This is a list of topics covered in sociology.
This is a shorter list: List of basic sociology topics. Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the systematic and scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social action, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous... Sociology is the study of society and human social interaction. ...

Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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absolute poverty — achieved status — acid rain — acute disease — adaptation — Adultism — affect control theory — affirmative action — affluent alienation — age grade — age structure — ageism — agency of socialization — agency — AGIL —aggregate — agism — agrarian societies — agribusiness — AIDS — air pollution — alcoholism — alienation — alien land law — alternative communities — altruism — altruistic love — alzheimer's disease — Amae — amalgamation — Americanization— Anabaptists — anarchy — androgyny — animism — anomia — anomie — anthropology — antisemitism — apartheid — apollonian — applied sciences — approach — appropriate technology — archaeology of knowledge — aristocracy — arms race — arms trade — arranged marriage — asceticism — Asch conformity experiments — ascribed status — ascriptive characteristic — assimilation — Astrosociology — attribution theory — autarky — authentic act — authoritarian personality — authoritarianism — authority — autocratic rule — automation — avant-garde — Poverty that is so extreme that people cannot even meet the basic human necessities like food, clothes and shelter is known as absolute poverty. ... A doctor is an Achieved status Achieved status is a sociological term denoting a social position that a person assumes voluntarily which reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts. ... The term acid rain is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ... The eye is an adaptation. ... Adultism is a predisposition towards adults, which some see as biased against children, youth, and all young people who arent addressed or viewed as adults. ... Affect control theory proposes that individuals maintain affective meanings through their actions and interpretations of events. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Alienation is estrangement or splitting apart. ... In sociology and anthropology, an age grade or age class is a social category based on age, within a series of such categories, through which individuals pass over the course of their lives. ... This box:      Look up ageism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Human agency is the capacity for human beings to make choices and to impose those choices on the world on a collective basis, usually through democratic means. ... Agila (Agil) was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (549–554 CE). ... Look up Aggregate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ageism is bias against a person or group on the grounds of age. ... An Agrarian society is one that is based on agriculture as its prime means for support and sustenance. ... In agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various businesses involved in the food production chain, including farming, seed, agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesaling, processing, distribution, and retail sales. ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ... Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent. ... Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... Look up alienation, alienate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The phrase alternative society may have been in usage since the 19th century when Karl Marx and Proudhon represented two factions for alternative visions of social change. ... For the ethical doctrine, see Altruism (ethics). ... Amae (甘え) is a Japanese word used to describe behaviour aimed at inducing another (such as a parent, spouse, teacher or boss) to take care of you. ... Amalgamation, meaning to combine or unite into one form, has several uses: Amalgam, in chemistry, mining and dentistry, the result of the blending of mercury with another metal or alloy Amalgamation (mining), the process of separation of precious metals from ore. ... Anabaptists (re-baptizers, from Greek ana and baptizo; in German: Wiedertäufer) are Christians of the so-called radical wing of the Protestant Reformation. ... Look up anarchy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Androgyny (disambiguation). ... The term Animism is derived from the Latin anima, meaning soul.[1][2] In its most general sense, animism is simply the belief in souls. ... Nominal aphasia is a form of aphasia (loss of language capability caused by brain damage) in which the subject has difficulty remembering or recognizing names which the subject should know well. ... Anomie, in contemporary English, means a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values. ... Anthropology (from Greek: ἀνθρωπος, anthropos, human being; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of humanity. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... The Birth of Tragedy (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, 1872) is a 19th Century work of philosophy by Friedrich Nietzsche. ... Applied science is the art of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems. ... Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ... Michel Foucault (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher who held a chair at the Collège de France, which he gave the title The History of Systems of Thought. ... Aristocrat redirects here. ... The term arms race in its original usage describes a competition between two or more parties for military supremacy. ... The arms industry is a massive global industry. ... Marriage à-la-mode by William Hogarth: a satire on arranged marriages and prediction of ensuing disaster The purpose of an arranged marriage is to form a new family unit by marriage while respecting the chastity of all people involved. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Asch conformity experiments, published in 1951, were a series of studies that starkly demonstrated the power of conformity in groups. ... Ascribed status is a social position a person is given from birth or assumes involuntarily later in life. ... Cultural assimilation (often called merely assimilation) is an intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into an established, generally larger community. ... Astrosociology, initially developed by Jim Pass, Ph. ... Attribution theory is a social psychology theory developed by Fritz Heider, Harold Kelley, Edward E. Jones, and Lee Ross. ... An autarky is an economy that limits trade with the outside world, or an ecosystem not affected by influences from the outside, and relies entirely on its own resources. ... The concept of authoritarian personality denotes a number of qualities, which according to the theories of Theodor Adorno and his colleagues predict ones potential for fascist and antidemocratic leanings and behaviors. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      This article applies to political and organizational ideologies. ... This article is about authority as a concept. ... Autocracy is a form of government where unlimited political power is held by a single individual. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ...

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capital-intensive agriculture — capital-intensive manufacturing — capitalism — capitalists — carrying capacity — cash-crop production — caste — caste system — Catholic Worker — Catholicism — causation — cause marketing — charismatic — CBD — Chicago Area Project — Chicago school — Chicano — child labor — chronic disease — church — citizen — citizenship — civil disorders — civil religion — civil rights — civil society — clan — class — class conflict — class consciousness — class reproduction — class structure — classism — cognition — cohabitation — cold war — collective action — collective behavior —collective representation — collective violence — colonialism — commodity — commodity chain — commodity fetishism — commodity riots — communal riot — communication — communism — communities — community — community care — comparable worth — comparative sociology — computational sociology — conflict theory — conflict methodology — conflict and mass communication — conflict perspective — conformity — conglomerates — conscience collective — consciousness — consensus — consensus decision-making — content analysis — contingency work — contradiction — contradictory class locations — core countries — corporation — correlation — counter culture — counterrevolution — coup d'etat — created environment — creole language — crime — crisis medicine — critical sociology — crowd behavior — crude birth rate — crude death rate — cult — cultural capital — cultural deprivation — cultural imperialism — cultural lag — cultural materialism — cultural pluralism — cultural relativism — cultural reproduction — cultural superstructure — cultural system — cultural transmission — cultural universal — culture — culture of poverty — curative medicine — custodial care - For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... Capitalism generally refers to in philosophy and politics, a social system based on the principle of individual rights, including property rights. ... The equilibrium maximum of the population of an organism is known as the ecosystems carrying capacity for that organism. ... In agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is sold for money. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social classification, that evolved due to the enormous diversity in India (where all three primary races met, not by forced slavery but by immigration). ... The word Caste is derived from the Portuguese word casta, meaning lineage, breed or race. ... The Catholic Worker is a newspaper published by the Catholic Worker Movement community in New York City. ... As a Christian ecclesiastical term, Catholic - from the Greek adjective , meaning general or universal [1] - is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as follows: ~Church, (originally) whole body of Christians; ~, belonging to or in accord with (a) this, (b) the church before separation into Greek or Eastern and Latin or... Causality or causation denotes the relationship between one event (called cause) and another event (called effect) which is the consequence (result) of the first. ... Cause marketing or cause-related marketing refers to a type of marketing involving the cooperative efforts of a for profit business and a non-profit organization for mutual benefit. ... The charismatic movement began with the adoption of certain Pentecostal beliefs—specifically what are known as the biblical charisms of Christianity: speaking in tongues, prophesying, etc. ... The Central Business District of Sydney, Australia. ... Chicago Area Project is a Juvenile delinquency prevention association based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. ... In sociology and, later, criminology, the Chicago School (sometimes described as the Ecological School) refers to the first major body of works emerging during the 1920s and 1930s specialising in urban sociology, and the research into the urban environment by combining theory and ethnographic fieldwork in Chicago, now applied elsewhere. ... For other uses, see Chicano (disambiguation). ... Child labour is the employment of children under an age determined by law or custom. ... Medicine In medicine, a persistent and lasting condition is said to be chronic (from Greek chronos). ... For the architectural structure, see Church (building). ... The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ... “Citizen” redirects here. ... Civil disorder is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people. ... The intended meaning of the term civil religion often varies according to whether one is a sociologist of religion or a professional political commentator. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system) and commercial institutions. ... For other uses, see Clan (disambiguation). ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Class conflict is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different social classes and the underlying tensions or antagonisms which exist in society. ... Class consciousness is a category of Marxist theory, referring to the self-awareness of a social class, its capacity to act in its own rational interests, or measuring the extent to which an individual is conscious of the historical tasks their class (or class allegiance) sets for them. ... ... Classism (a term formed by analogy with racism) is any form of prejudice or oppression against people who are in, or who are perceived as being like those who are in, a lower social class (especially in the form of lower or higher socioeconomic status) within a class society. ... Look up Cognition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about a living arrangement. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The economic theory of collective action is concerned with the provision of public goods (and other collective consumption) through the collaboration of two or more individuals, and the impact of externalities on group behavior. ... The term collective behavior was first used by Robert E. Park, and employed definitively by Herbert Blumer, to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a spontaneous way. ... It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A commodity chain is the connected path from which a good travels from producer to consumer. ... In Marxist theory, commodity fetishism is a state of social relations, said to arise in complex capitalist market systems, in which social relationships center around the values placed on commodities. ... For the Bobby Womack album, see Communication (1972 album). ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... Community is a set of people (or agents in a more abstract sense) with some shared element. ... For other uses, see Community (disambiguation). ... Primary health care, often abbreviated as PHC, was a new approach to health care that came into existence following an international conference in Alma Ata in 1978 organized by the World Health Organisation and the UNICEF. The Alma Ata conference defined primary health care as follows: Primary health care is... Equal pay for women is an issue involving pay inequality between men and women. ... Comparative Sociology Comparative sociology generally refers to sociological analysis that involves comparison of social processes between nation-states, or across different types of society (for example capitalist and socialist). ... Computational sociology is a recently developed branch of sociology that uses computation to analyze social phenomena. ... In sociology, conflict theory states that the society or organization functions so that each individual participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to social change such as changes in politics and revolutions. ... In sociology and biology, conflict theory states that the society or organization functions so that each individual participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to social change such as changes in politics and revolutions. ... Conformity is the act of consciously maintaining a certain degree of similarity (in clothing, manners, behaviors, etc. ... Conglomerate is the term used to describe a large company which consists of divisions of often seemingly unrelated businesses. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Consensus decision-making is a decision-making process that not only seeks the agreement of most participants, but also to resolve or mitigate the objections of the minority to achieve the most agreeable decision. ... Content analysis (also called: textual analysis) is a standard methodology in the social sciences on the subject of communication content. ... Broadly speaking, a contradiction is an incompatibility between two or more statements, ideas, or actions. ... In World Systems Theory, the core countries are the industrialised capitalist countries on which periphery and semi-periphery countries depend. ... For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ... Positive linear correlations between 1000 pairs of numbers. ... During the 1960s the term underground acquired a new meaning in that it referred to members of the so-called counterculture, i. ... A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originates seemingly as a new language, sometimes with features that are not inherited from any apparent source, without however qualifying in any appreciable way as a mixed language. ... In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and the other in literary criticism. ... Crowd psychology characterises the group dynamics of a large group (or crowd). Negatively construed as a mob, positively seen as the expression of popular democracy, crowds have a reputation for fickle, often irrational and potentially violent behaviour. ... The crude birth rate measures the number of live births registered during a year, per 1,000 estimated resident population. ... Mortality rate is the annual number of deaths per 1000 people. ... This article does not discuss cult in its original meaning. ... Cultural capital (le capital culturel) is a sociological term used by Pierre Bourdieu. ... Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, artificially injecting of the culture or language of one nation in another. ... The term cultural lag refers to the notion that society is unable to keep up with the rapid pace of technological change, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. ... The term Cultural materialism refers to two separate scholarly endeavours: It is an anthropological research paradigm championed most notably by Marvin Harris. ... Main articles: Pluralism and Multiculturalism Cultural pluralism exists when all groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities. ... Cultural relativism is the principle that beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of his or her own culture. ... Cultural Reproduction refers to the process in which existing cultural values and norms are passed down from one generation to the next. ... Cultural system refers to the functional interaction between the different elements of culture in a particular manner. ... A cultural universal (see George Murdock, Claude Levi-Strauss, Donald Brown) is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures on the planet. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ...

