a Christian physician in Baghdad, and was himself later considered a teacher on par with Aristotle. ... Commonly used image indicating one artists conception of Maimonidess appearance Maimonides (March 30, 1135 or 1138–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. ... Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 - March 7, 1274) was a Catholic philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, who gave birth to the Thomistic school of philosophy, which was long the primary philosophical approach of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Marsilius of Padua (Italian Marsilio or Marsiglio da Padova) (1290 – 1342) was an Italian medieval scholar. ... William of Ockham (also Occam or any of several other spellings, IPA: ) (c. ... Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (May 3, 1469 – June 21, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher, musician, poet, and romantic comedic playwright. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. ... Richard Hooker (March 1554 - November 3, 1600) was an influential Anglican theologian. ...

• Jean Bodin (1530-1596)
• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
• Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• James Harrington (1611-1677)
• Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677)
• John Locke (1632-1704)
• Montesquieu (1689-1755)
• David Hume (1711-1776)
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788)
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• William Blackstone (1723-1780)
• Adam Smith (1723-1790)
• Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
• Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
• Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
• Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
• William Godwin (1756-1836)
• Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
• Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
• Benjamin Constant (1767-1830)
• Georg W. F. Hegel (1770-1831)
• Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
• James Mill (1773-1836)
• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
• Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
• Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Born in 19th century Jean Bodin (1530-1596) was a French jurist, member of the Parliament of Paris and professor of Law in Toulouse. ... It has been suggested that Idols of the mind be merged into this article or section. ... Hugo Grotius (Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; Delft, 10 April 1583 – Rostock, 28 August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. ... “Hobbes” redirects here. ... Portrait of James Harrington, oil on canvas, c. ... Baruch Spinoza Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 _ February 21, 1677), named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de Spinoza or Bento dEspiñoza in the community in which he grew up. ... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... Montesquieu can refer to: Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu Several communes of France: Montesquieu, in the Hérault département Montesquieu, in the Lot-et-Garonne département Montesquieu, in the Tarn-et-Garonne département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages... David Hume (April 26, 1711 – August 25, 1776)[1] was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. ... Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. ... “Kant” redirects here. ... William Blackstone as illustrated in his Commentaries on the Laws of England. ... For other persons named Adam Smith, see Adam Smith (disambiguation). ... Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729[1] – July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ... For other persons of the same name, see Thomas Paine (disambiguation). ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... Jeremy Bentham (IPA: or ) (February 15, 1748 O.S. (February 26, 1748 N.S.) – June 6, 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. ... William Godwin William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English political and miscellaneous writer, considered one of the important precursors of both utilitarian and liberal anarchist thought. ... Mary Wollstonecraft (circa 1797) by John Opie Mary Wollstonecraft (27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was a British writer, philosopher and feminist. ... Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (October 17, 1760 - May 19, 1825), the founder of French socialism, was born in Paris. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... This article is about the French utopian socialist philosopher. ... James Mill James Mill (April 6, 1773 - June 23, 1836), Scottish historian, economist and philosopher, was born at Northwater Bridge, in the parish of Logie-Pert, Angus, Scotland, the son of James Mill, a shoemaker. ... Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 – September 21, 1860) was a German philosopher. ... The most familiar view of Carlyle is as the bearded sage with a penetrating gaze. ... Auguste Comte (full name: Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; January 17, 1798 - September 5, 1857) was a French thinker who coined the term sociology. ...

• Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804-1872)
• Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)
• Max Stirner (1806-1856)
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
• Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
• Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
• Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
• Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921)
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
• Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)
• John Dewey (1859-1952)
• Max Weber (1864-1920)
• Benedetto Croce (1866-1952)
• Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)
• Rosa Luxemburg (1870-1919)
• Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
• Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)
• Martin Buber (1878-1965)
• Otto Bauer (1881-1938)
• Georg Lukács (1885-1971)
• Sergio Panunzio (1886-1944)
• Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
• Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)
• Walter Benjamin (1892-1940)
• Max Horkheimer (1895-1973)
• Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979)
• Ludwig Wittgenstein (1899-1951)
• Leo Strauss (1899-1973)
• Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1899-1990)
• Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992)

