The litas (ISO currency code LTL, symbolized as Lt; plural litai or litų) is the official currency of Lithuania. One litas is divided into 100 centų (singular centas, alternate plural centai). The litas was first introduced in 1922 after World War I, when Lithuania declared independence and was reintroduced on June 25, 1993, following a period of currency exchange from the ruble to the litas with the temporary talonas then in place. The name was modeled after the name of the country (similarly to Latvia and its lats). From 1994 to 2002 the litas was pegged to the U.S. dollar at the rate of 1 to 4. Currently the litas is pegged to the euro at the rate of 3.4528 to 1. It is expected that the litas will be replaced by the euro on January 1, 2008 at the earliest. The European exchange rate mechanisms (or ERM) was a system introduced by the European Community in March 1979, as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange-rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe, in preparation for Economic and Monetary Union and the introduction of a single... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... ISO 4217 Code EUR User(s) European Union: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain. ... A two-cent euro coin A United States penny, or 1¢ In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of the basic unit of value. ... Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ... Lithuanian grammar is the study of rules governing the use of the Lithuanian language. ... A two-cent euro coin A United States penny, or 1¢ In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of the basic unit of value. ... Lithuanian grammar is the study of rules governing the use of the Lithuanian language. ... The Bank of Lithuania is the central bank of the Republic of Lithuania. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... A two-cent euro coin A United States penny, or 1¢ In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of the basic unit of value. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... ISO 4217 Code SUR User(s) Soviet Union Subunit 1/100 kopek (копейка) Symbol руб kopek (копейка) к Plural rublya (gen. ... The talonas was a temporary currency issued in Lithuania between 1991 and 1993. ... The 5 lats coin, used before WWII, becamed a popular symbol of independence during the Soviet era The lats (in Latvian: lats, plural lati, the ISO 4217 currency code: LVL) is the official currency of Latvia. ... A fixed exchange rate, sometimes (less commonly) called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of exchange rate regime wherein a currencys value is matched to the value of another single currency or to a basket of other currencies, or to another measure of value, such as gold. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... ISO 4217 Code EUR User(s) European Union: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

The interwar period (1922-1941)

The first litas was introduced on October 2, 1922, replacing the ostmark and ostruble, both of which had been issued by occupying German forces during World War I. The litas was established at a value of 10 to 1 to the United States dollar and was subdivided into 100 centų. Despite the world wide economic depression, the litas was quite a strong and stable currency. One litas was covered by 0.150462 grams of gold stored by the Bank of Lithuania in foreign countries. In March 1923, the circulation amounted to 39,412,984 litai, backed by 15,738,964 in actual gold and by 24,000,000 in high exchange securities.^[1] It was required that at least one third of the total circulation would be covered by gold and the rest by other assets. By 1938, 1 U.S. dollar was worth about 5.9 litai.^[2] Ostmark is the name given to a currency denominated in mark whch was issued by Germany in 1918 for use in the eastern areas under German control at that time. ... Ostruble is the name given to a currency denominated in kopek and ruble, which was issued by Germany in 1916 for use in the eastern areas under German occupation. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 3. ... The Great Depression was a global economic slump that began in 1929 and bottomed in 1933. ... The Bank of Lithuania is the central bank of the Republic of Lithuania. ...

All coins released in the interwar period were designed by sculptor Juozas Zikaras (1881-1944). Statue of Liberty in Kaunas designed by Zikaras as featured on modern 20 litas banknote Juozas Zikaras (1881-1944) was a Lithuanian sculptor and artist, who created the design for pre-war Lithuanian litas coins. ...

The litas was replaced by the Russian ruble in 1941 after Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union, with 1 litas equal to 0.9 ruble, when the actual worth of the litas was about 3-5 rubles. Such an exchange rate provided great profits for the military and party officials. Trying to protect the value of the currency, people started to massively buy and, which together with a downfall in production (following nationalization), caused material shortages. Then withdrawals were limited to 250 litų.^[3] When the litas was last in circulation, before World War II, it was worth about 20 U.S. cents.^[4] In 1941, the litas was completely abolished. Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33...

The independent Lithuania (since 1990)

The litas became Lithuania's currency once more on June 25, 1993, when it replaced the temporary currency talonas at a rate of 1 litas to 100 talonas. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Preparatory work

Officials started to prepare for the introduction of the litas even before independence was declared, it was thought to introduce the litas alongside the ruble even if Lithuania remained a part of the Soviet Union.^[5] In December 1989, artists were asked to submit sketches of possible coin and banknote designs. Also, a list of famous people was compiled in order to determine who should be featured.

The Bank of Lithuania was established on March 1, 1990. Ten days later Lithuania declared independence. At first the Lithuanian government negotiated in vain with Francois Charles Oberthur, a press located in France to print the banknotes. In November 1990 The Bank of Lithuania decided to work with the United States Banknote Corporation (now American Banknote Corporation). In late fall, 1991 the first shipments of litas banknotes and coins arrived in Lithuania.

