|
This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to the scientific method. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by following the Related changes (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Recentchangeslinked&target=List_of_topics_%28scientific_method%29) link. This list is not necessarily complete or up to date; if you see an article that should be here but is not (or one that should not be here but is), please update the page accordingly. A scientific method or process is considered fundamental to the scientific investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence. ...
The scientific method Roger Bacon -- thirteenth century --Francis Bacon's New Organon Statue of Roger Bacon in the Oxford University Museum Roger Bacon (1214 – 1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: astounding doctor), was one the most famous Franciscan friars of this time. ...
(12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...
Sir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans (January 22, 1561 – April 9, 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, spy, freemason and essayist. ...
interpretations of the scientific method -- science -- philosophy of science-- history of science -- sociology of knowledge -- process --knowledge The scientific method or process is fundamental to the scientific investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence. ...
What is science? There are different theories of what science is. ...
The philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy which studies the philosophical foundations, presumptions and implications of science both of the natural sciences like physics and biology and the social sciences such as psychology and economics. ...
Modern science is a body of verifiable empirical knowledge, a global community of scholars, and a set of techniques for investigating the universe known as the scientific method. ...
The sociology of knowledge is the study of the social origins of ideas, and of the effects that prevailing ideas have on societies. ...
Process (lat. ...
Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning (a posteriori), or through introspection (a priori). ...
-- methods -- causation -- investigation -- For railroad use of the term observation, see observation car. ...
Introduction The Baconian method is the investigative method developed by Francis Bacon. ...
This article is about causality as it is used in many different fields. ...
A detective is an officer of the police who performs criminal or administrative investigations, in some police departments, the lowest rank among such investigators (above the lowest rank of officers and below sergeants), a civilian licensed to investigate information not readily available in public records (a private investigator, also called...
measurement -- solar day vs sidereal day. mass vs weight Measurement is the determination of the size or magnitude of something. ...
Solar time is based on the idea that, when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky, it is noon. ...
On a prograde planet like the Earth, the sidereal day is shorter than the solar day. ...
Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the amount of matter they contain. ...
Weight is the force exerted upon an object by virtue of its position in a gravitational field. ...
Use Occam's Razor to prune the list of hypothetical explanations of the observation.-- pro:Karl Popper Falsifiability -- con:Paul Feyerabend -- statistical hypothesis testing A hypothesis (= assumption in ancient Greek) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. ...
Occams Razor (also Ockhams Razor or any of several other spellings), is a principle attributed to the 14th century English logician and Franciscan friar, William of Ockham that forms the basis of methodological reductionism, also called the principle of parsimony or law of economy. ...
Karl Popper Sir Karl Raimund Popper (July 28, 1902 – September 17, 1994), was an Austrian-born, British philosopher of science. ...
This page discusses how a theory or assertion is falsifiable (disprovable opp: verifiable), rather than the non-philosophical use of falsification, meaning counterfeiting. ...
Paul Karl Feyerabend (January 13, 1924 - February 11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, who later lived in England, the United States, New Zealand, Italy, and finally Switzerland. ...
One may be faced with the problem of making a definite decision with respect to an uncertain hypothesis which is known only through its observable consequences. ...
A prediction is a logical inference from the hypothesis — Bayesian inference is subjective use of statistical reasoning — Deductive reasoning — Retrodiction A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular event will come to pass in the future. ...
To infer is to draw a conclusion based on what one already knows and on that alone. ...
Bayesian inference is statistical inference in which probabilities are interpreted not as frequencies or proportions or the like, but rather as degrees of belief. ...
Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion that is guaranteed to follow, if the evidence provided is true and the reasoning used to reach the conclusion is correct. ...
Retrodiction (or postdiction, though this should not be confused with the use of the term in criticisms of parapsychological research) is the act of making a prediction about the past. ...
Feynman: "We can do anything we want (in theorizing). Then all we have to do is check with the experiment." Design of experiments -- placebo effect -- From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ...
The placebo effect (also known as non-specific effects) is the phenomenon that a patients symptoms can be alleviated by an otherwise ineffective treatment, apparently because the individual expects or believes that it will work. ...
Evaluation Test of the inference: prediction and experimentation to establish new facts. Critical examination of the hypothetical explantion: peer review by community of scholars, using Logic etc. The wave theory of light overturned by photoelectric effect. Peer review unused for cold fusion. The words test and testing have many meanings: Testing or experimentation is part of the scientific method, to verify or falsify an already formed expectation with an observation. ...
A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular event will come to pass in the future. ...
From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ...
Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of funding for research. ...
Logic (from ancient Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see below). ...
In physics, wave-particle duality holds that light and matter simultaneously exhibit properties of waves and of particles (or photons). ...
The photoelectric effect. ...
Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of funding for research. ...
Charles Bennett examines three cold fusion test cells at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA Cold fusion is a name for any nuclear fusion reaction that occurs well below the temperature required for thermonuclear reactions (which occur at millions of degrees Celsius). ...
Departures from method Michael Polanyi elegant beautiful Occam's Razor. Michael Polanyi (March 11, 1891 - February 22, 1976) was a Hungarian/ British polymath whose thought and work extended across physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. ...