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Darwinism — death — debt peonage — deconstruct — defensive medicine — deforestation — deinstitutionalization — democracy — demographic transition — demography — dependency theory — dependent variable — depletion — desertification — deskilling — destratification — deterrence theory — devaluation — developmental state — deviance — deviance amplification — deviant subculture — dialectical — diaspora — differential association — differentiation — diffusion — dionysian — diploma disease — discourse — discrimination — division of labor — division of labour — domestic labor — domestic violence — double standard — doubling time — dramaturgical perspective — dual welfare system — dyad — dysfunction — dystopia Charles Darwin Darwinism is a term for the underlying theory in those ideas of Charles Darwin concerning evolution and natural selection. ... For other uses, see Death (disambiguation), Dead (disambiguation), or Death (band). ... Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off a familys loans via the labour of family members or heirs. ... The term deconstruction is often used in a loose way as a synonym of critical analysis, especially the kind of uncooperative critical analysis that subjects a work or a text to close scrutiny in order to expose contradictions, poor logic or unwelcome affinities with other works or cultural objects. ... Defensive Medicine is the Diagnostic or therapeutic measures conducted primarily as a safeguard against possible malpractice liability. ... This article is about the process of deforestation in the environment. ... Deinstitutionalisation is the practice of moving people (especially those with developmental disability) from mental institutions into community-based or family-based environments. ... Demographic transition occurs in societies that transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. ... Map of countries by population Population growth showing projections for later this century Demography is the statistical study of human populations. ... Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic... In experimental design, a dependent variable (also known as response variable, responding variable or regressand) is a factor whose values in different treatment conditions are compared. ... Depletion is the process of running down or reducing the total resource available. ... Ship stranded by the retreat of the Aral Sea Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various climatic variations, but primarily from human activities. ... Deskilling is the process by which skilled labor within an industry or economy is eliminated by the introduction of technologies operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers. ... Destratification is a process in which the air or water is mixed in order to eliminate stratified layers of temperature, plant, or animal life. ... Deterrence theory is a defensive strategy developed after World War II and used throughout the Cold War. ... Devaluation is a reduction in the value of a currency with respect to other monetary units. ... Developmental state is a term used by International political economy scholars to refer to phenomenon state-led macroeconomic planning in East Asia in the late 20th century. ... DEViANCE ASCII logo by Strick9. ... Deviancy amplification spiral is a mass media phenomenon defined by media critics as an increasing cycle of reporting on a category of antisocial behavior or other undesirable events. ... Broadly speaking, a dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a disagreement. ... For other uses, see Diaspora (disambiguation). ... In criminology, Differential Association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. ... Differentiation can mean the following: In biology: cellular differentiation; evolutionary differentiation; In mathematics: see: derivative In cosmogony: planetary differentiation Differentiation (geology); Differentiation (logic); Differentiation (marketing). ... diffusion (disambiguation). ... The Birth of Tragedy (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, 1872) is a 19th Century work of philosophy by Friedrich Nietzsche. ... Discourse is a term used in semantics as in discourse analysis, but it also refers to a social conception of discourse, often linked with the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) and Jürgen Habermas The Theory of Communicative Action (1985). ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Division of labour is the breakdown of labour into specific, circumscribed tasks for maximum efficiency of output in the context of manufacturing. ... Division of labour is the specialisation of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output. ... Domestic disturbance redirects here. ... A double standard, according to the World Book Dictionary, is a standard applied more leniently to one group than to another. ... The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. ... The dramaturgical perspective is a model for human behavior that studies how humans establish meaning to their lives. ... Etymology: Late Latin dyad-, dyas, from Greek, from dyo The word dyad has a number of uses: A dyad (general) pair, consisting of two parts. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... This article is about the philosophical concept and literary form. ...

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ecologism — ecology — economic determinism — economic interdependence — economies of scale — economy — ecosystem — education — education system — egalitarianism — egalitarian ethic — egalitarian family — elderly abuse — elites — embourgeoisement thesis — emergent norm theory — emigration — empirical studies — encounter — endogamy — entrepreneur — entropy — environmentalism — environmental sociology — epistemology — estate — estate system — ethnic group — ethnic minority — ethnicity — ethnocentric — ethnocentrism — ethnography — ethnomethodology — eutrophication — evolution — evolutionary sociology — evolutionism — exclusivist — existentialism — exogamy — experiment — exponential growth — export-processing zone — extended family — It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into environmentalism. ... For the journal, see Ecology (journal). ... When Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels created the ideology of Communism, many Marxists believe they inductively surmised what they saw as a law of history, an inexorable law, that ran throughout the course of history. ... Countries/nation-states and/or supranational states such as the European Union (EU) or North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are interdependent for any (or all) of the following. ... The increase in output from Q to Q2 causes a decrease in the average cost of each unit from C to C1. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ... Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, good judgement and wisdom. ... Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals from birth. ... Elder abuse is a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person. ... Alternative meaning: Elite (computer game) In sociology as in general usage, the elite (the elect; sometimes the French form élite is used) refers to a relatively small dominant group within a larger society, which enjoys privileged status and, almost invariantly, exploits individuals of lower social status. ... The Embourgeoisement Hypothesis is the argument that, contrary to the class conflict theory of Karl Marx (1818-1883), increasing numbers of what might traditionally be classified as working class people are coming to assume the lifestyle and individualistic values of the so-called middle classes and hence reject commitment to... A memorial statue in Hanko, Finland, commemorating the thousands of emigrants who left the country to start a new life in the United States Emigration is the act and the phenomenon of leaving ones native country or region to settle in another. ... Empirical studies in social sciences are when the research ends are based on evidence and not just theory. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a social group. ... An entrepreneur (a loanword from French introduced and first defined by the Irish economist Richard Cantillon) is a person who operates a new enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks. ... Social entropy is a macrosociological systems theory. ... The historic Blue Marble photograph, which helped bring environmentalism to the public eye. ... Environmental sociology is typically defined as the study of societal-environmental interactions, or the relationships between modern societies and their biophysical environments. ... Theory of knowledge redirects here: for other uses, see theory of knowledge (disambiguation) According to Plato, knowledge is a subset of that which is both true and believed Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, methods, limitations, and validity of knowledge and belief. ... Look up estate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the concept of a minority. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... Ethnocentrism (Greek ethnos nation + -centrism) is a set of beliefs or practices based on the view that ones own group is the center of everything. ... This box:      Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture. ... Ethnography ( ethnos = people and graphein = writing) is the genre of writing that presents varying degrees of qualitative and quantitative descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. ... Ethnomethodology (literally, the study of peoples methods) is a sociological discipline which focuses on the way people make sense of the world and display their understandings of it. ... Eutrophication, strictly speaking, means an increase in chemical nutrients -- typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus -- in an ecosystem. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Throughout history, various groups have considered themselves chosen by God for some purpose. ... Existentialism is the philosophical movement positing that individual human beings create the meaning and essence of their lives as persons. ... Exogamy has two related definitions, both biological and cultural. ... In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex- periri, of (or from) trying) is a set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to retain or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ... In mathematics, exponential growth (or geometric growth) occurs when the growth rate of a function is always proportional to the functions current size. ... Extended family (or joint family) is a term with several distinct meanings. ...