In November 1991, the Currency Issue Law was passed and the Litas Committee was created. It had the power to fix the date for the litas to come into circulation, the terms for the withdrawal from circulation of the ruble, the exchange rate of the litas and other conditions. Officials waited for a while for the economy to stabilize to not to expose the young litas to inflation. About 80% of Lithuania's trade was with Russia and the government needed to find a way to smooth the transition from the ruble zone. Also, Lithuania needed to gather funds to form a stabilization fund.

Gathering funds

At first, Lithuania did not have gold or any other securities to back up the litas. Lithuania needed to find about 200 million U.S. dollars to form the stabilization fund. First, it sought to recover its pre-war gold reserves (about 10 tons) from France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, etc. In the interwar period Lithuania stored its gold reserve in foreign banks. After the occupation in 1940 those reserves were “nobody’s”: there was no Lithuania and most western countries condemned the occupation as illegal and did not recognize the Soviet Union as a successor. The Bank of England, for example, sold the reserves to the Soviets in 1967. However, in January 1992 it announced that this action was a “betrayal of the people of the Baltic states” and that it would return the originally deposited amount of gold, now worth about 90 million pound sterling, to the three Baltic states. Lithuania received 18.5 million pounds or 95,000 ounces of gold and remained a customer of the bank. Similarly, in March 1992 Lithuania reclaimed gold from the Bank of France and later from the Bank of Sweden. Headquarters London Governor Mervyn King Central Bank of United Kingdom Currency Pound Sterling ISO 4217 Code GBP Base borrowing rate 5. ... ISO 4217 Code GBP User(s) United Kingdom Inflation 2. ... It has been suggested that Baltic Republics be merged into this article or section. ... The ounce is the name for a number of different units of mass (oz), and also of two units of fluid volume (fl oz) and of one unit of force, the ounce-force (ozf). ... One of the Banque de Frances offices in Paris. ... Sveriges Riksbank is the central bank of Sweden, sometimes called just the Bank of Sweden. ...

In October 1992, the International Monetary Fund (Lithuania joined this organization on April 29, 1992) granted the first loan of 23.05 million U.S. dollars ^[6] to create the stabilization fund. However, it is estimated that at the time of the introduction of the new currency, Lithuania managed to gather only $120 million for the stabilization fund. For a brief while it was kept a secret so as not to further damage the reputation and trust in of the litas. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. ...

The first talonas reform

In early August 1991, as a response to public complaints about inflation, the Lithuanian government introduced the talonas (Lithuanian plural form is “talonai”; sometimes translated as “coupon”). It was a quick and unforeseen reform pushed by the Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius. At first, it was very similar to ration coupons: every person received 20% of his/her salary in talonas up to a maximum of 200 talonas. In order to buy goods other than food, a person must have paid the same price in rubles and in talonas (for example, if a pair of shoes cost 50 rubles, a person must pay 50 rubles and 50 talonas to buy them). The talonas was a temporary currency issued in Lithuania between 1991 and 1993. ... Gediminas Vagnorius (born 1957) is a Lithuanian political figure. ...

This system was widely criticized. First of all, in no way it addressed the reasons why there were shortages of goods, i.e. it did not promote the supply; it just limited the demand. Also, the demand for expensive goods (like home appliances) dropped sharply because people needed a lot of time to accumulate the necessary amount of talonas to buy them. It caused bottlenecks in the supply chain and further damaged already troubled production. In addition, this scheme could not prevent the hyperinflation of the ruble because the talonas was not an independent currency; it is a supplementary currency with a fixed exchange rate to the ruble. The system tried to encourage Lithuanians to save 80% of their salaries. But people accumulated their rubles and had nowhere to spend them. It led to the inflation of goods that did not require the talonas (like food or goods on the black market). Supply has a number of meanings: In economics, supply is the aggregate amount of any material good that can be called into being at a certain price point; it comprises one half of the equation of supply and demand. ... The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability at each price (supply) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price (demand). ... A supply chain, logistics network, or supply network is a coordinated system of organizations, people, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service in physical or virtual manner from supplier to customer. ... Certain figures in this article use scientific notation for readability. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The second talonas reform

In the summer of 1992, everybody anticipated that the litas would be shortly released. Lithuania was desperately lacking cash (some workers were paid in goods rather than in cash) as Russia tightened its monetary policy. In addition, the litas coins and banknotes were already produced and shipped to Lithuania from abroad. However, on May 1, 1992 it was decided to reintroduce the talonas as an independent, temporary currency to circulate alongside the ruble in hopes to deal with inflation. A dual currency system was created. On October 1, 1992 the ruble was completely abandoned and replaced by the talonas. Lithuania was the last of the Baltic states to abandon the ruble. The self-imposed deadlines to introduce the litas were continuously postponed without clear explanations.

Nicknamed "Vagnorkės" after Gediminas Vagnorius or "zoo tickets" after various animals featured on the notes, the talonas did not gain public trust or respect. The banknotes were small and printed on low quality paper. People were reluctant to use them. Nevertheless, the talonas served its purpose: inflation at the time was greater in Russia than in Lithuania. Inflation in 1992 rose steadily due to an energy price spike after Russia increased oil and gasoline prices to world levels and demanded to be paid in hard currency. Gediminas Vagnorius (born 1957) is a Lithuanian political figure. ... It has been suggested that Soft currency be merged into this article or section. ...