Elegance is the attribute of being tastefully designed or decorated, with focus on basic features. ...
Many see natural beauty in the folded petals of a rose This page is about the pleasant phenomenon. ...
Occams Razor (also Ockhams Razor or any of several other spellings), is a principle attributed to the 14th century English logician and Franciscan friar, William of Ockham that forms the basis of methodological reductionism, also called the principle of parsimony or law of economy. ...
Ptolemaic system Nicolaus Copernicus Tycho Brahe Kepler Isaac Newton Galileo model The Ptolemaic system was a model to explain the motions of the heavens in which the earth was the centre of the universe and all other celestial bodies rotated around it, espoused by Claudius Ptolemaeus in his work, the Almagest some time around the 2nd century, C.E., and accepted...
Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus; February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ...
Tycho Brahe (December 14, 1546 Knudstrup, Denmark – October 24, 1601 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)) was a Danish nobleman, well known as an astronomer/astrologer (the two were not yet distinct) and alchemist. ...
Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), a key figure in the scientific revolution, was a German astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. ...
Sir Isaac Newton in Knellers 1689 portrait Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727 by the Julian calendar in use in England at the time; or 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 by the Gregorian calendar) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist who wrote...
Galileo Galilei (Pisa, February 15, 1564 – Arcetri, January 8, 1642), was a Tuscan astronomer, philosopher, and physicist who is closely associated with the scientific revolution. ...
Model may refer to more than one thing : For models in society, art, fashion, and cosmetics, see; role model model (person) supermodel figure drawing modeling section In science and technology, a model (abstract) is understood as an abstract or theoretical representation of a phenomenon,see; geologic modeling model (economics) model...
Annotated list of related issues Empirical methods Empirical methods are the means by which scientists gather information about the world in order to develop theories. ...
Paradigm change Empiricism (greek εμπειρισμός, from empirical, latin experientia - the experience) is generally regarded as being at the heart of the modern scientific method, that our theories should be based on our observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith; that is, empirical research and a posteriori inductive reasoning rather...
Statue of Roger Bacon in the Oxford University Museum Roger Bacon (1214 – 1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: astounding doctor), was one the most famous Franciscan friars of this time. ...
Sir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans (January 22, 1561 – April 9, 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, spy, freemason and essayist. ...
Introduction The Baconian method is the investigative method developed by Francis Bacon. ...
An empirical validation of a hypothesis is required for it to gain acceptance in the scientific community. ...
Operationalization is the process of converting concepts into specific observable behaviors that a researcher can measure. ...
The problem of induction questions the logical basis of scientific statements. Since the late 1800s, the word paradigm has referred to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context. ...
Thomas Samuel Kuhn (July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American intellectual who wrote extensively on the history of science and developed several important notions in the philosophy of science. ...
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Thomas Kuhn, 1962) is an analysis of the history of science. ...
A paradigm shift is the term first used by Thomas Kuhn in his famous 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions to describe the process and result of a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. ...
The Problem of Induction is the philosophical issue involved in deciding the place of induction in determining empirical truth. ...
Scientific creativity This article is about induction in philosophy and logic. ...
David Hume David Hume (April 26, 1711 – August 25, 1776) was a Scottish philosopher and historian and, with Adam Smith and Thomas Reid among others, one of the most important figures in the Scottish Enlightenment. ...
Karl Popper Sir Karl Raimund Popper (July 28, 1902 – September 17, 1994), was an Austrian-born, British philosopher of science. ...
This page discusses how a theory or assertion is falsifiable (disprovable opp: verifiable), rather than the non-philosophical use of falsification, meaning counterfeiting. ...
When method goes wrong Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American physical chemist, widely regarded as the premier chemist of the twentieth century. ...
Sir Isaac Newton in Knellers 1689 portrait Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727 by the Julian calendar in use in England at the time; or 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 by the Gregorian calendar) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist who wrote...
Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz (September 7, 1829 - July 13, 1896) was a German organic chemist. ...
Benzene, C6H6, PhH, or benzol is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. ...
Michael Polanyi (March 11, 1891 - February 22, 1976) was a Hungarian/ British polymath whose thought and work extended across physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. ...
The concept of tacit knowing comes from scientist and philosopher Michael Polanyi. ...
Critique of scientific method Bad science usually refers either to substandard scientific methods or to findings that have been arrived at by such methods. ...
Junk science is a term used to derogate purportedly scientific data, research, analyses or claims which are driven by political, financial or other questionable motives. ...
Pseudoscience refers to any body of knowledge or practice which purports to be scientific by the scientific community but which eventually fails to comply with the scientific method. ...
Pathological science is a term created by the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Irving Langmuir during a colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953. ...
Use of statistics Paul Karl Feyerabend (January 13, 1924 - February 11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, who later lived in England, the United States, New Zealand, Italy, and finally Switzerland. ...
Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) was a philosopher of mathematics and of science. ...
The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is a recognised school of loosely allied thinkers including Gaston Bachelard, Thomas Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, Bruno Latour and David Bloor. ...