Born in 20th century This article refers to the philosopher. ... For other uses, see Tocqueville (disambiguation) Alexis de Tocqueville Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (Verneuil-sur-Seine, ÃŽle-de-France, July 29, 1805– Cannes, April 16, 1859) was a French political thinker and historian. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873), British philosopher, political economist civil servant, and Member of Parliament, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. ... Pierre Joseph Proudhon. ... Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (IPA: , but usually Anglicized as ;  ) 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a prolific 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian. ... Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862; born David Henry Thoreau[1]) was an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, tax resister, development critic, and philosopher who is best known for Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 – August 5, 1895) was a German social scientist and philosopher, who developed communist theory alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto (1848). ... For other persons named Herbert Spencer, see Herbert Spencer (disambiguation). ... Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin (Russian: ) (December 9, 1842–February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society free from central government. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a 19th-century German philosopher. ... Eduard Bernstein Eduard Bernstein (January 6, 1850 - December 18, 1932) was a German social democratic theoretician and politician, member of the SPD, and founder of evolutionary socialism or reformism. ... John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ... For the politician, see Max Weber (politician). ... Benedetto Croce (February 25, 1866 - November 20, 1952) was an Italian critic, idealist philosopher, and politician. ... “Lenin” redirects here. ... Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 or 1871 – January 15, 1919, in Polish Róża Luksemburg) was a Jewish Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. ... Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, advocate for social reform, and pacifist. ... Sir Muhammad Iqbāl (Urdu/Persian: ‎ ) (November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938) was an Indian Muslim poet, philosopher and politician, whose poetry in Persian and Urdu is regarded as among the greatest in modern times. ... Martin Buber (8 February 1878 – 13 June 1965) was an Austrian-Israeli-Jewish philosopher, translator, and educator, whose work centered on theistic ideals of religious consciousness, interpersonal relations, and community. ... Otto Bauer (1881 - July 4, 1938) was an Austrian Social Democrat who is considered one of the leading thinkers of the Austro-Marxist movement. ... Georg Lukács (April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic in the tradition of Western Marxism. ... Sergio Panunzio (July 20, 1886-October 8, 1944) was an Italian theoretician of revolutionary syndicalism. ... Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976) (pronounced ) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Antonio Gramsci (IPA: ) (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician and political theorist. ... Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (July 15, 1892 – September 27, 1940) was a German Marxist literary critic, essayist, translator, and philosopher. ... Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg Max Horkheimer (February 14, 1895 – July 7, 1973) was a Jewish-German philosopher and sociologist, known especially as the founder and guiding thinker of the Frankfurt School of critical theory. ... Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-born philosopher, sociologist and a member of the Frankfurt School. ... Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (IPA: ) (April 26, 1889 in Vienna, Austria – April 29, 1951 in Cambridge, England) was an Austrian philosopher who contributed several ground-breaking ideas to philosophy, primarily in the foundations of logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. ... Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ... Alfred Sohn-Rethel (born January 4, 1899 in Neuilly-sur-Seine near, today in Paris; died April 6, 1990 in Bremen, Germany) was an economist, a philosopher especially interested in epistemology. ... Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an Austrian-born British economist and political philosopher known for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought in the mid-20th century. ...

• Erich Fromm (1900-1980)
• Michael Oakeshott (1901-1990)
• Karl Popper (1902-1994)
• Theodor Adorno (1903-1969)
• Raymond Aron (1905-1983)
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
• Hannah Arendt (1906-1975)
• Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966)
• Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997)
• Albert Camus (1913-1960)
• Roland Barthes (1915-1980)
• Fazlur Rahman (1919-1988)
• Louis Althusser (1918-1990)
• Paulo Freire (1921-1997)
• John Rawls (1921-2002)
• Cornelius Castoriadis (1922-1997)
• Frantz Fanon (1925-1961)
• Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995)
• Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
• Jean Baudrillard (1929-2007)
• Jürgen Habermas (1929- )
• Jacques Derrida (1930-2004)
• Félix Guattari (1930-1992)
• Ronald Dworkin (1931- )
• Guy Debord (1931-1994)
• Antonio Negri (1933- )
• Fredric Jameson (1934- )
• Wendell Berry (1934 - )
• Robert Nozick (1938-2002)
• Étienne Balibar (1942- )
• Slavoj Žižek (1947- )