Delayed introduction of the litas

Lietuvos Rytas journalists investigated the production of the litas and found that for a while it was purposely held back. For example, 6 million litas designated to pay for printing the banknotes stayed in a zero interest bearing account for a year in a bank in Sweden. By 1992, the litas was ready for introduction, but the banknotes were of extremely low quality (one could easily counterfeit them with a simple color printer; especially the 10, 20, and 50 litų banknotes). Lietuvos Rytas (lit. ... For other uses, see Counterfeit (disambiguation). ...

Newly elected President Algirdas Brazauskas dismissed the Chair of the Bank of Lithuania, Vilius Baldišis, for incompetence just two months before the introduction of the litas. Baldišis was later charged for negligence that cost Lithuania $3,000,000. Some claim that the Russian secret services were behind the affair. Baldišis’ explanation was that he was trying to cut the costs of printing the banknotes and thus did not order better security features. Also, “U.S. Banknote Corporation” was accused of violation of the contract terms. Algirdas Brazauskas Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas (born September 22, 1932) is Prime Minister and a former President of Lithuania. ... In tort law, the right to sue and recover damages from another on the basis of negligence, as opposed to numerous other tort theories discussed elsewhere, is based upon proving that the defendant failed to use ordinary care, that is,that degree of care for the protection of the person...

But when the new issue of litas banknotes was redesigned, reprinted, and introduced in June 1993, it was found that the quality of the money was still too low and the banknotes would have to be redesigned further in the future. All these scandals and the small backup of gold reserve (about $120 million instead of $200 million) damaged the reputation of the litas. Thankfully, the newly appointed chair, Romualdas Visokavičius, moved things quickly and managed to win the trust of the public. Unfortunately, in October he was asked to resign mostly because of his involvement with a private bank "Litimpex."

Introducing the litas

Official litas and U.S. dollar exchange rate June 1993 - March 1994 according to statistics published by the Bank of Lithuania

On June 25, 1993, the litas was finally introduced at the rate of 1 litas to 100 talonas. 1 U.S. dollar was worth 4.5 litai and decreased to about 4.2 a couple of weeks later. Even the introduction of the litas was followed by a scandal. The government allowed the changing of unlimited amounts of talonas to the litas without having to show the source of the talonas. This allowed criminal groups to legalize their funds. Image File history File links Graph_-_LTL_and_USD_rate. ... Image File history File links Graph_-_LTL_and_USD_rate. ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

In July, circulation of the talonas was stopped and on August 1, 1993, the litas became the only legal tender. Following the reintroduction of the litas, their was an effort to weed out U.S. dollars from the market. The talonas was never really trusted by the people and the ruble was very unstable. Thus, people started using U.S. dollars as a stable currency. Another alternative was the German mark, but it was not available in larger quantities. A lot of shops printed prices in several different currencies, including dollars, and the economy was very "dollarised" as it was legal to make trades in foreign currencies. August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... ISO 4217 Code DEM User(s) Germany, Montenegro, Kosovo ERM Since 13 March 1979 Fixed rate since 31 December 1998 Replaced by €, non cash 1 January 1999 Replaced by €, cash 1 January 2002 € = 1. ...

Due to poor banknote quality (both talonas and early litas) it was easy to counterfeit them. Most shops were forced to acquire ultra violet lamps to check for forgeries. One group, for example, printed 500 talonas banknotes in Turkey. It is estimated that their notes totaled 140,000 litas.^[7] Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ...

From April 1, 1994 to February 1, 2002, the litas was pegged to the U.S. dollar at the rate of 4 to 1 (the litas was stable around 3.9 for half a year before the pegging). The main reasons for this fixation was little trust in the emerging monetary system, fear of high fluctuations in currency exchange rates, desire to attract foreigner investors, and International Monetary Fund recommendations. The peg was renewable every year. For a while it was considered to peg the litas to a basket of currencies: the European Currency Unit. At around this time Lithuania also established a currency board. April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. ... The European Currency Unit (â‚ ; ECU) was a basket of the currencies of the European Community member states, used as the unit of account of the European Community before being replaced by the euro. ... A currency board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain an exchange rate with a foreign currency. ...

From April 1, 1994, the litas was fully backed by gold and other stable securities.

The litas and the euro

On February 2, 2002 the litas was associated with the euro at a rate of 3.4528 to 1 and this rate is not expected to change until the litas is replaced by the euro (on January 1, 2008 at the earliest). The design of Lithuanian euro coins is already prepared. After the peg, Lithuania became a member of the eurozone de facto. Since June 28, 2004, the litas has been fixed to the ERM II [4], the EU's exchange rate mechanism. Lithuania was party to joining the mechanism since joining the EU. February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... ISO 4217 Code EUR User(s) European Union: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lithuanian euro coins share a single national side for all eight coins. ... The Eurozone (also called Euro Area, Eurosystem or Euroland) is the subset of European Union member states which have adopted the euro, creating a currency union. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The European exchange rate mechanisms (or ERM) was a system introduced by the European Community in March 1979, as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange-rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe, in preparation for Economic and Monetary Union and the introduction of a single...