The term scientism is a relatively newly coined word that refers to certain epistemologies based on science. ...
Uncomfortable science is the term coined by statistician John Tukey for cases in which there is a need to draw an inference from a limited sample of data, where further samples influenced by the same cause system will not be available. ...
For Wikipedia statistics, see m:Statistics Statistics is the science and practice of developing human knowledge through the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form. ...
John Wilder Tukey (June 16, 1915 - July 26, 2000) was a statistician. ...
The topics below are usually included in the area of interpreting statistical data. ...
Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of individual observations intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern, especially for the purposes of statistical inference. ...
A datum is a statement accepted at face value (a given). Data is the plural of datum. ...
In mathematics, a set is called finite if and only if there is a bijection between the set and some set of the form {1, 2, ..., n} where is a natural number. ...
-1...
A phenomenon (plural: phenomena) is an observable event, especially something special (literally something that can be seen from the Greek word phainomenon = observable). ...
Exploratory data anaysis (EDA) is that part of statistical practice concerned with reviewing, communicating and using data where there is a low level of knowledge about its cause system. ...
Statistics is the science and practice of developing knowledge through the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form. ...
In statistics, a biased estimator is one that for some reason on average over- or underestimates what is being estimated. ...
In statistics, hypotheses suggested by the data must be tested differently from hypotheses formed independently of the data. ...
In statistics, a prediction interval bears the same relationship to a future observation that a confidence interval bears to an unobservable population parameter. ...
What made the scientific method succeed? - Political factors
- Economic factors
- Other factors
- Rediscovery of ancient Greek, Arabic, and other texts by Europeans during the medieval period
- Invention of the printing press facilitated knowledge sharing
- Backlash against the obstinacy of the Catholic Church for clinging to antiquated and obviously irrational doctrines
- Protection of the community of scientists who fostered the discoveries
- The reformation, seizure of the orders led to secular communities of scholars
- Britain was an island nation
- American Revolution - challenged the existing social order (absolutist monarchies, divine right of kings)
Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ...
This article is about the continent. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ...
The Roman Catholic Church believes its founding was based on Jesus appointment of Saint Peter as the primary church leader, later Bishop of Rome. ...
Before the Revolution: The 13 colonies are in red, the pink area was claimed by Great Britain after the French and Indian War, and the orange region was claimed by Spain. ...
Why didn't the scientific method arise elsewhere? - Greece
- Indic civilization
- Islamic civilization
- China
- Africa
- America, North / South
Relationship to techology Technology is subordinate to Science; Scientific discovery rests on technology.
See also Epistemology Bayesianism is the philosophical tenet that the mathematical theory of probability applies to the degree of plausibility of statements, or to the degree of belief of rational agents in the truth of statements; when used with Bayes theorem, it then becomes Bayesian inference. ...
Quasi-empirical methods are applied in science and in mathematics. ...
In computer science jargon, a foundation ontology or upper ontology is a hierarchy of entities and associated rules (both theorems and regulations) that attempts to describe those general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain. ...
In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek ον = being and λόγος = word/speech) is the most fundamental branch of metaphysics. ...
Philosophy of mathematics is that branch of philosophy which attempts to answer questions such as: why is mathematics useful in describing nature?, in which sense, if any, do mathematical entities such as numbers exist? and why and how are mathematical statements true?. Various approaches to answering these questions will be...
Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Mathematics Wikiquote quotations related to: Mathematics Look up Mathematics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Mathematics Bogomolny, Alexander: Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles. ...
Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. ...
physical law -- Science policy -- Scientific Revolution -- Sociology of knowledge -- Science studies -- Conflicting theories Postprocessual archaeology is related to the broader process of postmodernism during the 1980s. ...
Structuralism is an approach that grew to become one of the most widely used methods of analyzing language, culture, philosophy of mathematics, and society in the second half of the 20th century. ...
Post-structuralism is a term used in an English language context to designate some French language scholarship and Anglo-American derivatives that washed ashore as the tide of structuralism receded. ...
In critical theory and postmodernism, deconstruction is a textual occurrence which exists within Western systems of language and philosophy. ...
Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ...
Bruno Latour (born 1947, Beaune, France) is a French sociologist of science best known for his books We Have Never Been Modern, Laboratory Life, and Science in Action, describing the process of scientific research from the perspective of social construction based on field observations of working scientists. ...
Secularism means: in philosophy, the belief that life can be best lived by applying ethics, and the universe best understood, by processes of reasoning, without reference to a god or gods or other supernatural concepts. ...
A physical law or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations. ...
Science policy is usually considered the art of justifying, managing or prioritizing support of scientific research and development. ...
In the history of science, the scientific revolution was the period that roughly began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others at the dawn of the 17th century, and ended with the publication of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton. ...
The sociology of knowledge is the study of the social origins of ideas, and of the effects that prevailing ideas have on societies. ...
In academics, science studies (sometimes seen as science and technology studies) is an umbrella term for a number of approaches devoted to studying science, and as a discipline its participants often come from a wide variety of disciplines, usually history of science, sociology of science, philosophy of science, sociology of...
Conflicting theories can exist in any discipline. ...
|
Feeds |
Contact