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false consciousness — family — family of orientation — family of procreation — fascism — fecundity — fee-for-service medicine — feedback loop — femininity — feminism — Ferdinand Tönnies Gesellschaft — fertility — fetishism — feudalism — first world — flextime — forces of production — Fordism — formal relations — forms of activity and interpersonal relations — functional rationality — functionalism (sociology) — functions — fundamentalism — futurist — futurologist — futurology — For the existentialist treatment of the same concept, see bad faith False consciousness is the Marxist thesis that material and institutional processes in capitalist society mislead the proletariat — and other classes — about the real relations of forces between those classes and of the actual states of affairs with respect to... Look up Family in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the interests of the state. ... Fecundity is the potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (e. ... In cybernetics and control theory, feedback is a process whereby some proportion or in general, function, of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. ... In some cultures, makeup is associated with femininity. ... Feminists redirects here. ... The Ferdinand-Tönnies-Gesellschaft e. ... Fertility is the natural capability of giving life. ... A fetish (from French fétiche; from Portuguese feitiço; from Latin facticius, artificial and facere, to make) is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular a man-made object that has power over others. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century), in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval European political system comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the... The terms First World, Second World, and Third World were used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. ... Flextime plan is a general term to describe a variable work schedule in contrast to traditional work arrangements between employer and employee requiring a rigid number of hours worked per day or week. ... Productive forces or forces of production [in German, Produktivkrafte] is a central concept in Marxism and historical materialism. ... Fordism, named after Henry Ford, has different meanings in the United States and Europe. ... Forms of activity and interpersonal relations in sociology can be described as follows: first and most basic are animal-like behaviors, i. ... This article is about functionalism in sociology. ... The article is about functionalism in sociology; for other uses, see functionalism. ... Look up fundamentalism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other meanings of this term, see Futurists (disambiguation). ... Futurology or futures studies (called futurism in the United States) is the study of the medium to long-term future, by extrapolating present technological, economic or social trends, or by attempting to predict future trends. ... Futurology is the detailed critical inspection and reasoning of the state in which things will develop in the future on the basis of existing circumstances in history. ...

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gang — GDP — gemeinschaft — Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft - gender — gendered division of labour — gendering — genealogy of power/knowledge — generalised other — generalized other — genetic engineering — genocide — gentrification — geopolitics — German Society for Sociology — gesellschaft — gestalt psychology — ghetto — globalization — glocalization — GNP — government — Great Depression — group action — group behaviour — group dynamics — Great Transformation — green revolution — greenhouse effect — gross domestic product — gross national product — guerrilla movement — For other uses, see Gang (disambiguation). ... Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association. ... Gemeinschaft ( ) and Gesellschaft are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association. ... Gender in common usage refers to the sexual distinction between male and female. ... Gendered division of labour, also known as sexual division of labour, refers to the way that people are divided according to what is appropriate work for men and women. ... Michel Foucault (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher who held a chair at the Collège de France, which he gave the title The History of Systems of Thought. ... The generalized other is a concept used in the social sciences, especially in a field called symbolic interactionism. ... The generalized other is a concept used in the social sciences, especially in a field called symbolic interactionism. ... Kenyans examining insect-resistant transgenic Bt corn. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... In San Francisco, during the mid-1960s, the bohemian center of the city shifted from the old Beat enclave of North Beach to Haight-Ashbury (pictured) as a response to gentrification. ... Geopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales (ranging from home, city, region, state to international and cosmopolitics). ... The German Society for Sociology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziology, DGS) has been founded January 3rd, 1909 at Berlin by its initiator Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931), Ferdinand Tönnies, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, et al. ... Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For the rapper, see Ghetto (rapper). ... The rise of multinational corporations and outsourcing have played a crucial part in globalization. ... Glocalization, a neologism and portmanteau of globalization and localization, entails one or both of the following: The creation or distribution of products or services intended for a global or transregional market, but customized to suit local laws or culture. ... Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... Group action in sociology refers to the situations where large number of people in a given area behave simultaneously in similar way with have a similar goal, and their actions are coordinated. ... Group behaviour in sociology refers to the situations where large number of people in a given area behave simoultanesly in similar way and have a similar goal, but they individaully and without coordiantion. ... The term group dynamics implies that individual behaviours may differ depending on individuals current or prospective connections to a sociological group. ... Great Transformation is a phrase used to describe the revolutionary refashioning of culture, politics, economics and society that occurred first in England and later manifested in Europe and eventually around the world. ... The Green Revolution was the worldwide transformation of agriculture that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ... Wikinews has related news: Scientists warn thawing Siberia may trigger global meltdown A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earths atmosphere, and the Earth surface. ... This article is about GDP in the context of economics. ... Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... A resistance movement is a group dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country. ...

H

habitus — health maintenance organization — hegemony — heterophobia — heterosexuality — hidden curriculum — high-trust systems — higher circles — higher education — historical materialism — historical sociology — holocaust — homelessness — homophobia — homosexuality — housework — hunting and gathering society — human ecology — human mobility — hybridity — hyperreality — hypothesis Look up habitus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Hegemony (pronounced [])[1] (Greek: ) is a concept that has been used to describe the existence of dominance of one social group over another, such that the ruling group -- referred to as a hegemon -- acquires some degree of consent from the subordinate, as opposed to dominance purely by force. ... Heterophobia is a term used to describe prejudice or discrimination against heterosexuals, or the belief that heterosexuality is an inferior sexuality to others. ... One version of a Heterosexuality symbol Heterosexuality is sexual or romantic attraction between opposite sexes, and is the most common sexual orientation among humans. ... The concept hidden curriculum expresses the idea that schools do more than simply transmit knowledge, as laid down in the official curricula. ... In sociology as in general usage, the élite (the elect, from French) is a relatively small dominant group within a larger society, which enjoys a privileged status which is upheld by individuals of lower social status within the structure of a group. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ... Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818-1883), although Marx himself never used the term (he referred it as philosophical materialism, a term he used to distinguish it from what he called popular materialism). Historical... Historical sociology is a branch of sociology focusing on how societies develop through history. ... Look up holocaust in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Bag lady redirects here. ... A protest by The Westboro Baptist Church, a group identified by the Anti-Defamation League as virulently homophobic. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... A household chore is a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee, related to or used in the running of a household. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by all human societies before the Neolithic Era, and by an ever declining number of populations after the Neolithic revolution. ... Human ecology is an academic discipline that deals with the relationship between humans and their natural, social and created environments. ... Hybridity refers in its most basic sense to mix. ... In semiotics and postmodern philosophy, the term hyperreality characterizes the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from fantasy, especially in technologically advanced postmodern cultures. ... Look up Hypothesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

I

'I' and the 'me' — iatrogenic — ideal type — identity — identity politics — ideology — imagined community — immigration — imperialism — in-group — inclusivist — income — independent variable — industrial democracy — industrial production — industrial societies — industrial sociology — industrialization — industrialization of war — infant mortality rate — informal relations — informal sector — information technology — infrastructural determinism — infrastructure — inner city — instinct — instinctual theory — institution — institutional capitalism — institutional demand — institutional discrimination — institutional racism — insurrection — intelligence — intelligence quotient — intelligentsia — intensification — intentional community — interaction — interest group — intergenerational mobility — internal colonialism — international division of labor — interpersonal violence — interpretive The I and the me are terms central to the social philosophy of George Herbert Mead, one of the biggest influences on the development of the branch of sociology called symbolic-interactionism. ... An iatrogenic (pronounced , IPA) condition is a state of ill health or adverse effect caused by medical treatment, usually due to mistakes made in treatment. ... Ideal type, also known as pure type, or idealtyp (in the original German), is a typological term invented by sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920). ... Identity is an umbrella term used throughout the social sciences for an individuals comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity. ... Identity politics is the political activity of various social movements for self-determination. ... Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... The Imagined Community is the concept strongly supported by Benedict Anderson which states that a nation is socially constructed and ultimately imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... In sociology, an ingroup is a social group towards which an individual feels loyalty and respect, usually due to membership in the group. ... Income, generally defined, is the money that is received as a result of the normal business activities of an individual or a business. ... In an experimental design, the independent variable (argument of a function, also called a predictor variable) is the variable that is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon (the dependent variable). ... Industrial Democracy is an economic arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace. ... An economic report that measures changes in output for the industrial sector of the economy. ... In sociology, industrial society refers to a society with a modern societal structure. ... Industrial sociology (also known as sociology of industrial relations or sociology of work) is both a study of the interaction of people within industry (e. ... War economy is the term used to describe the contingencies undertaken by the modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. ... In economics the informal economy is the system of exchange used outside state-controlled or money-based economic activities. ... Information and communication technology spending in 2005 Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ... The term inner-city is often applied to the poorer parts at the centre of a major city. ... For other uses, see Instinct (disambiguation). ... This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. ... To discriminate socially is to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. ... Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) is a theoretical form of racism that is supposed to occur in institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. ... Insurrection could refer to: * in a general sense, it means Rebellion * it is also a title of a Star Trek film, see Star Trek: Insurrection ... Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... IQ redirects here. ... The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ... An intentional community is a planned residential community designed to promote a much higher degree of social interaction than other communities. ... For other uses, see Interaction (disambiguation). ... This article is about political advocates. ... Internal Colonialism refers to political and economic inequalities between regions within a single society. ... Division of labour is the specialisation of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output. ...

J

Japanization — Jim Crow Laws — job opportunity — Judaism — justice, distributive — juvenile delinquency — Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Distributive justice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles. ...