Current coins

All coins are round and are larger in diameter as their value increases. They all have the obverse carrying the Coat of Arms in the center and the name of the state "Lietuva" in capital letters. The first coins were minted in the United Kingdom and arrived in Lithuania on October 31, 1991. Currently all coins are minted in the state-owned enterprise "Lithuanian Mint," which started its operations in September 1992 and helped to cut the costs of introducing the litas. The terms obverse and reverse apply almost exclusively to currency, and most often specifically to coins; they are usually described with less precision as, respectively, the front and back sides, or with regard to a coin tossed to produce a random choice between two things, heads and tails. They can... Vytis. ... A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is an enterprise, often a corporation, owned by a government. ...

1, 2, and 5 centai

These coins are made from aluminium and therefore are white. The coins' edge is plain. They were designed by sculptor Petras Garška. These coins are the first permanent coins released after the restoration of independence in 1990. Unlike other coins they bear the same date - 1991 - no matter the year of actual production. The design has not changed even though they bear an old version of the Coat of Arms (the horse's tail looks down instead of up, the knight is leaning forward, and other details). General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass 26. ...

People usually refer to these coins as "balti centai" (white cents) which has a slightly negative connotation.

Specifications

• 1 centas coin: diameter - 18.75 mm, thickness - 1.30 mm, weight - 0.88 g. The 1 centas coin has a square ornament with triangle tulips in each corner. In the center there is a symbol of the columns of Gediminas.
• 2 centai coin: diameter - 21.75 mm, thickness - 1.30 mm, weight - 1.19 g. The 2 centai coin has an ornament shaped as a primitive spindle. It is composed of three open triangles and a stylized sun pattern on the top. The sun pattern is composed of 16 elements.
• 5 centai coin: diameter - 24.40 mm, thickness - 1.35 mm, weight - 1.49 g. The 5 centai coin has an ornament shaped as a wind vane. The central element is a leaf. On top of the ornament is a cross. Both sides of the leaf have a decorative element, a small snake. Below are two small angels blowing trumpets.

In geometry, a diameter (Greek words diairo = divide and metro = measure) of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary, or, in more modern usage, the length of such a line segment. ... The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... Species See text Tulip (Tulipa) is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. ... Columns of Gediminas (Lithuanian Gedimino Stulpai, Polish Słupy Giedymina) are one of the earliest symbols of Lithuania, one of its historical coats of arms, mostly used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania initially as a state symbol and later as a part of heraldic signs of leading aristocracy... A spindle (sometimes called a drop spindle) is a wooden spike weighted at one end with a wheel and an optional hook at the other end. ... A weather vane, also called a wind vane, is a movable device attached to an elevated object such as a roof for showing the direction of the wind. ... The trumpet is the highest brass instrument in register, above the horn, trombone, euphonium and tuba. ...

10, 20, and 50 centų

These coins are made from a gold-yellow alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. The edges are rimmed. The coins were designed by Antanas Žukauskas with the help of Arvydas Každailis in adapting the Coat of Arms. They were released in 1997 and replaced the 10, 20, and 50 centų coins released in 1991. They bear the year in which they were produced in. An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Atomic mass 58. ...

Specifications

• 10 centų coin: diameter - 17.00 mm, thickness - 1.70 mm, weight - 2.60 g. The 10 centų coin has an ornamental triangular fir tree pattern in the background. The triangle points downwards and the apex is matched to the vertical axis of the coin.
• 20 centų coin: diameter - 20.50 mm, thickness - 2.10 mm, weight - 4.80 g. The 20 centų coin has a horizontal ornamental "fir tree" pattern under the number 20.
• 50 centų coin: diameter - 23.00 mm, thickness - 2.10 mm, weight - 6.00 g. The 50 centų coin has an ornamental fir tree pattern divided into fourteen equal parts which runs alongside the rim.

FIR may stand for: finite impulse response (a property of some digital filters) far infrared, i. ... Look up apex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The rim of a coin is the sharp circular (or other shaped) edge which surrounds the coin design. ...

1, 2, and 5 litai

These coins are made from a white alloy of copper and nickel; and from a gold-yellow alloy of copper, aluminium, and nickel. The coins were designed by Antanas Žukauskas with the help of Arvydas Každailis in adapting the Coat of Arms. They were released in 1998 and replaced the 1, 2, and 5 litai banknotes. The primary reason for the change was that these banknotes are short-lived because they are used in everyday trade. They are subject to wear and tear and needed to be constantly re-printed in foreign countries, while the new coins could be minted domestically at the “Lithuanian Mint”. They bear the year in which they were produced in. People sometimes complain that the coins are too heavy. Wear and tear is a term for damage that naturally and inevitably occurs due to normal use or aging. ...

Specifications

• 1 litas coin: diameter - 22.30 mm, thickness - 2.20 mm, weight - 6.25 g. The 1 litas coin has an edge that is rimmed. The number 1 is in a hollow circle located in the upper part of the coin. Under the circle there is a symmetrical ornament formed by a series of curved bars.
• 2 litai coin: diameter - 25.00 mm, thickness - 2.20 mm, weight - 7.50 g. The 2 litai coin has an edge that is divided into five rimmed sections parted by gaps of plain surface. Three central bars of each section are thicker than the rest. The outside circle has an ornament formed of two groups of curved bars that are positioned symmetrically to the vertical axis of the coin.
• 5 litai coin: diameter - 27.50 mm, thickness - 2.35 mm, weight - 10.10 g. The 5 litai coin edge has an inscription: PENKI LITAI (five litai) repeated twice and separated by a mark. The outside circle bears an ornament formed from three evenly spaced groups of curved bars.