Others: This section is for people whose inclusion in the above list is being discussed. Their status as philosophers in general and political philosophers specifically is generally verifiable, but controversial. They are listed in order of birth: Erich Fromm Erich Pinchas Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned Jewish-German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher. ... Michael Joseph Oakeshott (11 December 1901 – 19 December 1990) was an English philosopher with particular interests in political thought, the philosophy of history, education, and religion, and aesthetics. ... Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH, FRS, FBA, (July 28, 1902 – September 17, 1994), was an Austrian and British[1] philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics. ... Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg. ... Raymond-Claude-Ferdinand Aron (March 14, 1905 — October 17, 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist and political scientist. ... Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980), normally known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (pronounced: ), was a French existentialist philosopher and pioneer, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. ... Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a German Jewish political theorist. ... Sayyid Qutb Sayyid Qutb (IPA pronunciation: ) (Arabic: ‎; 9 October 1906[1] – 29 August 1966) was an Egyptian intellectual author, and Islamist associated with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. ... Sir Isaiah Berlin, OM (June 6, 1909 – November 5, 1997), was a political philosopher and historian of ideas, regarded as one of the leading liberal thinkers of the 20th century. ... Albert Camus (IPA: ) (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was a French author and philosopher. ... Roland Barthes Roland Barthes (November 12, 1915 – March 25, 1980) (pronounced ) was a French literary critic, literary and social theorist, philosopher, and semiotician. ... Fazlur Rahman Malik (Urdu: فضل الرحمان ملک) (September 21, 1919 – July 26, 1988) was a well-known scholar of Islam; M. Yahya Birt of the Association of Islam Researchers described him as probably the most learned of the major Muslim thinkers in the second-half of the twentieth century, in terms of both... Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation: altuˡseʁ) (October 16, 1918 – October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. ... Paulo Freire Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - São Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of education. ... John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, and The Law of Peoples. ... Cornelius Castoriadis[1] (Greek: Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης) (March 11, 1922-December 26, 1997) was a Greek-French philosopher, economist and psychoanalyst. ... Frantz Fanon (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a French author from Martinique, essayist, psychoanalyst, and revolutionary. ... Gilles Deleuze (IPA: ), (January 18, 1925 – November 4, 1995) was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. ... Michel Foucault (IPA pronunciation: ) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian. ... Jean Baudrillard (July 29, 1929 – March 6, 2007) (IPA pronunciation: [1]) was a French cultural theorist, philosopher, political commentator, and photographer. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Jacques Derrida (IPA: [1]) (July 15, 1930 – October 8, 2004) was an Algerian-born French philosopher, known as the founder of deconstruction. ... Pierre-Félix Guattari (1930 - 1992) was a French pioneer of institutional psychotherapy, as well as the founder of both Schizoanalysis and the science of Ecosophy. ... Ronald Dworkin (born 1931) is an American legal philosopher, and currently professor of Jurisprudence at University College London and the New York University School of Law. ... Guy Ernest Debord (December 28, 1931, in Paris – November 30, 1994, in Champot) was a writer, film maker, hypergraphist and founding member of the groups Lettrist International and Situationist International (SI). ... Antonio Toni Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. ... Fredric Jameson (b. ... Wendell Berry (born August 5, 1934, Henry County, Kentucky) is an American man of letters, academic, cultural and economic critic, and farmer. ... Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher and Pellegrino University Professor at Harvard University. ... Étienne Balibar (born April 23, 1942 in Avallon, Bourgogne, France) is a French Marxist philosopher. ... Slavoj Žižek (pronounced: ) (born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian sociologist, postmodern philosopher, and cultural critic. ...

• Thomas Muntzer (1490–1525)
• Rifa' al-Tahtawi (1801-1873)
• Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)
• Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957)
• Ayn Rand (1905-1982)
• Kancha Ilaiah(1952-)