K

kinship — knowledgeable agent — kindness Kinship is the most basic principle of organizing individuals into social groups, roles, and categories. ... Look up kindness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

L

labeling theory — labor power — laissez-faire — late modernity — latent function — latent functions — law — legitimacy — legitimation crisis — Leipzig school — lesbianism — liberal democracy — life expectancy — life-course — life-cycle — life-span — life-world — lifestyle changes — limited war — literacy — local knowledge — longevity — longitudinal study — looking-glass self — love — low-trust systems — luddism — luddite — lumpenproletariat — a little birdie tells me you like horseys Labeling theory (or social reaction theory) is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of an individual is influenced (or created) by how that individual is categorized and described by others in their society. ... Labor power (in German: Arbeitskraft, or labor force) is a crucial concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... Late modernity (or liquid modernity) is a term for the concept that some present highly developed societies are continuing developments of modernity. ... Manifest and latent functions are social scientific concepts first clarified for sociology by Robert K. MertonDiligio, 2000. ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... The word legitimacy comes from the Latin word legitimare and it has two uses: Legitimacy (political science) is variously defined, but refers in general to the peoples acceptance of a law, ruling, or a regime itself as valid. ... In political science a legitimation crisis is said to obtain when a governing structure still retains the strictly legal authority by which to govern, but is not able to demonstrate that its practical functioning fulfills the necessity for which it was instituted. ... The Leipzig school was a branch of sociology developed by a group of academics led by philosopher and sociologist Hans Freyer at the University of Leipzig, Germany in the 1930s. ... This article is about homosexual women, not inhabitants of the Greek island of Lesbos A lesbian (lowercase L) is a homosexual woman. ... Liberal democracy is a form of government. ... This article is about the measure of remaining life. ... Life cycle refers to: Biological life cycle New product development Honeybee life cycle This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Life span is one of the most important parameters of any living organism. ... Lifeworld is a concept used in philosophy and other social sciences, meaning the world as lived, in light of which content of the world has meaning prior to reflective re-presentation or analysis. ... For other uses of War, see War (disambiguation). ... The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. ... Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK), and local knowledge generally refer to the matured long-standing traditions and practices of certain regional, indigenous, or local communities. ... Longevity is a term that generally refers to long life or great duration of life.[1] Reflections on longevity have usually gone beyond acknowledging the basic shortness of human life and have included thinking about methods to extend life. ... Longitudinal studies form a class of research methods that involve observations of the same items over a longer time. ... For other uses, see Love (disambiguation). ... The Luddites were a group of English workers in the early 1800s who protested – often by destroying machines – against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution that they felt threatened their jobs. ... The Luddites were a social movement of English textile artisans in the early nineteenth century who protested — often by destroying textile machines — against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt threatened their livelihood. ... The lumpenproletariat (German Lumpenproletariat, rabble-proletariat; raggedy proletariat) is a term originally defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The German Ideology (1845), their famous second joint work, and later expounded upon in future works by Marx. ...

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macro-level — macrosociology — magic — male inexpressiveness — malthusianism — managed care — managerial capitalism — managerial class — manifest function — marginalization — marriage — Marxian sociology — Marxism — masculinity — mass action — mass media — mass society — master status — materialism — matriarchy — matrilineal descent — matrilocality — mcdonaldization — mean — means of production — mechanical solidarity — mechanization — median — medicaid — medical gaze — medical model — medicalisation — medicare — megalopolis — mental disorder — mental superstructure — mercantilism — medical sociology — meritocracy — meta-narratives — methodology — micro-level — microsociology — middle class — migration^{[disambiguation needed]} — military rule — military-industrial complex — millenarianism — minority group — mixed economy — mode — mode of production — mode of reproduction — modernity — modernization — monogamy — monopoly — monotheism — moral panic — mores — mortality rate — mortification of the self — multi-culturalism — multilinear evolution — multinational corporation — mother-daughter relationships Macrosociology is one of the main branches of sociology (contrast with microsociology) which deals with primarily with the statistical nature of society. ... Not to be confused with Magic (illusion). ... Malthusianism is a brand of the Manchester School capitalist-type political/economic thought developed during the industrial revolution on the basis of the writings of Thomas Malthus. ... Managed care is a concept in U.S. health care. ... Persons of the managerial class are often stated to be more conservative then members in the professional class, reflecting in both their consumer tastes as well as political beliefs. ... Manifest and latent functions are social scientific concepts first clarified for sociology by Robert K. MertonDiligio, 2000. ... This article is about the sociological concept. ... Matrimony redirects here. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... “Manliness” redirects here. ... For chemistry term, see law of mass action Mass action in sociology refers to the situations where large number of people behave simultaneously in similar way but individaully and without coordiantion. ... Popular press redirects here; note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint The Popular Press. Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. ... Mass society is a society in which the concerns of the majority – the lower social classes – play a prominent role, characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes and mass education. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... In philosophy, materialism is that form of physicalism which holds that the only thing that can truly be said to exist is matter; that fundamentally, all things are composed of material and all phenomena are the result of material interactions; that matter is the only substance. ... Matriarchy is a gynocentric form of society, in which power is with the female and especially with the mothers of a community. ... Matrilineality is a system in which one belongs to ones mothers lineage; it may also involve the inheritance of property or titles through the female line. ... Matrilocality is a term used in social anthropology. ... McDonaldization is a term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society. ... In statistics, mean has two related meanings: the arithmetic mean (and is distinguished from the geometric mean or harmonic mean). ... Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: Produktionsmittel), are the combination of the means of labor and the subject of labor used by workers to make products. ... Solidarity in sociology refers to the feeling or condition of unity based on common goals, interests, and sympathies among a groups members. ... Mechanization is the use of machines to replace manual labour or animals and can also refer to the use of powered machinery to help a human operator in some task. ... This article is about the statistical concept. ... Medicaid is the US health insurance program for individuals and families with low incomes and resources. ... The medical gaze is a term coined by French philosopher and critic, Michel Foucault in his 1976 book, The Birth of the Clinic, to denote the often-dehumanizing method by which medical professionals separate the body from the person (see mind-body dualism). ... Medical model is the term (cited by psychiatrist Ronald D. Laing in his The Politics of the Family and Other Essays) for the set of procedures in which all doctors are trained. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... There are several publicly funded health services in various countries called Medicare: Medicare (Canada) is a comprehensive, universal (for all the citizens and permanent residents in the country) public health financing system. ... Megalopolis (Greek: large city, great city) can mean: The town of Megalópoli (Μεγαλοπολη), Megalopolis, Greece. ... Mental disorder or mental illness are terms used to refer psychological pattern that occurs in an individual and is usually associated with distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture. ... Mercantile redirects here. ... Medical sociology is the study of individual and group behaviors with respect to health and illness. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Meethodology is defined as the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline, the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline or a particular procedure or set of procedures [1]. It should be noted that methodology is... Microsociology is one of the main branches of sociology (contrast with macrosociology) which concerns itself with the nature of human interaction on a small scale. ... The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... US General Douglas MacArthur (left), military ruler of Japan 1945-1952, next to Japans defeated Emperor, Hirohito Military rule may mean: Militarism as an ideology of government Military occupation (or Belligerent occupation), when a country or area is conquered after invasion List of military occupations Martial law, where military... President Dwight Eisenhower famously referred to the military-industrial complex in his farewell address. ... Millenarianism (sometimes spelled millenarism or millennarism) is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society after which all things will be changed in a positive (or sometimes negative or ambiguous) direction. ... “Minority” redirects here. ... A mixed economy is an economy that has a mix of economic systems. ... For other uses, see Fashion (disambiguation). ... In the writings of Karl Marx and the Marxist theory of historical materialism, a mode of production (in German: Produktionsweise, meaning the way of producing) is a specific combination of: productive forces: these include human labor-power, tools, equipment, buildings and technologies, materials, and improved land social and technical relations... Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being related to modernism. ... Modernization (also Modernisation) is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transforms the lives of individuals. ... Faithfulness redirects here. ... This article is about the economic term. ... For the Celtic Frost album, see Monotheist (album) In theology, monotheism (from Greek one and god) is the belief in the existence of one deity, or in the oneness of God. ... Moral panic is a sociological term, coined by Stanley Cohen, meaning a reaction by a group of people based on the false or exaggerated perception that some cultural behavior or group, frequently a minority group or a subculture, is dangerously deviant and poses a menace to society. ... Mores are strongly held norms or customs. ... Crude death rate by country Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in some population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time. ... Multiculturalism or cultural pluralism is a policy, ideal, or reality that emphasizes the unique characteristics of different cultures in the world, especially as they relate to one another in immigrant receiving nations. ... Multilineal evolution is a 20th century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. ... A multinational corporation (or transnational corporation) (MNC/TNC) is a corporation or enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. ...

N

nation-state — nationalism — nature — neo-colonialism — neo-liberalism — neo-locality — neolocality — new international division of labour — non-state actor — non-tariff trade barrier — norm — normal type — normlessness — nuclear family — The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... This article is about the physical universe. ... Neo Colonialism is the belife that former colonies of European powers have never recieved economic freedom from their former rulers. ... The term neoliberalism is used to describe a political-economic philosophy that had major implications for government policies beginning in the 1970s – and increasingly prominent since 1980 – that de-emphasizes or rejects positive government intervention in the economy, focusing instead on achieving progress and even social justice by... Industrial societies typically do not follow either patrilocal or matrilocal patterns. ... Non-state actors, in international relations, are actors on the international level which are not states. ... Non-tariff barriers to trade are restrictions to imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff. ... It has been suggested that Convention (norm) be merged into this article or section. ... The typological term normal type (in German: Normaltyp) has been coined by Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936, German sociologist). ... Anomie, in contemporary English means the absence of any kind of rule, law, principle or order. ... The term nuclear family developed in the western world to distinguish the family group consisting of parents (usually a father and mother) and their children, from what is known as an extended family. ...

