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This list of standard proteinogenic amino acids details the chemical structures and properties of the twenty standard amino acids used in proteins by living cells. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of standard amino acids. ... Chemical structure refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell. Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ...

Structures

Structures and symbols of the 20 amino acids which are directly encoded for protein synthesis by the standard genetic code.

L-Alanine (Ala / A) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x1004, 17 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Alanine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Alanine (Ala, A) also 2-aminopropanoic acid is a non-essential α-amino acid. ...	L-Arginine (Arg / R) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1267x2135, 32 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Arginine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid. ...	L-Asparagine (Asn / N) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1267x1496, 23 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Asparagine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ...	L-Aspartic acid (Asp / D) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1267x1487, 26 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Aspartic acid User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ...
L-Cysteine (Cys / C) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1267x1288, 21 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Cysteine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ...	L-Glutamic acid (Glu / E) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1587x1394, 28 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Glutamic acid ... Glutamic acid (Glu, E), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). ...	L-Glutamine (Gln / Q) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1748x1422, 29 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Glutamine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ...	Glycine (Gly / G) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x743, 11 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Glycine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ...
L-Histidine (His / H) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1446x1711, 30 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Histidine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Histidine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. ...	L-Isoleucine (Ile / I) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x1476, 21 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Isoleucine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different, resulting in different properties. ...	L-Leucine (Leu / L) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x1476, 19 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Leucine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ...	L-Lysine (Lys / K) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1977x1462, 23 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Lysine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ...
L-Methionine (Met / M) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1467x1235, 23 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Methionine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. ...	L-Phenylalanine (Phe / F) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1551x1581, 28 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Phenylalanine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Phe redirects here. ...	L-Proline (Pro / P) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1355x1046, 17 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Proline User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Proline is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH[CH2)3]. L-Proline is one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. ...	L-Serine (Ser / S) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1267x1115, 21 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Serine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Serine (IPA ), organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. ...
L-Threonine (Thr / T) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x1268, 22 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Threonine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ...	L-Tryptophan (Trp / W) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1780x1916, 32 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Tryptophan ... Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. ...	L-Tyrosine (Tyr / Y) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x1643, 30 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Tyrosine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in cheese[1][2]), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ...	L-Valine (Val / V) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x1186, 17 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Valine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Valine is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by humans, so it is considered an essential amino acid for human life. ...

Chemical properties

Following is a table listing the one letter symbols, the three-letter symbols, and the chemical properties of the side chains of the standard amino acids. The masses listed are based on weighted averages of the elemental isotopes at their natural abundances. Note that forming a peptide bond results in elimination of a molecule of water, so the mass of an amino acid unit within a protein chain is reduced by 18.01524 Da. The one-letter symbol for an undetermined amino acid is X. The three-letter symbol Asx or one-letter symbol B means the amino acid is either asparagine or aspartic acid; Glx or Z means either glutamic acid or glutamine; and Xle or J means either leucine or isoleucine. IUPAC/IUBMB now also recommends that Sec or U refers to selenocysteine, and Pyl or O refers to pyrrolysine. Isotopes are any of the several different forms of an element each having different atomic mass (mass number). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). ... This article describes water from a scientific and technical perspective. ... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Glutamic acid (Glu, E), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). ... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different, resulting in different properties. ... The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). ... Skeletal formula of L-selenocysteine Space-filling model of L-selenocysteine Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5 deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases and some hydrogenases). ... Pyrrolysine is a naturally-occurring genetically-coded amino acid. ...

General chemical properties

The unified atomic mass unit (u), or Dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular masses. ... The isoelectric point (pI) is the pH at which a molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge. ... In chemistry and biochemistry, a dissociation constant or an ionization constant is a specific type of equilibrium constant used for reversible reactions or processes. ... Alanine (Ala, A) also 2-aminopropanoic acid is a non-essential α-amino acid. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Glutamic acid (Glu, E), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). ... Phe redirects here. ... For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ... Histidine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different, resulting in different properties. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ... Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. ... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Proline is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH[CH2)3]. L-Proline is one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. ... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid. ... Serine (IPA ), organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. ... Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ... Skeletal formula of L-selenocysteine Space-filling model of L-selenocysteine Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5 deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases and some hydrogenases). ... Valine is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by humans, so it is considered an essential amino acid for human life. ... Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in cheese[1][2]), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ...