Cartesian means relating to the French mathematician and philosopher Descartes, who, among other things, worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. ...

Commemorative circulation coins

"Lithuanian Mint" releases 3-6 commemorative coins yearly. In addition, there are 4 circulation commemorative coins released, all in 1 litas domination. They all are from a 75% copper and 25% nickel alloy. Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a denomination that are not usually meant for circulation. ...

Specifications

• 1997 release - for the 75th anniversary of the litas and Bank of Lithuania (200,000 pieces). Coin's diameter is 22.30 mm, thickness - 2.20 mm, weight - 6.25 g. This coin bears the portrait and signature of the first chairman of Bank of Lithuania Vladas Jurgutis (1885-1966) whose signature is the first litas banknotes released in the interwar period. The same design, size, and denomination coin was also minted in gold (1,500 pieces). It was designed by sculptor Rimantas Eidėjus.
• 1999 realese for the 10th anniversary of the Baltic way, when about two million people formed a live 600 kilometer chain protesting against the Soviet occupation (1,000,000 pieces). Coin's diameter is 22.30 mm, thickness - 2.20 mm, weight - 6.25 g. The reverse shows three pairs of hands holding. The clothes are stylized traditional clothes of the three Baltic States. Also, hands are feminine - a symbol of three Baltic sisters (in Lithuanian language all three Baltic states' names are feminine nouns). This coin was criticized for having Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia names on it: it confuses which country's coin it is. The same design was used to mint the 50 litų silver coin of 38.61 mm diameter (4,000 pieces). The only change in design was the edge of the silver coin has an inscription VILNIUS RYGA TALINAS (Vilnius, Riga, Tallinn - the capitals of three Baltic states in Lithuanian). The designer is Antanas Žukauskas.
• 2004 release for the 425th anniversary of Vilnius University in 2004 (200,000 pieces). Coin's diameter is 22.30 mm, thickness - 2.20 mm, weight - 6.25 g. The reverse shows Vilnius University architectual essemble, emphasizing the great courtyard and St. John's church and its belfry. This image is somewhat similar to the reverse of 100 litų banknotes. The same design was used to mint the 50 litų silver coin of 38.61 mm diameter (2,000 pieces). The only 2 changes in design was that the silver coin's edge is incribed with UNIVERSITAS VILNENSIS (when Vilnius University was founded in 1579, it was called Academia et Universitas Vilnensis) and that the silver coin has a field that changes appearance: from one angle it shows 2004 (date of coin release) and 1579 (date of founding Vilnius University) from another. This is the first time such technology was used in Lithuanian coins. The coin was designed by Rytas Jonas Belevičius.
• 2005 release to promote restoration of Lithuania's Royal Palace (Valdovų Rūmai) in 2005 (1,000,000 pieces). Coin's diameter is 22.30 mm, thickness - 2.20 mm, weight - 6.25 g. This coin uses coat of arm image found on Grand Duchy of Lithuania coins, and not the modern one. This old coat of arms and the dodecagon it has inside its rims creates an impression that the coin is one of the old Great Duchy coins. This illusion was created to emphasize the importance of cultural heritage. The reverse shows how Lithuania's Royal Palace will look like when its reconstruction is complete in 2009 for the 1000th anniversary of Lithuania's name (Lithuania was first mentioned as Litua in 1009 in Quedlinburg monastery's chronicle). The coin was designed by Giedrius Paulauskis.

Human chain formed in Lithuania The STEBUKLAS stone in Vilnius Cathedral Square, in the place where, according to an urban legend, the Baltic Way started Baltic Way (also Baltic chain, Estonian: Balti kett, Latvian: Baltijas ceļš, Lithuanian: Baltijos kelias) is the event which occurred on August 23, 1989 when approximately... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population 540,318 in 2005 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius city... Map of Latvia Coordinates: Founded 1201 Mayor Aivars Aksenoks Area    - City 307. ... County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ... The presumable banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the coat of arms, called Пагоня in Belarusian, Vytis in Lithuanian and PogoÅ„ in Polish Another version of the Lithuanian banner The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji KunigaikÅ¡tystÄ—, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie KsiÄ™stwo Litewskie) was an... A regular dodecagon In geometry, a dodecagon is a polygon with exactly twelve sides. ... Roland The city of Quedlinburg in the German Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt has existed since at least the early ninth century, when a settlement known as Gross Orden existed at the site of the modern Quedlinburg. ...