O

objectivity — oligarchy — oligopoly — ontological security — ontology — open lineage family — organic solidarity — organization — organization theory — organizational behavior — organized crime For other uses of objectivity, see objectivity (disambiguation). ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Oligarchy (Greek , Oligarkhía) is a form of government where political power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society (whether distinguished by wealth, family or military powers). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ontological security is a stable mental state derived from a sense of continuity in regard to the events in ones life. ... This article is about ontology in philosophy. ... Solidarity in sociology refers to the feeling or condition of unity based on common goals, interests, and sympathies among a groups members. ... For other uses, see Organization (disambiguation). ... Organizational Studies (also known as Organizational Behavior) is a distinct field of academic study which takes as its subject organizations, examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, and psychology. ... Organizational Studies (also known as Industrial Organizations, Organizational Behavior and I/O) is a distinct field of academic study which takes as its subject organizations, examining them using the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, and psychology. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ...

P

paradigm — participant observation — participatory democracy — pastoral society — patient dumping — patriarchal — patriarchy — patrilineal descent — peasant — peer group — periphery countries — personal is the political — phenomenology — physician assistant — plea bargaining — pluralism — pluralist theory — police brutality — political economy — political party — politics — pollution — polyandry — polyarchy — polygamy — polygyny — polylogism — polytheism — popular culture — positivism — post-Fordism — post-socialist state — post-structuralism — postindustrial society — postmodernism — postmodernity — poverty — power — power elite — powerlessness — pragmatism — on pragmatic sociology, for now, see: George Herbert Mead —prejudice — prestige — primary deviance — primary group — primary group structure — primary labor market — primary sector — private health care — privatism — profane — professionalism — profession — proletariat — prostitution — proto-globalization — psychopath — psychosis — public order crime — public health — public sphere — purchasing power parity — For other uses, see Paradigm (disambiguation). ... Participant observation is a major research strategy which aims to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, or deviant group) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment. ... Participatory democracy is a broadly inclusive term for many kinds of consultative decision making which require consultation on important decisions by those who will carry out the decision. ... The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (, EMTALA) is a United States Act of Congress passed in 1986 as part of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. ... A patriarch (from Greek: patria means father; arché means rule, beginning, origin) is a male head of an extended family exercising autocratic authority, or, by extension, a member of the ruling class or government of a society controlled by senior men. ... For other uses, see Patriarchy (disambiguation). ... Patrilineality is a system in which one belongs to ones fathers lineage; it generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well. ... In a detail of Brueghels Land of Cockaigne (1567) a soft-boiled egg has little feet to rush to the luxuriating peasant who catches drops of honey on his tongue, while roast pigs roam wild: in fact, hunger and harsh winters were realities for the average European in the... A peer group is a group of people of approximately the same age, social status, and interests. ... This article is about the philosophical movement. ... In the United States, a Physician Assistant (PA) is a health care professional licensed to practice medicine with the supervision of a licensed physician (either an M.D. or D.O.) [1] PAs are not to be confused with medical assistants, who perform administrative and clinical tasks in hospitals and... A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case in which a prosecutor and a defendant arrange to settle the case against the defendant. ... Pluralism is used, often in different ways, across a wide range of topics: In science, the concept often describes the view that several methods, theories or points of view are legitimate or plausible, see Scientific pluralism. ... Pluralism is, in the general sense, the affirmation and acceptance of diversity. ... January 31 1919: David Kirkwood on the ground after being struck by batons of the Glasgow police Police brutality is a term used to describe the excessive use of physical force, assault, verbal attacks, and threats by police officers and other law enforcement officers. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government. ... Political Parties redirects here. ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... Air pollution Pollution is the introduction of pollutants (whether chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light) into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment. ... In social anthropology and sociobiology, polyandry (Greek: poly- many, andros- man) means a female forming a sexual union with more than one male. ... In modern political science, the term Polyarchy (Greek: poly many, arkhe rule)[1] was introduced by Robert A. Dahl, now emeritus professor at Yale University, to describe a form of government that was first implemented in the United States and gradually adopted by many other countries. ... Polygamy has been a feature of human culture since earliest history. ... The term polygyny (neo-Greek: poly+gune Many + Wives) is used in related ways in social anthropology and sociobiology. ... Polylogism is allegedly a tenet of Marxism, Nazism, and some other political and social philosophies, according to which persons of different races or of different social classes use different kinds of logic. ... Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple gods or deities. ... Popular culture (or pop culture) is the widespread cultural elements in any given society that are perpetuated through that societys vernacular language or lingua franca. ... Positivism is a philosophy that states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method. ... Post-fordism is the mode of production increasingly found in most industrialized countries today, which can be contrasted with fordism, the productive method typified by Henry Fords car plants, in which workers work on a production line, performing specialised tasks repetetively. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... A post-industrial society is a proposed name for an economy that has undergone a specific series of changes in structure after a process of industrialization. ... Postmodernism is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ... Postmodernity (also called post-modernity or the postmodern condition) is a term used to describe the social and cultural implications of postmodernism. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ... Much of the recent sociological debate on power revolves around the issue of the constraining and/or enabling nature of power. ... A Power Elite, in political and sociological theory, is a small group of people who control a disproportionate amount of the means of production and access to decision-makers in a political system. ... Pragmatism is a philosophic school that originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Sanders Peirce, who first stated the pragmatic maxim. ... George Herbert Mead (February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Prestige means good reputation or high esteem. ... Primary deviance represents actions that are against norms of a society or a group but are relatively mild in which committed primary deviance would not impact ones self-concept. ... A Primary group is a typically small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring Primary relationships. ... The primary labor market is full of those people who work in the upper jobs. ... The primary sector of industry generally involves the conversion of natural resources into primary products. ... Privatism is a generic term describing any belief that people have a right to the private ownership of certain things. ... Profanity is a word choice or usage which many consider to be offensive. ... A profession is a specialized work function within society, generally performed by a professional. ... A profession is an occupation, vocation or career where specialized knowledge of a subject, field, or science is applied. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. ... Whore redirects here. ... See Also: Antisocial Personality Disorder Theoretically, psychopathy is a three-faceted disorder involving interpersonal, affective and behavioral characteristics. ... For other uses, see Psychosis (disambiguation). ... In criminology public order crime is defined by Siegel (2004) as ...crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently, i. ... Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ... The public sphere is a concept in continental philosophy and critical theory that contrasts with the private sphere, and is the part of life in which one is interacting with others and with society at large. ... The purchasing power parity (PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their purchasing power. ...

Q

qualitative research — quantitative research — qualitative sociology — quantitative sociology — Qualitative research is one of the two major approaches to research methodology in social sciences. ... Quantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. ...

R

race — racism — radical — radical sociology — rape — rationalisation process — rationality — rationalization — realism (international relations) — rebellion — recidivism rate — reciprocity — recursiveness of social knowledge — reductionism — reflexive — reflexive sociology — reflexivity — reform movement — reify — relation of production — relative autonomy — relative deprivation — relative poverty — relativism — religion — representative democracy — research methods — reserve army of labour — resocialization — restratification — retirement center — revolution — riot — risk — rite of passage — ritual — role — role conflict — rural sociology — ruling class — ruling elite — relationships with parents For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) was used from the late 18th century for proponents of the Radical Movement and has since been used as a label in political science for those favouring or trying to produce thoroughgoing political reforms which can include changes to the social order to... In sociology, rationalization is the process whereby society rationalizes from a traditional to a modern state. ... Rationality as a term is related to the idea of reason, a word which following Websters may be derived as much from older terms referring to thinking itself as from giving an account or an explanation. ... Look up Rationalization on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Rationalization can refer to more than one thing: In psychology, rationalization is the process of constructing a logical justification for a decision that was originally arrived at through a different mental process. ... Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      For other uses, see Realism (disambiguation). ... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Descartes held that non-human animals could be reductively explained as automata — De homines 1622. ... The Ouroboros something reflexive refers to itself. ... In mathematics, a binary relation R over a set X is reflexive if for all a in X, a is related to itself. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Reification, also called hypostatisation, is treating an abstract concept as if it were a real, concrete thing. ... Relations of production is a term within Marxism referring to all of the human interactions governing the productive process. ... Relative deprivation is the experience of being deprived of something to which one thinks he is entitled to [Walker & Smith 2001]. It is a term used in social sciences to describe feelings or measures of economic, political, or social deprivation that are relative rather than absolute. ... Relative poverty is a poverty measure based on a poor standard of living or a low income relative to the rest of society. ... For the physics theory with a similar name, see Theory of Relativity. ... Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... The specific methods used in any type of research depend on the type of research being performed. ... Reserve army of labour is a concept in Karl Marxs critique of political economy. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A retirement home is a place of residence intended for the elderly. ... For other uses, see Revolution (disambiguation). ... Teamsters, armed with pipes, riot in a clash with riot police in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934. ... For the Parker Brothers board game, see Risk (game) For other uses, see Risk (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rite of passage (disambiguation). ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ... A function is part of an answer to a question about why some object or process occurred in a system that evolved or was designed with some goal. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Rural sociology is a field of sociology associated with the study of life in small towns and the country. ... The term ruling class refers to the social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that societys political policy. ... The term ruling class refers to the ruling elite of a given society, even in democracies. ...