Side chain properties

Note: The pKa values of amino acids are typically slightly different when the amino acid is inside a protein. Protein pKa calculations are sometimes used to calculate the change in the pKa value of an amino acid in this situation. In chemistry, hydrophobic or lipophilic species, or hydrophobes, tend to be electrically neutral and nonpolar, and thus prefer other neutral and nonpolar solvents or molecular environments. ... A commonly-used example of a polar compound is water (H2O). ... Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ... Aromaticity is a chemical property in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. ... In chemistry, non-aromatic and non-cyclic (acyclic) organic compounds are called aliphatic. ... The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ... Alanine (Ala, A) also 2-aminopropanoic acid is a non-essential α-amino acid. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... Sulphydryl // In organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a sulfur atom and a hydrogen atom (-SH). ... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Glutamic acid (Glu, E), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). ... Phe redirects here. ... For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ... Histidine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. ... Imidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different, resulting in different properties. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ... Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Standard atomic weight 32. ... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Proline is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH[CH2)3]. L-Proline is one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. ... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid. ... Serine (IPA ), organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. ... Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ... Skeletal formula of L-selenocysteine Space-filling model of L-selenocysteine Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5 deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases and some hydrogenases). ... In organic chemistry, a selenol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a selenium atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SeH). ... Valine is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by humans, so it is considered an essential amino acid for human life. ... Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. ... Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in cheese[1][2]), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ... In computational biology, protein pKa calculations are used to estimate the pKa values of amino acids as they exist within proteins. ...

Gene expression and biochemistry

Note: The Stop Codon is not an amino acid, but is included for completeness. RNA codons. ... Alanine (Ala, A) also 2-aminopropanoic acid is a non-essential α-amino acid. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid. ... Phe redirects here. ... For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ... Histidine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different, resulting in different properties. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ... Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. ... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Proline is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH[CH2)3]. L-Proline is one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. ... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid. ... Serine (IPA ), organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. ... Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ... Skeletal formula of L-selenocysteine Space-filling model of L-selenocysteine Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5 deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases and some hydrogenases). ... Valine is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by humans, so it is considered an essential amino acid for human life. ... Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in cheese[1][2]), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ...

Remarks

Alanine (Ala, A) also 2-aminopropanoic acid is a non-essential α-amino acid. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... A heavy metal is any of a number of higher atomic weight elements, which has the properties of a metallic substance at room temperature. ... In chemistry, a disulfide bond is a single covalent bond derived from the coupling of thiol groups. ... Chemical structure of cystine formed from L-cysteine (under biological conditions) 3D representation of cystine with the disulfide bond shown in yellow Cystine is a conditionally non-essential crystalline, sulfur-containing amino acid. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is an anabolic polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... In biochemistry, the tertiary structure of a protein is its overall shape. ... Irreversible egg protein denaturation and loss of solubility, caused by the high temperature (while cooking it) In biochemistry, denaturation is a structural change in biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, such that they are no longer in their native state, and their shape which allows for optimal activity. ... Pepsin is a digestive protease (EC 3. ... Chymotrypsin (bovine γ chymotrypsin: PDB 1AB9, EC 3. ... Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is an anabolic polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid. ... Phe redirects here. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Aromaticity is a chemical property in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. ... For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ... Optical isomerism is a form of isomerism (specifically stereoisomerism) where the two different isomers are the same in every way except being non-superposable mirror images of each other. ... Tropocollagen triple helix. ... Histidine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. ... Protonation is the addition of a proton (H+) to an atom, molecule, or ion. ... In biology an endosome is a membrane-bound compartment inside cells. ... Organelles. ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different, resulting in different properties. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... DNA replication Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid which carries genetic instructions for the biological development of all cellular forms of life and many viruses. ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Amide functional group Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. ... A carboxyl or carboxylic group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom doubly bonded to each other. ... Proline is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH[CH2)3]. L-Proline is one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. ... Side view of an α-helix of alanine residues in atomic detail. ... Diagram of β-pleated sheet with H-bonding between protein strands The β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins — the first is the alpha helix — consisting of beta strands connected laterally by three or more hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. ... Tropocollagen triple helix. ... Posttranslational modification is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. ... Structure of hydroxyproline 4-Hydroxyproline, or hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is an uncommon amino acid, abbreviated as HYP, e. ... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Amide functional group Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. ... A carboxyl or carboxylic group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom doubly bonded to each other. ... Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ... Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid. ... Serine (IPA ), organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. ... // Hydroxyl group The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. ... Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Valine is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by humans, so it is considered an essential amino acid for human life. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Serotonin (pronounced ) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in cheese[1][2]), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ... Broadly, melanin is any of the polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole blacks and browns or their mixed copolymers. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ...

References

• Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd ed, Worth Publishers. ISBN 1-57259-153-6. 
• Kyte, J.; Doolittle, R. F. (1982). "A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein". J. Mol. Biol. 157 (1): 105-132. PMID 7108955.