Current banknotes

All banknotes are of the same size (135 mm x 65 mm) except for the 500 litų banknote. They bear signatures of Minister of Finance and of Chairperson of the Bank of Lithuania Board. 10, 20, and 50 litų banknotes have 4 releases. This is mainly due to security reasons: number of security features was gradually increased from virtually 0, to 9, 14 and eventually to 17. Only the first release is now completely withdrawn from the market and cannot be used either for trade or for banking transactions. The first release bears the date "1991" but were actually released to the public in 1993 for a very brief time (June-October). Since they were replaced in the same year, the first release is dated to 1991 and the second to 1993.

Banknotes are not printed in Lithuania. At first they were printed by United States Banknote Corporation, later by UK-based Thomas De La Rue and Co., Ltd. and Germany-based Giesecke & Devrient GmbH. De La Rue is a British commercial printer and papermaker. ...

10 litų

10 litų banknote (2001 release). Compare with 1991, 1993 and 1997 releases.

The reverse of the 10 litų banknote features Lithuanian heroes, Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas. In 1933 they flew from New York over the Atlantic ocean with a small plane called Lituanica. However, the plane mysteriously crashed in Germany (now Poland). The duo did not survive. The obverse depicts "Lituanica" flying over the Atlantic Ocean with visible shores of the North America and Europe. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (795x776, 136 KB) 10 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (795x776, 136 KB) 10 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (757x738, 91 KB) 10 litai banknote printed in 1991 (1992?) and released to the public in 1993 for a very brief period of time. ... Image File history File links 10_litai_(1993). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (802x747, 195 KB) 10 litai banknote. ... Steponas Darius (born Steponas DaraÅ¡ius January 8, 1896 in Rubiskes Lithuania died July 17, 1933 near Soldin Germany) was a Lithuanian-American pilot. ... Stasys GirÄ—nas (born Stasys Girskis October 4, 1893 in Vytogala Lithuania, died July 17, 1933 near Soldin Germany) was a Lithuanian-American pilot. ... The pilots and the Lituanica plane Lituanica was a Lithuanian research airplane that crossed the Atlantic in 1933 and crashed under mysterious reasons very near to the destination, Kaunas. ...

This banknote was noticed by the international press covering the introduction of the litas. Journalists made a metaphor that the litas should do better than the pilots, i.e. the litas, hopefully, would not crash. In later years, the banknote received unexpected media attention when gay community started to send this banknote as a souvenir to foreign friends. Look up metaphor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The most recent release clearly shows Darius wearing the cap with insignia from Palwaukee Municipal Airport located in Wheeling, Illinois [5]. It attracted some attention from topic collectors. Palwaukee Municipal Airport Diagram Palwaukee Municipal Airport (IATA: PWK, ICAO: KPWK) is located in Wheeling, Cook County, Illinois, USA. The airport has three runways. ... Wheeling is a village located in Cook County, Illinois. ...

The banknote was designed and redesigned by Giedrius Jonaitis. The very first draft of new Lithuanian currency had Darius and Girėnas on the 5 litai banknote. It was released in different design four times (in 1993 (twice), 1997, and 2001). The first banknote design started an international scandal. In 1992, these banknotes were printed and ready to be released to the public. However, it was discovered that they are virtually unprotected. It delayed the introduction of the litas as banknotes had to be reprinted. The banknotes bearing the date "1991" were released for a very short time and were quickly replaced by the 1993 issue. The major design ideas have not changed throughout the issues.

In 1993, on the 50th anniversary of Lituanica's flight the 10 litų silver commemorative coin was issued featuring the pilots. It was the second commerative coin issued by "Lithuanian Mint" (first one was for Pope John Paul II visit to Lithuania) Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni Paolo II), born   [] (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland – April 2, 2005, Vatican City) reigned as Pope of the Roman...

20 litų

20 litų banknote (2001 release). Compare with 1991, 1993, and 1997 releases.

The banknote features a portrait of the Lithuanian romantic poet Maironis (real name Jonas Mačiulis, 1862-1932) who was a great patriot and worked hard to "wake up" the nation, to inspire resistance to russification policy and fight for the independence from the Imperial Russia. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (802x757, 152 KB) 20 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (802x757, 152 KB) 20 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (757x727, 116 KB) 20 litai banknote printed in 1991 (1992?) and released to the public in 1993 for a very brief period of time. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (790x764, 187 KB) 20 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (803x763, 204 KB) 20 litai banknote. ... Romantic poetry was part of the Romantic movement of European literature during the 18th-19th centuries. ... Maironis ( November 2, 1862 - June 28, 1932) is one of the most famous Lithuanian romantic poets. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start...

The obverse features the Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas, with its carillon tower (the most famous exhibit in the museum is a replica of "Lituanica" airplane). The reverse also depicts the Statue of Liberty commemorating the declaration of Lithuania's independence in 1918. The 20 litų banknote released in 1930 also features the same Statue of Liberty on the back, just it is on the left hand side. The obverse of the 1930 banknote features Vytautas the Great himself. Vytautas the Great, 17th century painting The castle in Trakai. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Kaunas County Municipality Kaunas city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 11 General Information Capital of Kaunas County Kaunas city municipality Kaunas district municipality Population 361,274 in 2005 (2nd) First mentioned 1361 Granted city rights 1408 Kaunas ( (help· info), approximate English transcription [ˈkəʊ.n... The Netherlands Carillon in Arlington, Virginia, USA. A carillon is a musical instrument composed of at least 23 cup-shaped bells played from a baton keyboard using fists and feet (such an instrument with fewer than this number of bells is known as a chime). ...