S

sacred — sacred and the profane — sampling — sampling frame — sanction — Sapir-Whorf hypothesis — scapegoating — schizophrenia — science — second world — secondary data — secondary deviance — secondary group — secondary group structure — secondary labor market — sect — secularization — self — self-consciousness — semi-periphery countries — semiotics — serial monogamy — serial reciprocity — sex — sex role — sex stratification — sexism — sexual harassment — sexual script — sick role — significant other — simulation — situational identity — snowballing — for entries beginning with social, see sections below — socialism — socialization — society — sociobiology — sociocultural context — sociocultural evolution — for entries beginning with sociological, see sections below — sociocultural materialism — sociology — for entries beginning with sociology of, see sections below — — solid waste — solidarity — sovereignty — split labor market theory — standing army — state — state society — stateless society — status — status group — status inconsistency — status offence — stem cell — step-family — stereotype — stigma — stigmatise — Strategic Defense Initiative — stratification — strike — structural unemployment — structuration theory — structure — structures — subculture — suburbanization — superstructure — surplus value — surveillance — survey — symbol — symbolic convergence theory — symbolic interactionism — symbolic system — symbolic world — systems theory SACRED SACRED was a Cubesat built by the Student Satellite Program of the University of Arizona. ... Sampling may refer to: Sampling (signal processing), converting a continuous signal into a discrete signal Sampling (music), re-using portions of sound recordings in a piece Sampling (statistics), selection of observations to acquire some knowledge of a statistical population Sampling (case studies), selection of cases for single or multiple case... Sampling Frame: The source from which a sample is drawn. ... Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, in terms of greater sanctions and rewards. ... In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. ... The scapegoat was a goat that was driven off into the wilderness as part of the ceremonies of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, in Judaism during the times of the Temple in Jerusalem. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... A map of countries often considered to have made up the Second World from the 1950s through to the 1980s. ... In research, secondary data is data collected and possibly processed by people other than the researcher in question. ... Secondary deviance is an act of defying norm in response to peoples reaction to light deviant behaviors, that is, primary deviance. ... People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a primary group, and their relationships are temporary rather than long lasting. ... The secondary labor market is the labor market consisting of high-turnover, low-pay, and usually part time and/or temporary jobs. ... This article is about religious groups. ... This article is about secularization. ... From a classical sociological perspective, the self is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, to others, and to social systems. ... For consciousness of ones existence, see Self-awareness. ... Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems. ... Serial polygamy is a form of marriage in which participants have more than one sexual partner in their lifetime (hence polygamy), but not at the same time (hence serial). ... Serial reciprocity is a term used to represent the effect whereby the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A bagpiper in military uniform. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Sexual harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a sexual nature. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Significant other Significant Other is the second studio album by Limp Bizkit, released on June 22, 1999. ... This article is about the general term. ... Snowballing is: A situation in which the exercise of stop orders in a declining market or advancing market or specific share creates further downward or upward pressure, triggering more stop orders, magnifying the decline or advance. ... Socialism is a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... A family posing for a group photo socializes together. ... For other uses, see Society (disambiguation). ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... The social environment or social context is a group of identical or similar social positions and social roles. ... In the unilineal evolution model at left, all cultures progress through set stages, while in the multilineal evolution model at right, distinctive culture histories are emphasized. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the systematic and scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social action, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous... Mixed municipal waste, Hiriya, Tel Aviv Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. ... Solidarity in sociology refers to the feeling or condition of unity based on common goals, interests, and sympathies among a groups members. ... “Sovereign” redirects here. ... // A split labor market is a three-way conflict between the Capitalist and two labor groups with the Capitalist seeking to displace higher paid workers by cheaper labor. ... A standing army is an army composed of full time professional soldiers. ... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... A stateless nation is a political term used to refer to a Nation/Nationality or ethnic group that does not possess its own Nation State. ... The sociologist Max Weber formulated a three-component theory of stratification in which he defines status class (also known as a status group) as a group of people (part of a society) that can be differentiated on the basis of non-economical qualities like honour, prestige and religion. ... Status inconsistency is a situation when an individual social positions have both positive and negative influences on his social status. ... A status offense is an action that is prohibited only to a certain class of people, and most often applied to offenses only committed by minors. ... Mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent marker. ... A stepfamily is the family one acquires when a parent marries someone new. ... For other uses, see Stereotype (disambiguation). ... Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms. ... Look up stigma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983[1] to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. ... Stratification gooberini went to lousville to dance on a praire and then he went down the hill to hang out with jarry. ... Structural unemployment involves a mismatch between workers looking for jobs and the vacancies available often despite the number of vacancies being similar to the number of unemployed people. ... Structuration theory, in anthropology, maintains that a repeated cultural practice builds social structure, and that practices are dictated by the social structure. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up Structure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In sociology, anthropology and cultural studies, a subculture is a set of people with a set of behaviors and beliefs, culture, which could be distinct or hidden, that differentiate them from the larger culture to which they belong. ... Suburbanisation is a term used by many to describe the current social urban dynamic operating within many parts of the developed world and is related to the phenomenon of urban sprawl. ... // Sociological concept In social sciences, superstructure is the set of socio-psychological feedback loops that maintain a coherent and meaningful structure in a given society, or part thereof. ... Surplus value, according to Marxism, is unpaid labour that is extracted from the worker by the capitalist, and serves as the basis for capitalist accumulation. ... For other uses, see Surveillance (disambiguation). ... Statistical surveys are used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. ... Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective which examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through interaction with others. ... The term symbolic system is used in the field of anthropology and sociology to refer to a system of interconnected symbolic meanings. ... Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field of science. ...

