Lithium polymer batteries (Li-Poly or LiPo) are rechargeable batteries which have technologically evolved from lithium ion batteries. The lithium salt electrolyte is not held in an organic solvent, like in the proven lithium ion design, but in a solid polymer composite such as polyacrylonitrile. Rechargeable batteries are batteries that can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy. ... Lithium-ion batteries have a nominal voltage of 3. ... General Name, Symbol, Number Lithium, Li, 3 Series Alkali metal Group, Period, Block 1(IA), 2, s Density, Hardness 535 kg/m3, 0. ... An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... A polymer is a generic term used to describe a substantially long molecule. ... Polyacrylonitrile is a resinous, fibrous, or rubbery organic polymer. ...

There are many advantages of this design over the classic lithium ion design. The solid polymer electrolyte is not flammable like the organic solvent that the Li-Ion cell uses. Thus these batteries are less hazardous if mistreated. (However serious fires have resulted when they have been overcharged or just left in a car on a very hot day.) Furthermore, since no metal battery cell casing is needed, the battery can be lighter and it can be specifically shaped to fit the device it will power. Because of the denser packaging without the holes between cylindrical cells and the lack of metal casing, the energy density of Li-Poly batteries is over 20% higher than that of a classical Li-Ion battery and approximately three times better than NiCd and NiMH batteries. The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd or NiCad) is a popular type of rechargeable battery for portable electronics and toys. ... The National Institute of Mental Health is a part of the United States National Institutes of Health. ...

The voltage of a Li-Poly cell varies from about 2.7V (discharged) to about 4.23V (fully charged), and Li-Poly cells have to be protected from overcharge by limiting the applied voltage to no more than 4.235V per cell used in a series combination. During discharge on load, the load has to be removed as soon as the voltage drops below approximately 3.0V per cell (used in a series combination), or else the battery will subsequently no longer accept a charge.

Still early in its development, Lithium Polymer technology has problems with internal resistance. Other challenges include longer charge times and the slower maximum discharge rates compared to more mature technologies. Recent design improvements have increased maximum discharge currents from two times the cell capacity to 15 or even 20 times it. The output impedance, source impedance, or internal impedance of an electronic device is the opposition exhibited by its output terminals to the flow of an alternating current (AC) of a particular frequency as a result of resistance, induction and capacitance. ...

Fast charging too has been an area of concern. Li-Po batteries typically require more than an hour for a full charge. However in March 2005 Toshiba announced a new design offering a much faster rate of charge. These cells have yet to reach the market but should have a dramatic effect on the power tool and electric vehicle industries, and a major effect on consumer electronics especially electrically-powered model aeroplanes.

When compared to the Lithium Ion Battery, Li-Poly have a greater life cycle degradation rate. However, in recent years manufacturers are declaring upwards of 500 charge-discharge cycles before the capacity drops to 80% (see Sanyo). Another variant of Li-Poly cells, the "thin film rechargeable lithium battery" has been shown to provide more than 10,000 cycles. Lithium-ion batteries have a nominal voltage of 3. ...

The lithium in a Li-Poly cell is hazardous and will react violently with water. Cell disposal instructions usually suggest puncturing the cell and immersing it in salt water for several hours.

Applications

A compelling advantage of Li-Poly is that manufacturers can shape the battery almost however they please, which can be important to mobile phone manufacturers constantly working on smaller, thinner, and lighter phones. Another advantage of lithium polymer cells over nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride cells is that the rate of self discharge is much lower.

Li-Poly batteries are also gaining favor is in the world of radio controlled aircraft, where the lower weights offered can be sufficient justification for the price. However, lithium polymer-specific chargers and electronic motor speed controls are required to prevent excessive discharge and subsequent battery damage. They are also gaining ground in PDAs and laptop computers, where small form factors and energy density outweigh cost considerations. Palm IIIxe PDA Personal digital assistants (PDAs or palmtops) are handheld devices that were originally designed as personal organizers, but became much more versatile over the years. ... Laptop with touchpad. ...

Technology

The currently commercialized ones are two technologies (both actually Li-ion-polymer) where "polymer" stands for "polymer electrolyte/separator". Let's call them "polymer electrolyte batteries"

The idea is to use an ionically conducting polymer instead of the traditional combination of a microporous separator and a liquid electrolyte. This promises not only better safety as polymer electrolyte does not burn as easily, but also the possibility to make battery cells very thin as they don't require pressure applied to "sandwich" cathode+anode together. Polymer electrolyte seals both electrodes together like a glue.

Design is: anode (Li or carbon-Li intercalation compound)/conducting polymer electrolyte-separator/cathode (LiCoO₂ or LiMn₂O₄)

Typical reaction:

• anode: carbon-Li(x) - xLi+ - xe⁻
• separator: Li+ conduction
• cathode: Li(1-x)CoO₂ + xLi+ + xe⁻

Polymer electrolyte/separator can be real solid polymer (polyethyleneoxide, PEO) +LiPF₆ or other conducting salt +SiO₂ or other filler for better mechanical properties (such systems are not available commercially yet). Some are planning to use metallic Li as the anode, whereas others want to go with the proven safe carbon intercalation anode. An anode (from the Greek άνοδος = going up) is the positive electrode in an electrolytic system or circuit. ... A separator is a device that separates two things from each other, e. ... Diagram of a copper cathode The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs is referred to as the cathode (from the Greek word κάθοδος = going down). In an electrolytic cell the cathode is negatively charged and in a galvanic cell the cathode is positively charged. ...

Both currently commercialized technologies are using PVdF (polymer) gelled with conventional solvent+salt, like EC/DMC/DEC etc. The difference between the two technologies is that one (Bellcore/Telcordia technology) uses LiMn₂O₄ as the cathode, and the other the more conventional LiCoO₂. Telcordia Technologies, formerly Bellcore, is an American telecommunications company created in 1984 after the breakup of AT&T. It was split from the original Bell Labs as part of the negotiated consent decree with the US government, and served Research & Development and standards setting functions for the resulting seven Baby...

Other more exotic and not yet commercially available Li-polymer batteries use a polymer cathode. Let's call them "real polymer batteries". For example Moltec is promising to deliver a battery with a plastic conducting carbon-sulfur cathode. However, they seem to have problems with self-discharge and manufacturing cost.

Yet another proposal is to use organic sulfur containing compounds as the cathode in combination with electrically conducting polymer (polyaniline for example). This promises high power capability (e.g. low internal resistance) and high discharge capacity, but has problems with cycleability, and especially, cost.

External links

Kokam's lithium ion polymer technical specifications (http://www.kokam.com/english/biz/rc.html)

Worley Energy Cells(http://www.worley.com.au/v5/page.aspx?id=117)

ITN Energy Systems - Lipo(no gel) lifetimes greater than 50,000 cycles (http://www.itnes.com/pages/battery_graph1.html#capacity_vs_cycles)

Cymbet Corporation - 900 Wh/L Lip cells (http://www.cymbet.com/highlights.php)

Sanyo - 500 charge cycles (http://www.sanyo.com/batteries/lithpol.cfm)