These banknotes printed in 1991, together with 10 litų banknotes, started an international scandal. The 1991 release was replace very quickly. The 1993 release was designed by Justas Tolvaišis. The last issue was designed by Giedrius Jonaitis. The major change in 2001 issue was moving the Statue of Liberty from the left hand side to the right on the back.

50 litų

50 litų banknote (2003 release). Compare with 1991, 1993, and 1998 releases.

The obverse bears a portrait of the national patriarch, scholar, statesman and signatory of Lithuania's Declaration of Independence of February 16, 1918, Dr. Jonas Basanavičius (1851-1927). Sometimes he is nicknamed as "father of independence" as he was the chairman of Council of Lithuania when the declaration was signed. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (830x789, 199 KB) 50 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (830x789, 199 KB) 50 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (757x734, 102 KB) 50 litai banknote printed in 1991 (1992?) and released to the public in 1993 for a very brief period of time. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (795x767, 168 KB) 50 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (804x763, 176 KB) 50 litai banknote. ... John Hancocks signature is the most prominent on the United States Declaration of Independence. ... Dr. Jonas Basanavičius Dr. Jonas Basanavičius (23rd November 1851, Ozkabaliai - 16th February 1927, Vilnius) - Ideologist of Lithuanias national revival movement, founder of newspaper AuÅ¡ra (The dawn), which was the first prohibited newspaper of national revival. ... The Council of Lithuania or after July 11, 1918, The State Council of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Taryba or Lietuvos ValstybÄ—s Taryba) was elected at the Vilnius Conference that took place between September 18 and 23, 1917. ...

The back of the banknote depicts Vilnius Cathedral and its belfry, Monument to Grand Duke Gediminas, Gediminas Castle and the Hill of Three Crosses. All these objects are considered as the heart of Vilnius and are strong national symbols. Cathedral of Vilnius Vilnius Cathedral is the main Roman Catholic Cathedral of Lithuania. ... Belfry of Bruges A belfry is a building (also known as a bell tower) - or a part of a building - in which bells are hung. ... Gediminas, duke of Lithuania - engraving of XVII ct. ... Gediminas Castle - a castle in Vilnius, capital of Lithuania. ... Three Crosses on the Bleak Hill in Vilnius in the sunset Three Crosses (Lithuanian: ) is the monument in Vilnius, Lithuania, designed by Antoni Wiwulski. ...

The 50 litų banknote released in 1928 also features Basanavičius and Vilnius Cathedral. It makes this banknote the only one that closely represents a banknote released in the interwar Lithuania.

The 1991 release faced the same destiny as 10 and 20 litų banknotes. They were released for a very short time. The 1993 release was designed by Rimvydas Bartkus. At first the reverse depicted only Vilnius Cathedral and indistinctive houses of Vilnius Old Town. In 1998 release, however, the view of the cathedral shifted to include the other monuments. The 2003 issue is the newest banknote added to the banknote family. Quite possibly it will be the last one, as Euro is expected to replace the litas in 2008 or later.

100 litų

100 litų banknote (2000 release). Compare with 1991 release.

It features Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864), the initiator of the national rebirth movement (when Lithuanians started to realize that they are one nation), historian, who wrote the first history of Lithuania in the Lithuanian language. The reverse shows the Vilnius Old Town, which is included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The focus is the architectural ensemble of Vilnius University with St. John's church and its belfry. This makes Vilnius featured twice. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (681x668, 111 KB) 100 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (681x668, 111 KB) 100 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (791x764, 178 KB) 100 litai banknote printed in 1991 (1992?) and released to the public in 1993. ... Simonas Daukantas was a famous Lithuanian historian, wrote several stories about the living of Lithuanians, Highland People (KalnÄ—nai), and Žemaičiai. ... Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania, spoken by about 4 million native speakers (Lithuanians). ... Vilnius Old Town: Ausros Vartu street The Old Town of Vilnius (Lithuanian: Senamiestis), one of the largest surviving medieval old towns in Eastern Europe, has an area of 3. ... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Vilnius University (also known as Vilnius State University, The University of Vilnius, Lithuanian: , formerly Stefan Batory University), is one of the oldest Universities in Eastern Europe and the largest University in Lithuania. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population 540,318 in 2005 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius city...

The first 1991 release of the 100 litų banknotes did not meet the same destiny as 10, 20, or 50 litų banknotes. It was decided that it had sufficient security measures to be released and used. However, it did not spread widely and today together with other 1991 banknotes is withdrawn from the market. It could be exchanged for a new 100 litų banknote only at Bank of Lithuania central office. The new banknote with 19 security features was introduced only in 2000. The appearance changed quite a bit. The back of the new banknote zooms in more on the Vilnius University campus and leaves less space for other houses in Vilnius Old Town. Also, the colors are brighter and sharper. In format it now resembles more 200 and 500 litų banknotes than 10, 20, or 50.