Social

social action — social activism — social actor — social analysis — social animal — social anthropology — social anxiety — social assistance — social artifact — social attitude — social balance theory — social behavior — social bookmarking — social capital — social centers — social change — social character — social chauvinism — social choice function — social choice theory — social circle — social class — social club — social closure — social cognition — social commentary — social complexity — social computing — social condenser — social conflict — social conservatism — social contact — social contract — social construct — social constructionism — social construction of technology — social context — social control — social cost — social credit — social cycle — social dance — social Darwinism — social democracy — social demography — social development — social diffusion theory — social dilemma — social disintegration — social disobedience — social disorganization — social division — social ecology — social elite — social engineering — social environment — social enterprise — social epistemology — social equality — social evolution — social exchange theory — social fact — social fiction — social fobia — social forces — social forum — social function — social geography — social geometry — social good — social group — social guidance film — social hacking — social hierarchy — social history — social housing — social hygiene — social identity — social impact of rock and roll — social implications of the theory of evolution — social implosion — social indicator — social inequality — social informatics — social infrastructure — social injustice — social insect — social institution — social insurance — social interaction — social issue — social judgment theory — social justice — social learning — social liberalism — social life — social loafing — social mania — social model of disability — social mobility — social movement — social network — social norm — social order — social organisation — social parasitism — social pediatrics — social perspective — social phenomena — social philosophy — social phobia — social policy — social position — social positivism — social power — social pressure — social prestige — social problem — social progress — social psychology — social rank — social reality — social reform — social relation - social reproduction — social research — social resonance — social responsibility — social risk — social risk positions — social robot — social role — social rule — social sciences — social service — social simulation — social skills — social space — social statistics — social status — social stereotype — social stigma — social stratification — social structure — social studies — social support — social system — social teaching — social theory — social unrest — social work — social trend-social relationships with parents In sociology, social action refer to any action that takes into account actions and reactions of another individuals (real or imagined) and is modified based on those events. ... Social activists are people who act as the conscience and voice of many individuals within a society. ... In sociology, AI and programming language theory, Actants, or more commonly actors, are the principal concern of the actor-network theory. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A social animal is a loosely defined term for an organism that is highly interactive with other members of its species to the point of having a recognizable and distinct society. ... Social anthropology is the branch of anthropology that studies how currently living human beings behave in social groups. ... Social anxiety is an experience of fear, apprehension or worry regarding social situations and being evaluated by others. ... This article is about financial assistance paid by government organizations. ... Social artifact is any product of individuals or groups (social beings) or of their social behaviour. ... Attitude is a key concept in psychology. ... Social balance theory is a class of theories within social network theory which attempts to describe how individual desires to reduce affective cognitive dissonance influence group network structure. ... In biology, psychology and sociology social behavior is behavior directed towards, or taking place between, members of the same species. ... Social bookmarking is a way for Internet users to store, organize, share and search bookmarks of web pages. ... Social capital is a core concept in business, economics, organizational behaviour, political science, and sociology, defined as the advantage created by a persons location in a structure of relationships. ... Social Centers are squatted buildings, mostly in Europe, which have been made into organizing centers for community support networks and structures such as free kitchens, free shops, public computer labs, graffiti murals, free housing for activists and travelers, recreation, public meetings, legal collectives, and spaces for dances, performances and art... Social change (or Social development) is a general term which refers to: change in the nature, the social institutions, the social behaviour or the social relations of a society, community of people, or other social structures. ... The social character is the central basic principle of the analytic social psychology of Erich Fromm. ... Social-Chauvinism is a term created by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the Bolshevik leader to criticise those in the Second International who supported their countries involvement in World War I. Lenin viewed such support as deviating away from the socialist ideal of international solidarity of the proletariat, and in his eyes... Voters at the voting booths in the US in 1945 Voting systems are methods (algorithms) for groups of people to select one or more options from many, taking into account the individual preferences of the group members. ... Social choice theory studies how individual preferences are aggregated to form a collective preference. ... Social Circles are groups of socially interconnected people. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... This article is about clubs referring to a particular organization of people. ... Social cognition is the name for both a branch of psychology that studies the cognitive processes involved in social interaction, and an umbrella term for the processes themselves. ... Social commentary is the act of expressing an opinion on the nature of society. ... Social complexity is the approach to social phenomena that tries to analyze a social system as a complex system. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Social software. ... From Soviet constructivist theory, the social condenser is a spatial idea practiced in architecture. ... Social conflict is a conflict or confrontation of social powers. ... Social conservatism generally refers to a political ideology or personal belief system that advocates the conservation or resurrection of what one, or ones community, considers to be traditional morality and social structure. ... Social contact is a pair of social actions with no further consequence - i. ... John Lockes writings on the Social Contract were particularly influential among the American Founding Fathers. ... Social scientists and literary scholars have claimed that many things are social constructions or social constructs, or that they have been socially constructed. ... For the learning theory, see Social Constructivism (Learning Theory). ... Social construction of technology (also referred to as SCOT) is a theory within the field of Science and Technology Studies (or Technology and society). ... The social environment or social context is a group of identical or similar social positions and social roles. ... Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, in terms of greater sanctions and rewards. ... Social cost, in economics, is the total of all the costs associated with an economic activity. ... Social Credit (often called Socred for short) is an economic ideology and a social movement which started in the early 1920s. ... Social cycle theory is one of the earliest social theories in sociology. ... Social dance is a major category or classification of danceforms or dance styles, where sociability and socializing are the primary focuses of the dancing. ... Social Darwinism is the idea that Charles Darwins theory can be extended and applied to the social realm, i. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Demography is the study of human population dynamics. ... For other meanings of development used in and outside social sciences, see development. ... A Social dilemma is a paradox that arises from a social decision situation in which contributions are needed to attain some common and shared goal or end-result, and where the rational choice of the individual is to free-ride. For instance, if it was possible for you to be... Social disintegration is a sociological term for the tendency for industrialised, or otherwise modernised, societies to tend towards their own destruction due to the breakdown in traditional social support systems. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Civil disobedience. ... Social disorganization is a criminology theory that was developed by Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw of the Chicago School. ... A social class is, at its most basic, a group of people that have similar social status. ... Social ecology is, in the words of its leading exponents, a coherent radical critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends as well as a reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical approach to society. Social Ecology is a radical view of ecology and of social/political systems. ... Elitism is a belief or attitude that an elite (a selected group of persons whose personal abilities, specialized training or other attributes place them at the top of any field) are the people whose views on a matter are to be taken most seriously, or who are alone fit to... Social engineering has several meanings: Social engineering (political science) Social engineering (computer security) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The social environment is the direct influence of a group of individuals and their contributions to this environment, as both groups and individuals who are in frequent communication with each other within their cultural or socio-economical strata, which create role identity(-ies) and guide the individuals self (sociology... Social enterprises are organizations which trade in goods or services, and link that trade to a social mission. ... Social epistemology can be split into two broad camps: the radical and the non-radical. ... Social equality is a social state of affairs in which certain different people have the same status in a certain respect, minimally at least in voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, and property rights. ... Social evolution is a subdiscipline of evolutionary biology that is concerned with social behaviours, i. ... Social exchange theory is a social psychological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. ... In positivist sociology, social facts are the social structures and cultural norms and values that are external to, and coercive of, actors (Ritzer 2000:73). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Social_science_fiction. ... Social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a common form of anxiety disorder that causes sufferers to experience intense anxiety in some or all of the social interactions and public events of everyday life. ... For other uses, see forum. ... The article is about functionalism in sociology; for other uses, see functionalism. ... Social geography is the study of how society affects geographical features and how environmental factors affect society. ... Social geometry is a theoretical strategy of sociological explanation invented by Donald Black which entails a multi-dimensional model of social space in order to account for variations in social life. ... Collective goods (or social goods) are defined as public goods that could be delivered as private goods, but are delivered instead by the government for various reasons (usually social policy) and financed from public funds like taxes. ... In sociology, a group is usually defined as a collection consisting of a number of people who share certain aspects, interact with one another, accept rights and obligations as members of the group and share a common identity. ... Social guidance films constitute a genre of films attempting to guide children and adults to behave in certain ways. ... In the field of computer security, social engineering is the practice of conning people into revealing sensitive data on a computer system, often on the Internet. ... Social hierarchy is a multi-tiered pyramid-like social or functional structure having an apex as the centralization of power. ... Å…Social history is an area of historical study considered by some to be a social science that attempts to view historical evidence from the point of view of developing social trends. ... Public housing describes a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. ... Sex hygiene is contrasted with false modesty in this frontispiece to an early 20th century book. ... Social Identity Theory is a theory formed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination. ... The massive popularity and worldwide scope of rock and roll resulted in an unprecedented level of social impact. ... According to evolutionary biology, human beings are animals and have an evolutionary history by which we are genetically related to other species. ... In sociology, a social implosion refers to an event where a subgroup of a larger group suddenly becomes separated from the larger group -- the members of the subgroup sever their connections to the larger group (often society as a whole), and their entire social lives become involved in the smaller... The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is a concept in green economics and welfare economics that has been suggested as a replacement metric for gross domestic product (GDP) as a metric of economic growth. ... Social inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of material wealth in a society. ... Social informatics is the study of information and communication tools in the context of culturology, or in the context of a specific institution. ... In social sciences, superstructure is the set of socio-psychological feedback loops that maintain a coherent and meaningful structure in a given society, or part thereof. ... Social Injustice is a concept relating to the perceived unfairness or injustice of a society in its divisions of rewards and burdens. ... Eusociality is the phenomenon of reproductive specialisation found in some species of animal, whereby a specialised caste carries out reproduction in a colony of non-reproductive animals. ... A social institution is any institution in a socity that works to socialize the groups or people in it. ... For specific national programs, see Social Security (United States), National insurance (UK), Social Security (Sweden) Social security refers to a variety of government programs providing for social welfare and social protection and the alleviation of poverty among senior citizens and the disabled. ... Social interaction is a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups) who modify their actions and reactions due to the actions by their interaction partner(s). ... List of major social issues overpopulation teenage pregnancy drug abuse gun control education issue singlemother increase in divorce rate increase in HI rate ... The Social Judgment theory of attitude change was proposed by Carl Hovland and Muzafer Sherif. ... Social justice refers to the concept of an unjust society that refers to more than just the administration of laws. ... Observational learning or social learning refers to learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behaviour observed in others. ... Social liberalism is either a synonym for new liberalism or a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from the more conservative liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. ... Social relation can refer to a multitude of social interactions, regulated by social norms, between two or more people, with each having a social position and performing a social role. ... Wikibooks [[wikibooks:|]] has more about this subject: Managing Groups and Teams/Social Loafing In the social psychology of groups, social loafing is the phenomenon that persons make less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone. ... Social manias are mass movements which periodically sweep through society, sometimes on a world wide basis. ... The social model of disability proposes that barriers and prejudice and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently) are the ultimate factors defining who is disabled and who is not in a particular society. ... Social mobility is the degree to which, in a given society, an individuals social status can change throughout the course of their life (known as intragenerational mobility), or the degree to which that individuals offspring and subsequent generations move up and down the class system (intergenerational mobility). ... American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century. ... Not to be confused with social network services such as MySpace, etc. ... In sociology, a norm, or social norm, is a pattern of behavior expected within a particular society in a given situation. ... Social order is a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences. ... Social organization or social institution, is a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role. ... The Nazi propaganda poster titled New People reads: This person suffering from hereditary defects costs the people 60,000 Reichmarks during his lifetime. ... Social pediatrics is a whole-family and whole-community approach to child medical problems and prevention. ... Social phenomena include all behavior which influences or is influenced by organisms sufficiently alive to respond to one another. ... Social philosophy is the philosophical study of interesting questions about social behavior (typically, of humans). ... Social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a common form of anxiety disorder that causes sufferers to experience intense anxiety in some or all of the social interactions and public events of everyday life. ... Social policy is the study of the welfare state, and the range of responses to social need. ... In sociology, social status also known as Social position social status means a position of an individual in a given society and culture. ... This article describes the term positivism as used in social sciences, especially within the science of sociology. ... Sociologists usually define power as the ability to impose ones will on others, even if those others resist in some way. ... Peer pressure comprises a set of group dynamics whereby a group in which one feels comfortable may override personal habits, individual moral inhibitions or idiosyncratic desires to impose a group norm of attitudes and/or behaviors. ... Prestige means good reputation or high esteem, although it originally meant a delusion or magicians trick (Latin præstigum related to the common stage magicians term, Presto. ... Social issues are matters that can be explained only by factors outside an individual’s control and immediate environment. ... Social progress is defined as a progress of society, which makes the society better in the general view of its members. ... The scope of social psychological research. ... Social rank or simply rank is a hierarchy based on ones perceived importance in society. ... Social reality is distinct from biological or individual cognitive reality, and consists of the accepted social tenets of a community. ... Reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make a change in certain aspects of the society rather than fundamental changes. ... Social relation can refer to a multitude of social interactions, regulated by social norms, between two or more people, with each having a social position and performing a social role. ... Cultural reproduction refers to the process in which existing cultural values and norms are passed down from one generation to the next. ... Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists (primarily within sociology and social psychology), but also within other disciplines such as social policy, human geography, political science, social anthropology and education. ... Word of mouth is the passing of information by verbal means, especially recommendations, but also general information, in an informal, person-to-person manner, rather than by mass media, advertising, organized publication, or traditional marketing. ... Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a responsibility to society. ... Social Risk Positions Social risk positions are social positions that are dictated by the ability to avert risk. ... A social robot is an autonomous robot that interacts and communicates with humans by following the social rules attached to its role. ... A function is part of an answer to a question about why some object or process occurred in a system that evolved or was designed with some goal. ... In sociology a social rule refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a society. ... The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. ... A social worker is a person employed in the administration of charity, social service, welfare, and poverty agencies, advocacy, or religious outreach programs. ... Social simulation is the modelling, or simulation, normally performed using a computer, of social phenomena (e. ... Social skills are skills a social animal uses to interact and communicate with others to assist status in the social structure and other motivations. ... Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment. ... Social status is the honor or prestige attached to ones position in society (ones social position). ... Social stereotypes are cases of metonymy, where a subcategory has a socially recognized status as standing for the category as a whole, usually for the purpose of making quick judgements about people. ... Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms. ... social stratification is the division of people of a particular society on the basis if occupation, income, power, prestige, authority, status, dignity, education, class, castle, gender, race and ethnicity In sociology, social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes and strata within a society. ... See Social structure of the United States for an explanation of concepts exsistance within US society. ... Social studies is a term used to describe the broad study of the various fields which involve past and current human behavior and interactions. ... Social Support. ... Social structure (also referred to as a social system) is a system in which people forming the society are organized by a patterns of prelationships. ... Social theory refers to the use of abstract and often complex theoretical frameworks to explain and analyze social patterns and large-scale social structures. ... A rebellion is, in the most general sense, a refusal to accept authority. ... Social Workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. ...

Sociological

sociological books — sociological context — sociological framework — sociological imagination — sociological naturalism — sociological paradigm — sociological perspective — sociological positivism — sociological theory Sociology books are book dealing with the academic field of sociology. ... Sociological paradigm (also sociological perespectives or frameworks) are specific points of view used by social scientists in social research. ... Sociological imagination is a sociological term coined by American sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 describing the ability to connect seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces to the incidents of an individual’s life. ... Sociological naturalism is a term used in sociology, for the view that natural world and social world are roughly identical and governed by similar principles. ... Sociological paradigm (also sociological perespectives or frameworks) are specific points of view used by social scientists in social research. ... The sociological perspective is a particular way of approaching a phenomena common in sociology. ... This article describes the term positivism as used in social sciences, especially within the science of sociology. ... Sociological theory can refer to: contemporary sociological theory social theory sociological paradigms (also known as perespectives or frameworks) See also list of theories in sociology. ...

Sociology of

See Subfields of sociology for the full list of subfields of sociology

sociology of aging — sociology of architecture — sociology of art — sociology of the body — sociology of childhood — sociology of conflict — sociology of deviance — sociology of disaster — sociology of economic life — sociology of education — sociology of emotions — sociology of the family — sociology of fatherhood — sociology of film — sociology of food — sociology of gender — sociology of giving — sociology of government — sociology of health and illness — sociology of the history of science — sociology of immigration — sociology of industrial relations — sociology of knowledge — sociology of language — sociology of law — sociology of leisure — sociology of markets — sociology of medicine — sociology of media — sociology of memory — sociology of the military — sociology of music — sociology of popular culture — sociology of politics — sociology of punishment —sociology of race — sociology of religion — sociology of science and technology — sociology of sport — sociology of terrorism — sociology of work-sociology of motherhood Sociology has many subfields. ... Sociology of architecture is an uncommon term that describes the sociological study of either: the built environment the occupation of architect Construed as the sociology of the built environment The sociology of architecture deals with the symbolic interaction between the social actions of the organization of space, for example, cities... Sociology of art is one of the subfields of sociology. ... Sociology of the body is a recent branch of sociology studying the representations and social uses of the human body in modern societies. ... Sociology of childhood focusses on processes and consequences of the societal way to concieve and organize childhood. ... In sociology and biology, conflict theory states that the society or organization functions so that each individual participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to social change such as changes in politics and revolutions. ... The sociology of deviance is the sociological study of deviant behavior, the recognized violation of cultural norms, and the creation and enforcement of those norms. ... Sociology of disaster is a special branch of sociology, research being done mostly for applied purposes, especially in the USA, and to some degree as well in Germany and Italy. ... The sociology of education is the study of how social institutions and individual experiences affect educational processes and outcomes. ... Sociology of the family is the study of the family unit from a sociological viewpoint. ... The Sociology of fatherhood is a subbranch of sociology which studies gender role in society, with particular reference to the parental role of the father. ... Sociology of gender is a prominent subfield of sociology. ... Political sociology is the study of sociology within the area of politics. ... Medical sociology is the study of individual and group behaviors with respect to health and illness. ... The sociology and philosophy of science, as well as the entire field of science studies, have in the 20th century been preoccupied with the question of large-scale patterns and trends in the development of science, and asking questions about how science works both in a philosophical and practical sense. ... The sociology of immigration provides sociological understanding of culture, ethnicities, social structures and political economies in the assimilation, enculturation, and marginalisation processes related to migration and adaptation of people. ... The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. ... Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latters focus is on the languages effect on the society. ... Sociology of law refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology and an approach within the field of legal studies. ... Economics Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman, was an important figure in the development of behavioral finance and economics and continues to write extensively in the field. ... Medical sociology is the study of individual and group behaviors with respect to health and illness. ... Political sociology is the study of sociology within the area of politics. ... The sociology of punishment seeks to understand why and how we punish. ... // The sociology of religion is primarily the study of the practices, social structures, historical backgrounds, development, universal themes, and roles of religion in society. ... In academics, science studies (sometimes seen as science and technology studies) is an umbrella term for a number of approaches devoted to studying science, and as a discipline its participants often come from a wide variety of disciplines, usually history of science, sociology of science, philosophy of science, the social... Sociology of sport is an area of sociology that focuses on sport as a social phenomenon and on the social structures, patterns, and organizations or groups engaged in sport. ... Sociology of Terrorism The term, Sociology of Terrorism, describes the drive and idealogy behind terrorist group activities, organization, rank structure, and beliefs through cultural, religious and geographical motivation. ... Industrial Sociology (also known as sociology of industrial relations or sociology of work) is the study of the interaction of people within industry it includes the study of boss-subordinate, inter-departmental, and management / trade-union relationships´. Moreover, on a macrosociological scale, it is the study of the impact of... The sociology of motherhood is a subbranch of sociology which studies gender role in society, with particular reference to the parental role of the mother. ...

T

taboo — Taylorism — Taylorization — technology — terrorism — tertiary sector — the Enlightenment — the Renaissance — theoretical approach — theory — third world — total institution — total war — totalitarianism — totemism — totem — trading network — traditional state — transformative movement — transitional class — transnational company — transsexual — trust — temperament This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... Taylorism or Scientific management is the name of the approach to management and Industrial/Organizational Psychology initiated by Frederick Winslow Taylor in his 1911 monograph The Principles of Scientific Management. ... Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 - March 21, 1915) was an American engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... The tertiary sector of industry, also called the service sector or the service industry, is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing and primary goods production such as agriculture), and primary industry (extraction such as mining and fishing). ... ... By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance -French Renaissance -German Renaissance -English Renaissance The Renaissance was a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... Theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on the context and their methodologies. ... The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... Total institution as defined by Erving Goffman, is an institution where all the aspects of life of individuals under the institution is controlled and regulated by the authorities of the organization. ... Total war is a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nations ability to engage in war. ... Totalitarianism is a term employed by some political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... Totemism (derived from the root -oode in the Ojibwe language, which referred to something kinship-related) is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanistic religions. ... A totem is any entity which watches over or assists a group of people, such as a family, clan or tribe (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary [1] and Websters New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition). ... A fruit stand at a market. ... Traditional authority (also known as traditional domination) is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or custom. ... A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) or transnational corporation (TNC) is one that spans multiple nations; these corporations are often very large. ... A transsexual (sometimes transexual) person establishes a permanent identity with the opposite gender to their assigned (usually at birth) sex. ... Trust is the belief in the good character of one party, presumed to seek to fulfill policies, ethical codes, law and their previous promises. ... For temperament in dog fancy, see conformation point. ...

U

unconscious — underclass — underdevelopment — unemployment — unilinear evolution — unintended consequences — unions — universal health care — upper class — urban ecology — urban renewal — urbanism — urbanization — urban sociology This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A social class is, at its most basic, a group of people that have similar social status. ... Underdevelopment is the state of an organism or of an organisation (e. ... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is currently seeking work. ... Unilineal evolution also referred to as the classical social evolution(ism) is a 19th century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers. ... Universal health care refers to government mandated programs intended to ensure that all citizens, and sometimes permanent residents, of a governmental region have access to most types of health care. ... Upper class is a concept in sociology that refers to the group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. ... Urban ecology is the subfield of ecology which deals with the interaction of plants, animals and humans with each other and with their environment in urban or urbanizing settings. ... Urban Renewal redirects here. ... Urbanism is the study of cities - their geographic, economic, political, social and cultural environment, and the imprint of all these forces on the built environment. ... Urban sociology is the sociological study of the various statistics among the population in cities. ...

V

value — value-added theory — variable — verstehen — vertical mobility — vested interest — victimless crime — violence — visual sociology Value redirects here. ... Value-added theory (also known as the strain theory) was first proposed by Neil Smelser and is based on the assumption that certain conditions are needed for the development of a social movement. ... In computer science and mathematics, a variable (pronounced ) (sometimes called an object or identifier in computer science) is a symbolic representation used to denote a quantity or expression. ... Verstehen (also known as Interpretative Sociology, German for understanding, pronounced as though it rhymes with fair-stain) was used by Max Weber to describe a process in which outside observers of a culture (such as anthropologists) relate to an indigenous people on the observers own terms. ... Vertical mobility refers to a person or groups movement up or down a status hierarchy. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In criminology public order crime is defined by Siegel (2004) as ...crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently, i. ... For other uses, see Violence (disambiguation). ... Visual sociology is an area of sociology concerned with the visual dimensions of social life. ...

X

xenophobia — xenocentrism Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Xenocentrism (adj: xenocentric) is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone elses culture rather than of ones own. ...

Z

zero population growth Zero Population Growth (ZPG) is a concept coined by American sociologist Kingsley Davis. ...