200 litų

200 litų banknote (1998 release)

The banknote features a portrait of Vydūnas (real name Vilhelmas Storosta, 1868-1953), a prominent Lithuanian philosopher, writer, poet, playwright, musician, pedagogue and culture educator. He was spreading idealistic philosophy and ideas of humanism through his works. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (808x765, 160 KB) 200 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (808x765, 160 KB) 200 litai banknote. ... Vydunas as featured on 200 litas banknote (1997 release) Vilius Storostas-VydÅ«nas (1868 - 1953) was a Lithuanian writer and philosopher, a leader of Lithuanian national movement in Lithuania Minor, one of leaders of the theosophical movement in Eastern Prussia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The back depicts Klaipėda lighthouse erected in 1796 and reconstructed in 1819. The lighthouse was 29.2 m high and its beams stretched up to 35 kilometers. The lighthouse was a symbol of the city and was popular among tourists. However, it has not survived and is not well known today. However, it is very likely that Klaipėda was chosen because Vilnius was featured twice, Kaunas once, and Klaipėda is the 3rd largest city in Lithuania. Location Ethnographic region Lithuania minor County KlaipÄ—da County Municipality KlaipÄ—da city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 1 General Information Capital of KlaipÄ—da County KlaipÄ—da city municipality Population 187,316 in 2006 (3rd) First mentioned 1252 Granted city rights 1254 or 1258 (Lübeck); 1475 (CheÅ‚mno... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population 540,318 in 2005 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius city... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Kaunas County Municipality Kaunas city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 11 General Information Capital of Kaunas County Kaunas city municipality Kaunas district municipality Population 361,274 in 2005 (2nd) First mentioned 1361 Granted city rights 1408 Kaunas ( (help· info), approximate English transcription [ˈkəʊ.n... Cities with over 250,000 inhabitants in Lithuania : Vilnius (Capital City) Kaunas Cities with 50,000–250,000 inhabitants in Lithuania : Alytus KlaipÄ—da Panevėžys Å iauliai Towns with 30,000–50,000 inhabitants in Lithuania Jonava KÄ—dainiai MarijampolÄ— Mažeikiai TelÅ¡iai Utena Towns with 20,000–30...

The designer is Rytis Valantinas and it is the only release.

500 litų

500 litų banknote (2000 release)

The banknote depicts a portrait of Vincas Kudirka (1858-1899), a Lithuanian writer, participant of the national rebirth movement and author of Tautiška giesmė, the national anthem. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x763, 151 KB) 500 litai banknote. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x763, 151 KB) 500 litai banknote. ... Vincas Kudirka in the 500 litas banknote Vincas Kudirka (Paežeriai, 31 December (O.S. 19 December) 1858 - Naumiestis, 16 November (O.S. 4 November) 1899) was a Lithuanian poet and doctor, author of the Lithuanian national anthem, TautiÅ¡ka giesmÄ—. He begun by studying history and philosophy in Warsaw... TautiÅ¡ka giesmÄ— is the national anthem of Lithuania. ...

The back of the note shows Bell of the Freedom in the background of Nemunas loops, a well-known scenery. The bell is inscribed in Lithuanian: "O skambink per amžius vaikams Lietuvos, kad laisvės nevertas, kas negina jos" (in English: "Thou shall ring through the centuries to the children of Lithuania: he who does not defend freedom is not worthy of it"}. This four-line poem was created by Bronius Kazys Balutis (1879-1967) and became the motto of Bell of Freedom, a newspaper published by one of the partisan groups. Also, Kudirka was one of the publishers of "Varpas" ("bell") newspaper to educate and inspire Lithuanians to for a nation and fight for independence. External links Wikimedia Commons has multimedia related to: Neman Categories: Belarus-related stubs | Rivers of Belarus | Rivers of Lithuania | Russian rivers ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

This banknote is slightly bigger than the rest (147 mm x 70 mm) and has 22 security features (other banknotes have 16-19). At first it was doubted if Lithuania needs 500 litai banknote as it was more than a minimum monthly salary. The designer of the banknote is Giedrius Jonaitis and it is the only release.

Former designs

Interwar period

10 Litų - 1936 release Image File history File links 10_LT_1936_A_Vytautas. ...

10 Litų - 1938 release Image File history File links 10_LT_1938_R_Smetona. ...

5 Litų - 1936 release Image File history File links 5_LT_1936_R.png‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lithuanian litas ...

Independent Lithuania

See also

• Lithuanian euro coins
• Lithuanian grammar: Noun modification by numeral — usage of forms litas, litai, litų

Lithuanian euro coins share a single national side for all eight coins. ... Lithuanian grammar is the study of rules governing the use of the Lithuanian language. ...

External links

• Coins of former Soviet republics

Further research

• Documentaries directed by Rimtautas Šilinis "Iš lito istorijos. Banknotai" (From History of the Litas. Banknotes (2004)) and "Iš lito istorijos. Monetos" (From History of the Litas. Coins (2002))
• Bronė Vainauskienė, "Skandalingoji lito istorija" (Scandalous History of Litas (2003)) - collection of articles by Lietuvos Rytas journalist who spend 6 years investigating the history of the litas in the early years of independence. ISBN 9986-448-12-3

Lietuvos Rytas (lit. ...

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Lithuanian litas

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